Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments

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dc.contributor.authorShi, Zoe W.
dc.contributor.authorChen, Yanli
dc.contributor.authorOgoke, Krystal M.
dc.contributor.authorStrickland, Ashley B.
dc.contributor.authorShi, Meiqing
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-16T18:22:35Z
dc.date.available2023-10-16T18:22:35Z
dc.date.issued2022-12-07
dc.description.abstractCryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus that initially infects the lung but can migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in meningoencephalitis. The organism causes the CNS infection primarily in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients, but also, rarely, in immunocompetent individuals. In HIV/AIDS patients, limited inflammation in the CNS, due to impaired cellular immunity, cannot efficiently clear a C. neoformans infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can rapidly restore cellular immunity in HIV/AIDS patients. Paradoxically, ART induces an exaggerated inflammatory response, termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), in some HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with C. neoformans. A similar excessive inflammation, referred to as post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS), is also frequently seen in previously healthy individuals suffering from cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal IRIS and PIIRS are life-threatening complications that kill up to one-third of affected people. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory responses in the CNS during HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. We overview the current understanding of cryptococcal IRIS developed in HIV/AIDS patients and cryptococcal PIIRS occurring in HIV-uninfected individuals. We also describe currently available animal models that closely mimic aspects of cryptococcal IRIS observed in HIV/AIDS patients.
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122419
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.13016/dspace/buqe-wtzf
dc.identifier.citationShi, Z.W.; Chen, Y.; Ogoke, K.M.; Strickland, A.B.; Shi, M. Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2419.
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/31022
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.isAvailableAtDigital Repository at the University of Marylanden_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtChemistry & Biochemistryen_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtCollege of Computer, Mathematical & Natural Sciencesen_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtUniversity of Maryland (College Park, MD)en_us
dc.subjectfungus
dc.subjectcryptococcus neoformans
dc.subjectHIV/AIDS
dc.subjectantiretroviral therapy (ART)
dc.subjectfungal pathogenesis
dc.subjectcryptococcosis
dc.subjectcryptococcal meningitis
dc.subjectmeningoencephalitis
dc.subjectinflammation
dc.subjectcentral nervous system
dc.subjectmicroglia
dc.subjectmonocytes
dc.subjectcytokines
dc.subjectbiomarkers
dc.titleCryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments
dc.typeArticle
local.equitableAccessSubmissionNo

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