ENGINEERING TARGETED LIGHT ACTIVATABLE NANOPLATFORMS TO MANAGE RECURRENT CANCERS

Abstract

Cancer recurrence poses a significant challenge in various malignancies that adverselyaffect long-term survival and quality of life. Glioblastoma (GBM) and ovarian cancer exhibit particularly high recurrence rates. For GBM, tumor recurrence is nearly universal (90%) within 10 months post initial treatment due to its invasive characteristics, limited delivery of therapeutic agents, and persistent drug resistance, resulting in a 5-year survival rate of <10%. While standard chemotherapy and surgery can temporarily alleviate symptoms for both diseases, there has been no significant improvement in long-term disease management or survival extension over several decades. Therefore, it is critical to develop targeted therapies that integrates well with current standards of care strategies. Photomedicine is a promising treatment modality, and the two main phototherapies are photodynamic therapy (PDT) which involves photosensitizer administration followed by light activation resulting in non-thermal chemical damage and photothermal therapy (PTT) which involves exogenous or endogenous sensitizing agents followed by light activation resulting in thermal damage. Clinical applications of both modalities have shown its feasibility and safety; however, they face challenges due to (i) limited cancer selectivity, (ii) heterogenous treatment response, and (iii) low monotherapy treatment efficacy. Leveraging strategic therapeutic targets to advance the current sensitizing agents for targeted delivery is a potential solution to overcome these limitations. The overall objective of this dissertation is to advance and evaluate targeted light-activatable nanoplatforms for phototherapy delivery with considerations for the current clinical workflow of GBM and advanced ovarian cancer. This is achieved through the following goals, (1) engineering a novel Fn14 receptor-directed gold nanorods (DART-GNRs) to assess selectivity and PTT efficacy for GBM, and (2) evaluate safety and long-term efficacy of targeted light-activatable multi-agent nanoplatform (tLAMP) to deliver targeted PDT for peritoneal carcinomatosis. First, this work establishes a reproducible synthesis protocol for DART-GNRs, characterizes its photothermal properties, and demonstrate high selectivity towards the Fn14 receptor of cancer cells. Second half of this dissertation established and investigated a two-fiber tissue optical property (TOP) monitoring method for liquid phantoms and for peritoneal carcinomatosis mouse model to enable safer light dosimetry during PDT, established an irinotecan active loading method to reproducibly synthesize tLAMP, and determined tLAMP tumor nodule penetration depth for enhanced targeted PDT combination therapy with adjuvant chemotherapy to enhance long-term survival for ovarian cancer.