Agricultural & Resource Economics
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Item Regulation, Market and Technology: Evidence From the U.S. Trucking Industry(2017) He, Zheng; Houde, Sébastien; Agricultural and Resource Economics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)My dissertation focuses on the environmental regulations in the trucking industry and their impacts in the United States. I explore the causal effects of environmental policies on trucking decisions, the technological challenges of reducing fuel consumption and the optimal fuel taxes to account for the externalities of trucking operation. As the fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks are finalized in August 2016, my dissertation addresses a timely and important issue -- how to effectively reduce greenhouse gases emissions from trucking operation. Three essential policy tools are examined -- taxes, fuel economy standards, and engine replacement schedule. In the first essay, I exploit a rich vehicle-level micro dataset of the U.S. heavy-duty trucking fleets to examine how truckers respond to changes in per-mile fuel cost. Per-mile fuel cost depends on the fuel economy of the vehicle and on the price of diesel, which is taxed at a different rate than other motor fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) categorizes medium- and heavy-duty trucks into two groups - combination trucks and vocational vehicles. They are regulated separately due to their distinctive driving patterns and trip distances. Combination trucks are tractor-trailers weighing more than 26,000 pounds, typically with a body type of either an enclosed box or a platform. They are mostly used for long-haul shipping. Vocational vehicles are straight trucks (with a loading area as part of the vehicle) with gross vehicle weight greater than 10,000 pounds. They travel locally for various professional purposes and include step vans, dump trucks, concrete mixers, etc. My empirical results show that the average medium-run elasticities of vehicle-miles-traveled are -0.23 for combination trucks and -0.27 for vocational vehicles; the average elasticities of payload distance are -0.43 for combination trucks and -0.36 for vocational vehicles. Within each of the two groups, the estimated elasticities vary significantly among different truck weight classes and business sectors. The heterogeneity in truckers' responsiveness calls for differentiated policies, particularly in fuel taxes. I derive the optimal fuel taxes in a general equilibrium model that includes the externalities of truck operation (such as air pollution, road damage, accidents, and noise pollution), measures shipping demand in terms of payload distance and allows truckers to choose their routes based on shipping demand. In the second-best setting, most of the optimally differentiated diesel taxes are about twice or three times the actual rate. Compared to the optimal uniform tax, implementing differentiated taxes based on vehicle weight classes reduces the existing distortion and generates an overall welfare gain of about 17.5 billion US dollars per annum. In the second essay, I look at the evidence about fuel economy and other truck attributes from the U.S. Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS). I estimate the trade-off effects between fuel economy and truck attributes, providing implications for a dynamic baseline of improvements in fuel economy. My estimation results show that the annual rates of fuel economy improvement from 1973 to 2002 are about 0.93% for combination trucks and 0.83% for vocational vehicles. In other words, in the absence of regulations, we can expect reductions in fuel consumption by 8.01% for combination trucks and 7.15% for vocational vehicles in ten years, just under half of the targets. The difference in technological progress among fleets with various sizes suggests that incentivizing trucking fleets to update their vehicles more frequently can be an effective channel to improve overall on-road in-use trucks' fuel economy. In the third essay, I examine the industry responses to the California Statewide Truck and Bus Regulation -- a schedule for truckers to retrofit or replace their vehicles -- using two empirical approaches. First, the arbitrary choice of the cutoff year allows me to conduct a regression discontinuity design. I find a 71.4% reduction in the population of targeted truck group as the deadline approaches. Second, I compare the targeted group with trucks having similar body types but different model years and investigate the effect in a difference-in-difference framework. Once the natural business-as-usual rate of replacement is accounted for, the estimated reduction in truck population due to the regulation drops to 57.8%. Using this estimate and necessary assumptions, I also back out the proportion of trucks registered in NOx-exempt counties that are solely operated within these counties.Item ESSAYS ON THE ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS(2012) Ye, Fanqing; Lichtenberg,, Erik; Agricultural and Resource Economics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Understanding the potential link between environmental regulations and economic activities is crucial to both the regulated industries and policy makers. This dissertation explores three key questions in order to understand environmental regulations and their impacts. 1) How to measure environmental regulatory burden? 2) What are the impacts of environmental regulations on competitiveness? 3) What are the determinants of regulatory stringency? The theory of the Pollution Haven Effect (PHE) predicts that tightening up environmental regulations will affect regulated industries' competitiveness and trade flows. In the first part of this dissertation, I construct a measure from pollution abatement costs (PAC) to quantify the changes in regulatory stringency and empirically test PHE while controlling for firm dynamics and industry composition. Previous studies have used PAC as a measure for environmental regulations. I build a theory model to show that regulation-induced changes in abatement costs contain an extensive margin (i.e. cost change due to changes in industry composition) in addition to the intensive margin (i.e. cost change for a fixed set of firms). Results from decomposition analysis confirm that, compared to the intensive margin, overall changes in PAC underestimate changes in regulatory stringency and may further lead to overestimated PHE. I then use the two margins as separate explanatory variables to explain the US's net imports from Canada, Mexico and the rest of the world. Estimation results indicate that PHE driven by the intensive margin is smaller than that estimated previously, which corrects the overestimation of using overall abatement costs. The second part of this dissertation empirically explores the determinants of regulatory stringency in the context of the US water pollution regulations. I argue that state regulators use facilities' compliance performance to infer their abatement efforts and technology in order to implement the technology-based and water quality-based control of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. Results from econometric analyses confirm that regulators make permitting decisions based on information inferred from compliance history as well as that discovered during inspection activities. Self-disclosed violations are regarded as a signal for cooperation (i.e. adequate abatement effort under technology constraint) and will be rewarded with relaxed future permits. Non-cooperating behaviors, such as absent monitoring reports, improper operation and maintenance as detected during inspections and violations that lead to high penalties will likely result in more stringent future limit. In addition, regulators will also modify the limit levels in response to local water quality. Taken together, these results indicate that the regulators aim to ensure a certain water quality standard by inducing higher abatement efforts within the constraint of best available technology.