The Impact of Marsh Sill Living Shorelines on Coastal Resilience and Stability: Insights from Maryland's Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Bays

Abstract

Climate change and coastal urbanization are accelerating the demand for strategies to reduce shoreline erosion and enhance coastal resilience to storms and sea-level rise. Generally adverse ecological impacts of hardened infrastructure (e.g., seawalls, revetments, and dikes) have led to growing interest in alternative solutions. Living shorelines, increasingly recognized as sustainable Natural and Nature-Based Features (NNBFs; or Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs)) for their dual benefits of stabilizing shorelines while preserving or restoring coastal habitats, represent a promising approach to shoreline stabilization. Marsh sill living shorelines (created marshes with adjacent rock sills) have been extensively constructed in the Chesapeake Bay, notably in Maryland. Despite their popularity, significant uncertainties remain regarding their effectiveness and resiliency, especially during high-energy events. This dissertation investigates the dynamics of marsh sill living shorelines in Maryland’s Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Bays, aiming to fill knowledge gaps and inform effective shoreline stabilization strategies. First, the dissertation examines marsh boundary degradation into open water during high-energy conditions, contrasting mechanisms between living shorelines and natural marshes. Field surveys and numerical modeling reveal that while natural marshes experience erosion through undercutting and slumping at the scarp toe, living shorelines degrade primarily through open-water conversion at the marsh boundary behind rock sills. Differences in sediment characteristics and vegetation between the two ecosystems drive variations in marsh boundary stability between them. Next, the study assesses the impacts of rock sill placement on sediment dynamics and shoreline stability, highlighting the role of tidal gaps in enhancing sediment flux to the marsh and increasing vertical accretion during high-energy events. Numerical modeling demonstrates that while continuous sills mitigate erosion at the marsh edge of living shorelines, they diminish sediment deposition on the marsh platform compared to segmented sills with tidal gaps. Finally, the research identifies key factors driving marsh boundary degradation that are needed to assess the stability of marsh sill living shorelines. Analysis of eco-geomorphic features and hydrodynamics across 18 living shoreline sites reveals that metrics such as the Unvegetated/Vegetated Ratio (UVVR) and sediment deposition rate often used to assess the resilience of natural marshes also apply to the created marshes of living shorelines. Multivariate analyses further reveal that the Relative Exposure Index (REI) and Gap/Rock (G/R) ratio are crucial predictors of shoreline stability in marsh sill living shorelines, and thus should be particularly considered in shoreline design. By integrating remote sensing, field observations, and numerical modeling, this dissertation advances the understanding of sediment dynamics and stability in living shorelines and provides actionable insights for effective shoreline design and management to promote coastal resilience.