Minority Health and Health Equity Archive

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/21769

Welcome to the Minority Health and Health Equity Archive (MHHEA), an electronic archive for digital resource materials in the fields of minority health and health disparities research and policy. It is offered as a no-charge resource to the public, academic scholars and health science researchers interested in the elimination of racial and ethnic health disparities.

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End date: 2019

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 2630
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    WHY LGBTQ HISTORIC SITES MATTER
    (National Park Foundation, 2016) Meinke, Mark
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    LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History
    (National Park Foundation, 2016) National Park Service
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    Research-Related Injury Compensation Policies of U.S. Research Institutions
    (IRB, 2014) Resnik, David; Parasidis, Efthimios; Carroll, Kelly; Evans, Jennifer; Pike, Elizabeth; Kissling, Grace
    Federal research regulations require participants to be informed about whether medical care or compensation for injury is available in more than minimal risk studies and prohibit language in informed consent documents that waives, or appears to waive, legal rights. The objectives of this study were to compare data collected in 2000 and 2012 to identify significant changes in types of institutional compensation policies at U.S. research institutions, and assess the relationship between institutional characteristics and different types of policies. We found that research-related injury compensation policies did not change substantially during the time period. A significant percentage of policies contain language that can be reasonably interpreted as waiving, or appearing to waive, legal rights. Level of funding, public vs. private status, and institutional involvement in clinical research were associated with different types of policies. The lack of substantial change in compensation policies supports arguments for a national policy.
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    Compensation for Injured Research Subjects
    (New England Journal of Medicine, 2006) Steinbrook, Robert
    The article discusses compensation options for research subjects who incur injury during medical trials. The author notes two views: those that view compensation to injured participants as an obligation and those that view compensation as not obligatory because volunteers were made aware of possible risks and consented to the study on their own. Also mentioned as topics of debate are the extent and duration of potential coverage of participants that may have been injured as well as determining if an injury is in fact a complication of the study or not.
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    Recovering from Research: A No-Fault Proposal to Compensate Injured Research Participants
    (American Journal of Law & Medicine, 2012-03) Pike, Elizabeth
    National advisory committees have considered the obligations owed to research participants in the event of research-related injuries. These committees have repeatedly concluded that injured research participants are entitled to compensation for their injuries, that the tort system provides inadequate remedies, and that the United States should adopt no-fault compensation. But because the advisory comm ittees have made no concrete proposals and have taken no steps toward implementing no-fault compensation, the United States continues to rely on the tort system to compensate injured research participants. This Article argues that recent legal developments and a transformation in the global research landscape make maintaining the status quo morally indefensible and practically unsustainable. Recent legal developments exacerbate the longstanding difficulties associated with the tort system as a method of compensation; nearly every injured research participant will have difficulty recovering damages, and certain classes of injured research participants-those in federal research and those abroad-are prevented from recovering altogether, resulting in substantial unfairness. In the past ten years, many of the countries substantially involved in research have mandated systematic compensation. By not mandating compensation, the United States has become a moral outlier and risks having its noncompliant research embargoed by foreign ethics committees, thereby delaying important biomedical advances. This Article examines alternative compensation mechanisms and offers a concrete no-fault compensation proposal built on systems already in place. The proposed system can be implemented in the United States and countries around the world to help harmonize various national compensation systems and to more equitably and effectively make those injured by research whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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    Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects
    (Biomedical Ethics and the Law, 1976) Jonas, Hans
    Experimenting with human subjects is going on in many fields of scientific and technological progress. It is designed to replace the overall instruction by natural, occasional, and cumulative experience with the selective information from artificial, systematic experiment which physicial science has found so effective in dealing with inanimate nature. Of the new experimentation with man, medical is surely the most legitimate; psychological, the most dubious; biological (still to come), the most dangerous. I have chosen here to deal with the first only, where the case for it is strongest and the task of adjudicating conflicting claims hardest. When I was first asked1 to comment “philosophically” on it, I had all the hesitation natural to a layman in the face of matters on which experts of the highest competence have had their say and still carry on their dialogue. As I familiarized myself with the material,2 any initial feeling of moral rectitude that might have facilitated my task quickly dissipated before the awesome complexity of the problem, and a state of great humility took its place. The awareness of the problem in all its shadings and ramifications speaks out with such authority, perception, and sophistication in the published discussions of the researchers themselves that it would be foolish of me to hope that I, an onlooker on the sidelines, could tell those battling in the arena anything they have not pondered themselves. Still, since the matter is obscure by its nature and involves very fundamental, transtechnical issues, anyone’s attempt at clarification can be of use, even without novelty. And even if the philosophical reflection should in the end achieve no more than the realization that in the dialectics of this area we must sin and fall into guilt, this insight may not be without its own gains.
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    'Ethically Impossible': STD Research in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948
    (PCSBI, 2011-09-13) Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues
    In response to the President's request of November 24, 2010, the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (Bioethics Commission) oversaw this thorough fact-finding investigation into the specifics of the U.S. Public Health Service-led studies in Guatemala involving the intentional exposure and infection of vulnerable populations. Following a nine-month intensive investigation, the Bioethics Commission concluded that the Guatemala experiments involved gross violations of ethics as judged against both the standards of today and the researchers’ own understanding of applicable contemporaneous practices.
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    Contents Full Article Content List Abstract Methods Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References Figures & Tables Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Share Request Permissions Explore More Download PDF Lessons Learned About Motivation From a Pilot Physical Activity Intervention for African American Men
    (SAGE Journals, 2015-12-04) Cornish, Emily; McKissic, Sydika; Dean, Donnatesa; Griffith, Derek
    African American men are less likely than White men to meet physical activity recommendations, and few physical activity interventions have focused on the unique needs of African American men. Because health is not more important to men than fulfilling the role of a provider or other socially important roles, one of the biggest challenges in creating interventions for African American men is helping them identify reasons that they should prioritize both health and life goals. In a recent pilot physical activity intervention for 30- to 70-year-old African American men, we used self-determination theory and motivational interviewing principles to create worksheets that helped men identify their core values and life goals and asked them to describe how their values and goals were related to health and physical activity. We used basic statistics and thematic analysis to identify and examine key sources of motivation for men to be healthier and more physically active. We found that being healthy, a good Christian, a good spouse/partner, disciplined, and successful were among men’s most important life goals. This article highlights a strategy for identifying key sources of motivation in African American men’s lives and key themes that can be used in to enhance future interventions.
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    Contents Full Article Content List Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References Figures & Tables Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Share Request Permissions Explore More Download PDF Improved Physical Activity Screening Enhances Intervention Effectiveness in Ethnic Minority Women: A Longitudinal Study
    (SAGE Journals, 2016-06-28) Mama, Scherezade; Leach, Heather; Soltero, Erica; Lee, Rebecca
    This study identified inconsistencies in physical activity (PA) reported at screening and baseline of a 6-month health promotion intervention and explored how these inconsistencies influenced intervention effectiveness in African American and Hispanic women. Participants completed a telephone screener to determine eligibility for a PA intervention. Inactive participants (≤90 minutes of PA/week) were invited to a baseline assessment, where they completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, measuring work, transportation, gardening/housework, and leisure-time PA. Women returned after 6 months to complete an identical post-intervention assessment. Despite being screened as inactive, baseline Questionnaire data indicated that 85.0% of participants (N = 274, M age = 44.6 years, M body mass index = 34.8 kg/m2) were active (>90 minutes of PA/week). Women who reported any work-related PA were 20.9 times more likely to be active at baseline than those who did not (p < .001). Participants who were inactive at both screening and baseline reported greater increases in domestic and gardening PA and total PA from baseline to postintervention (ps < .05). Overweight/obese ethnic minority women may misreport being physically inactive during screening if specific questions about type of PA are not included. Post hoc analyses controlling for screening inaccuracies may improve effectiveness of PA interventions and help intervention programs reach women who may benefit the most.
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    Contents Full Article Content List Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Figures & Tables Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Share Request Permissions Explore More Download PDF Organizational-Level Recruitment of Barbershops as Health Promotion Intervention Study Sites: Addressing Health Disparities Among Black Men
    (SAGE Journals, 2017-03-23) Hood, Sula; Hall, Maria; Dixon, Carrissa; Jolly, David; Linnan, Laura
    This article describes the process and results associated with the organizational-level recruitment of Black barbershops into Fitness in the Shop (FITShop), a 6-month barbershop-based intervention study designed to promote physical activity among Black men. Organizational-level recruitment activities included (1) a telephone call to prospective barbershop owners to assess their interest and eligibility for participation, (2) an organizational eligibility letter sent to all interested and eligible barbershops, (3) a visit to interested and eligible barbershops, where a culturally sensitive informational video was shown to barbershop owners to describe the study activities and share testimonies from trusted community stakeholders, and (4) a signed agreement with barbershop owners and barbers, which formalized the organizational partnership. Structured interviews were conducted with owners of a total of 14 enrolled barbershops, representing 30% of those determined to be eligible and interested. Most enrolled shops were located in urban settings and strip malls. Barbershop owners were motivated to enroll in the study based on commitment to their community, perceived client benefits, personal interest in physical activity, and a perception that the study had potential to make a positive impact on the barbershop and on reducing health disparities. Results offer important insights about recruiting barbershops into intervention trials.