Benefits of gene flow are mediated by individual variability in self-compatibility in small isolated populations of an endemic plant species

Abstract

Many rare and endemic species experience increased rates of self-fertilization and mating among close relatives as a consequence of existing in small populations within isolated habitat patches. Variability in self-compatibility among individuals within populations may reflect adaptation to local demography and genetic architecture, inbreeding, or drift. We use experimental hand-pollinations under natural field conditions to assess the effects of gene flow in 21 populations of the central Appalachian endemic Trifolium virginicum that varied in population size and degree of isolation. We quantified the effects of distance from pollen source on pollination success and fruit set. Rates of self-compatibility varied dramatically among maternal plants, ranging from 0% to 100%. This variation was unrelated to population size or degree of isolation. Nearly continuous variation in the success of selfing and near-cross-matings via hand pollination suggests that T. virginicum expresses pseudo-self- fertility, whereby plants carrying the same S-allele mate successfully by altering the self-incompatibility reaction. However, outcrossing among populations produced significantly higher fruit set than within populations, an indication of drift load. These results are consistent with strong selection acting to break down self-incompatibility in these small populations and/or early-acting inbreeding depression expressed upon selfing.