Firefighting Exoskeleton to Reduce Stress and Strain

Abstract

Overexertion stress and strains and musculoskeletal disorders are the leading causes of injury in firefighters. Lower back injuries resulting from lifting are prevalent in both fire and Emergency Medical Service (EMS) calls. Exoskeletons which provide specialized support during repetitive movements have been increasingly implemented in construction, manufacturing, and healthcare settings in recent years. However, the unique temperature, weight, fit, and quick donning requirements of an exoskeleton suited for use in firefighting renders current commercial exoskeletons unsuitable for firehouse implementation. Team Exo aimed to close this gap in research by exploring the requirements and testing methods of a firefighting exoskeleton. Several iterations of the exoskeleton were completed and categorized into three distinct prototypes. The exoskeleton consisted of dual-spring housings, leg attachments, and an upper body harness. The spring system worked with a cable and plunger to compress the spring while squatting, and decompress when rising; resulting in a loading of the spring on descent, and an assistive lifting force on ascent. Several testing phases were completed, including competing at the American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM)’s 2025 Exo Games and further testing at the National Institute of Technology (NIST). The final prototype of the exoskeleton functioned as a facilitator for the gluteus and hamstring muscles that assisted the user in lifting. Testing focused on user-reported comfort and perceived assistance through a wide variety of firefighter specific movements and followed the current industry-wide standards of exoskeleton testing. Further testing with electromyography (EMG)s, models, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) would be beneficial, and should be expanded on when more comprehensive testing standards are established. Further modifications for compatibility with firefighting gear and material improvements would also be necessary for firehouse implementation.