Minority Health and Health Equity Archive
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Item Bad blood: the Tuskegee syphilis experiment(The Free Press, 1981) Jones, James HowardAn account of the experiment conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service describes how medical treatment was withheld from Black sharecroppers infected with syphilisItem The ‘Tuskegee Study’ of syphilis: Analysis of moral versus methodologic aspects(1978) BENEDEK, TThe background and course of the prospective investigation of the “natural history” of syphilis which was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama from 1932 to 1972 (the “Tuskegee Study”) is reviewed. Unpublished correspondence is cited to illustrate some of the attitudes and problems of the investigators. The relevance of certain other studies of syphilis to the interpretation of the Tuskegee data which were not discussed by the investigators is shown. The study is analyzed by the application of some general principles of scientific investigation set forth at the beginning of the article.Item Were Tuskegee & Willowbrook 'studies in nature'?(1982) Rothman, David J.The book jacket of Bad Blood, James Jones's recent account of the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, describes the project as one in which "science went mad". Apparently the case is exceptional, an aberration from normal biomedical research behavior. But put the Tuskegee experiment alongside the Willowbrook experiments of the 1950s and 1960s, in which retarded and institutionalized children were injected with live hepatitis viruses, and clearly something other than "mad science" was at stake. Both projects pose the critical questions: what should qulify as a "study in nature" - that is, one in which the researcher is a passive observer of the course of some natural process, such as a disease, which he or she is powerless to change? And, what research designs ought to be considered ethically permissible when subjects live under conditions of overwhelming social deprivation?Item Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study(1978) Brandt, Allan M.In 1932 the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated an experiment in Macon County, Alabama, to determine the natural course of untreated, latent syphilis in black males. The test comprised 400 syphilitic men, as well as 200 uninfected men who served as controls. The first published report of the study appeared in 1936 with subsequent papers issued every four to six years, through the 1960s. When penicillin became widely available by the early 1950s as the preferred treatment for syphilis, the men did not receive therapy. In fact on several occasions, the USPHS actually sought to prevent treatment. Moreover, a committee at the federally operated Center for Disease Control decided in 1969 that the study should be continued. Only in 1972, when accounts of the study first appeared in the national press, did the Department of Health, Education and Welfare halt the experiment.Item Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: unidentified male(1932) UNSPECIFIEDunidentified male (National Archives, Atlanta, GA)Item Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: unidentified subject, small boy and nurse Rivers in cotton field [in Bad Blood](1932) UNSPECIFIEDunidentified subject, small boy and nurse Rivers in cotton field [in Bad Blood] National Archive, Atlanta, GAItem Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: Nurse Eunice Rivers filling out paper work(1932) UNSPECIFIEDNurse Eunice Rivers filling out paper work (National Archives, Atlanta, GA)Item Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: unidentified male(1932) UNSPECIFIEDunidentified male (National Archives, Atlanta, GA)Item Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: Nurse Eunice Rivers and unidentified subject in cotton field(1932) UNSPECIFIEDNurse Eunice Rivers and unidentified subject in cotton field (National Archives, Atlanta, GA)Item Tuskegee Syphilis Study Pictures: Nurse Rivers and four unidentified subjects(1932) UNSPECIFIEDLeft: Nurse Rivers and four unidentified subjects (National Archives, Atlanta, GA)