Archaeology in Annapolis
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Item Preliminary Report on Archaeological Investigations in The Eastport Neighborhood of the City of Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland: 119 Chester Avenue (18AP93) and 110 Chesapeake Avenue (18AP94)(2003-02) Palus, Matthew M.; Leone, Mark P.From June 11- July 19, 2001, the University of Maryland archaeology field school conducted test excavations at two properties in the Eastport neighborhood of the City of Annapolis, Anne Arundel County Maryland, at 119 Chester Avenue (Site 18AP93) and 110 Chesapeake Avenue (Site 18AP94). This investigation was initiated by Archaeology in Annapolis, a cooperative project between the University of Maryland College Park (UMCP) and the Historic Annapolis Foundation (HAF), and was conducted in association with the instruction of the summer field school in urban archaeology offered annually through the Department of Anthropology at UMCP. Investigations at these two properties were undertaken as part of an initiative to explore Eastport as a potential area to host future seasons of excavation with the UMCP archaeology field school, both to contribute towards a deeper understanding of the history and development of this community and to provide archaeological data where currently there is very little available. This research is being developed in consultation with Peg Wallace at the Annapolis Maritime Museum in Eastport. The research described in this report was conducted under the direction of Dr. Mark P. Leone, Department of Anthropology at UMCP, and Dr. Jessica Neuwirth, formerly with the Historic Annapolis Foundation, with field supervision by Matthew Palus and Kris Beadenkopf.Item Mormon Time(1970-08) Leone, Mark P.The Harvard Values Project carried on in New Mexico during the 1950s attempted to measure orientation of time. The temporal dimension was subdivided three ways, past, present, and future, and primary and secondary foci for the culture groups of the areas were recorded. Mormons were found to be principally oriented to the future and secondarily to the present. The same is assumed to be true of Americans generally and it is further assumed that this orientation is the product of world-rejecting Christianity, which emphasizes the greater desirability of the next life. Future-Time orientation is also the product of Protestant ideas on the nature of earthly perfection as a preparation for the other world after this one.Item Mormon Ecclesiastical Courts(1970) Leone, Mark P.Mormonism is a particular example of 19th century utopias. Every utopia attempted to set up a new way of life for its adherents, Some, like the Mormons, were fundamentally religious and set out the totality of a new way of life through religious precepts. To bring that way of life into existence it was often necessary to remove the group of faithful to a new locale distant from the dominant society. In so doing, progressive removal in space and contact often meant removal from the system of civil government that was part of territorial, state and federal governments. On one side, that tended to be regarded as a threat to legally established regimes, but on the other usually it meant that a system of dealing with disputes arising within the new community had to be established. So it was also with the Mormons who settled in the Great Basin in 1847, just as Utah was being incorporated as a territory into the Union. There was no civil government of ant form, let alone statutory law and a way of implementing it.Item Continuities in Mexican Ritual Architecture(1965-11-29) Leone, Mark P.The topic which is chiefly responsible for this paper is the continuity forms of ritual architecture from prehistoric pagan Maya to the historic Christian Maya. However, to increase its immediate scope, the subject matter will include all of the "High Cultures" of aboriginal Mesoamerica.Item The Burden of Agriculture(1970) Leone, Mark P.The comparative nature of anthropology is as old as the oldest definition of the discipline. That the generalizations resulting from comparisons have been in and out of vogue among anthropologists since the foundation of the subject reflects the intellectual vagaries of the field. Usually the generalizers have been too glib or too general and hence have said little of convincing worth. But it is equally true that the particularists have often been too particular and too minute and have ended by talking to audiences consisting chiefly of themselves. Right now we seem to be at mid-swing in the course of the generalizing-particularizing pendulum. There is a large competent body of ethnographers, archaeologists, and even ethnographic archaeologists. There is also a growing group who occasionally make generalizations. These are no longer received with glacial chill, but are greeted with, at least, indifference and even with some warmth. This paper is a contribution to generalizations and it is one which could not be possible without the sound factual contribution made so consistently and well in two major cultural areas.Item The Material Culture of American Utopias(1980) Leone, Mark P.The problem I am interested in is why our culture has produced a set of utopian groups whose mundane objects--material culture--often operate explicitly at a religious as well as a utilitarian level. Both in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries American utopian groups isolated themselves from mainline American society and in doing so often established a direct relationship between their religious principles and the objects in daily use. This was, and remains, very different from the rest of America. We today do not have large ranges of objects whose religious or ideological significance is explicit and apparent to the population at large. There are, of course, iconographic items but these are in a different category since their explicit function is to represent the ineffable; they have no primary utilitarian value. Further, utopian groups usually consciously eliminated all such items. They were not concerned with crosses, emblems, statues, colored windows, and the rest of traditional Christian representationalism. Utopian groups often explicitly contained anti-iconographic statements in their doctrines.Item Final Report on the National Geographic Society: Archaeology of Town Planning in Annapolis, Maryland, NGS Grant Number 3116-85(1986) Leone, Mark P.; Shackel, Paul A.The purpose of the research supported by this grant was to refine our understanding of the Baroque town plan of Annapolis, Maryland through archaeology. The plan of 1695, which was prepared under the supervision of Royal Governor Francis Nicholson, has long been considered one of the most sophisticated and best preserved town plans in Colonial North America (Figure1). The town plan is well understood synchronically through the work of a number of scholars, but the plan was less well understood in terms cf its gradual development and alteration over the almost three centuries since it was laid down. Therefore, a primary goal of our work was the initiation of a diachronic understanding of town planning in Annapolis. Further, while the joint Historic Annapolis/ University of Maryland, College Park program called "Archaeology in Annapolis;" had established that a large part of the archaeological record of Annapolis was intact, no one knew how much of the original and subsequent street patterns could be recovered archaeologically, nor exactly how one could go about that. Therefore, the second aspect of this project was to establish a set of methods to document street and lot borders. Such a project was urgent since the city of Annapolis plans to dig trenches throughout the core of the Nicholson Plan to bury utility wires. Among other things, these utility trenches provided an opportunity to understand how the third dimension of a Baroque town plan, depth, was handled. This work will allow us to see how the plan was used through time to structure activities and in turn how it was altered to better suit them.Item Cultural Resource Survey of the United States Naval Academy Annapolis, Maryland(1993-09) Bodor, Thomas W.; Anroman, Gilda M.; Russo, Jean B.; Jopling, Hannah; Etherton, Kevin M.; Leone, Mark P.This report presents the results of the Legacy Resource Management Program, Cultural Resource Management survey as it relates to the United States Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland. Sponsored by the United States Department of Defense and managed through the Naval Facilities (CHESDIV), a multi-faceted project was initiated by Archaeology In Annapolis, an on-going research project jointly sponsored by Historic Annapolis Foundation, and the University of Maryland, College Park. The project was comprised of an archaeological survey conducted over a 2 month period, title searches on properties now occupied by the USNA, oral history interviews conducted with residents of a former neighborhood purchased by the Academy, and the use of the AutoCAD computer mapping program to assist with the archaeological survey and to potentially generate a predictive model of where historic or prehistoric cultural resources may exist on USNA property. Conclusions drawn from this study highlight the rich amount of cultural resources which exist in the form of artifacts dating from the late-1700's, deeds information that shows changing economic and social patterns throughout the 290 year history of the ground occupied by the Academy, memories of individuals who lived through the expansion of the Academy into their homes, and a series of maps which can be used to indicate the likelihood of further cultural resources.Item Phase Ill Investigations for the Banneker-Douglass Museum Expansion, The Courthouse Site (18AP63), 86-90 Franklin Street, , Annapolis, Maryland, 2001(2002) Larsen, Eric L.; Leone, Mark P.; Beadenkopf, Kris; Lev-Tov, Justin; Madsen, AndrewPhase III archaeological excavations for the Banneker-Douglass Museum Expansion Project were conducted over a six-week period in July and August of 2001. Archaeology in Annapolis undertook the project at the request of the Maryland Commission on African American History and Culture and by the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development. The open lot on the north side of the Museum is part of the larger Courthouse Site (18AP63), a multi component site in the historic district of Annapolis. Previous archaeology for the Banneker-Douglass Project determined this area to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (archaeological significance). A new addition to the Banneker-Douglass Museum will impact all remaining cultural contexts. As no other alternatives are available, archaeology was planned to mitigate these losses. Known to have once held four separate dwellings built during the mid 19th century, the property was occupied until the structures were tom down in the 1970s. During the late 19th century, the area grew to become part of Annapolis' African-American community. Previous archaeology found intact cultural remains from this period including two different households' privies, a sheet midden, and other structural features. Current excavations pursued the retrieval and analyses of these contexts to increase the understanding of site formation processes and to provide additional information and insights into Annapolis' African-American community- its households, material culture, and adaptations. The development and everyday workings of African-American communities during the period of Jim Crow segregation have not been well documented. Examination of the built environment provides new insight into how and when this community developed. Ceramic, glass, and faunal analyses provide material comparable to other post Civil War African-American sites in Annapolis. This comparison allows the acknowledgment of the inevitable differences present within the African-American community-while also pursuing the nature of a common identity built around race and place.Item Test Excavations at Gott's Court, Annapolis, Maryland(1992) Leone, Mark P.; Little, Barbara J.; Warner, Mark S.In the summer of 1989 Archaeology in Annapolis undertook three weeks of archaeological testing in a parking lot in the Historic District of Annapolis located to the immediate west of Church Circle. The property was scheduled to be destroyed by the construction of a below-ground parking garage. Historical research on the area had indicated that property to have been occupied since the mid 18th-century. The primary purpose of test excavations was to determine the integrity of the archaeological remains below the modern asphalt surface. Results of the excavations indicated that significant archaeological deposits remained from Gott's Court, the early 20th century occupation of the property by working-class African Americans. There was also strong evidence to suggest substantial deposits from earlier occupations of the area. Unfortunately, constraints upon the archaeologists' access to the property did not allow for a more thorough study of that aspect of the site's occupation.
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