Development of a Reality-Based, Haptics-Enabled Simulator for Tool-Tissue Interactions

Abstract

The advent of complex surgical procedures has driven the need for finite element based surgical training simulators which provide realistic visual and haptic feedback throughout the surgical task. The foundation of a simulator stems from the use of accurate, reality-based models for the global tissue response as well as the tool-tissue interactions. To that end, <italic>ex vivo</italic> and <italic>in vivo tests</italic> were conducted for soft-tissue probing and <italic>in vivo tests</italic> were conducted for soft-tissue cutting for the purpose of model development.

In formulating a surgical training system, there is a desire to replicate the

surgical task as accurately as possible for haptic and visual realism. However, for many biological tissues, there is a discrepancy between the mechanical characteristics of <italic>ex vivo</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> tissue. The efficacy of utilizing an <italic>ex vivo</italic> model for simulation of <italic>in vivo</italic> probing tasks on porcine liver was evaluated by comparing the simulated probing task to an identical <italic>in vivo</italic> probing experiment. The models were then further improved upon to better replicate the <italic>in vivo</italic> response.

During the study of cutting modeling, <italic>in vivo</italic> cutting experiments were performed on porcine liver to derive the force-displacement response of the tissue to a scalpel blade. Using this information, a fracture mechanics based approach was applied to develop a fully defined cohesive zone model governing the separation properties of the liver directly in front of the scalpel blade. Further, a method of scaling the cohesive zone parameters was presented to minimize the computational expense in an effort to apply the cohesive based cutting approach to real-time simulators.

The development of the models for the global tissue response and local tool-tissue interactions for probing and cutting of soft-tissue provided the framework for real-time simulation of basic surgical skills training. Initially, a pre-processing approach was used for the development of reality-based, haptics enabled simulators for probing and cutting of soft tissue. Then a real-time finite element based simulator was developed to simulate the probing task without the need to know the tool path

prior to simulation.