Spatial Contrast Sensitivity of Birds

Abstract

Contrast sensitivity (CS) is the ability of the observer to discriminate between adjacent stimuli on the basis of their differences in relative luminosity (contrast) rather than their absolute luminances. Prior to this study, birds had been thought to have low contrast detection thresholds relative to mammals and fishes. This was a surprising phenomenon because birds had been traditionally attributed with superior vision. In addition, the low CS of birds could not be explained by retinal or optical factors, or secondary stimulus characteristics. Unfortunately, avian contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) were sparse in the literature, so it was unknown whether low contrast sensitivity was a general phenomenon in birds. This study measured CS in six species of birds sampled across different taxa and different ecological backgrounds in order to answer this very question. The species chosen for this experiment were American kestrels (Falco sparverius), Barn owls (Tyto alba), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), White Carneaux Pigeons (Columba livia), Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and Red-bellied woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus). CSFs were obtained from these birds using the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and compared with CSFs from the literature. The quail and pigeon data obtained in this experiment fit well with existing CS data for these species. The kestrel data were not similar to kestrel data in the literature; however the data in the literature were collected from a single subject. All of the birds studied had contrast sensitivities that were consistent with their retinal or optical morphologies relative to other birds (in species for which such data exists) and seem well suited for their natural environments. In addition, all of these birds exhibited low CS relative to humans and most mammals, which suggests that low CS is a general phenomenon of birds. Explanations for this avian low CS phenomenon include a possible trade-off between contrast mechanisms and UV mechanisms in cone systems, and lateral inhibitory mechanisms that are perhaps categorically different from mammals. Lateral inhibition affects contrast gain, and has been shown to differ according to ganglion cell types, which in turn will differ in vertebrate species.