Minority Health and Health Equity Archive

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    A Social Marketing Intervention to Prevent Drowning Among Inner-City Youth
    (Health Promotion Practice, 2018-03) Glassman, Tavis; Castor, Tom; Karmakar, Monita; Blavos, Alexis; Dagenhard, Paige; Domigan, Julianne; Sweeney, Erin; Diehr, Aaron; Kucharewski, Ruthie
    Water-related injuries and fatalities pose serious public health issues, especially to African American youth, a demographic group that drowns at disproportionately high rates. Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine if a social marketing intervention targeting the parents and guardians of inner-city youth (U.S. Midwest) could positively influence their perceptions concerning water safety. Method. Researchers employed a quasi-experimental design using matched pairs to evaluate the intervention. Participants consisted of parents who enrolled their children in a six-session survival-swimming course. Guided by the Health Belief Model, the researchers disseminated six prevention messages using six different channels (brochure, e-mail, SMS text message, postcard, Facebook, and window cling). Results. The findings from a two-way analysis of covariance revealed that treatment group participants’ knowledge and perceptions of water-related threat all changed favorably. Additionally, all participants planned to reenroll their children in swim lessons. Discussion. A social marketing campaign using the Health Belief Model improved inner-city parents’ knowledge regarding water safety and enhanced their self-efficacy. Conclusion. This study provides practitioners with feasible strategies (prevention messages) to supplement swim lessons, with the ultimate goal of preventing drowning among at-risk youth.
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    Devising, Implementing, and Evaluating Interventions to Eliminate Health Care Disparities in Minority Children
    (2009) Flores, G.
    Abstract available at publisher's website.
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    A Qualitative Exploration of the Influence of Culture and Extended Family Networks on the Weight-related Behaviors of Urban African American Children
    (2011) Brown, Natasha A.
    Background: Childhood obesity is a public health problem with significant long-term implications and racial/ethnic disparities. African American extended family members play a significant role in child rearing and socialization, and research suggests that grandparents, in general, may influence children’s weight-related behaviors. There is, however, a lack of research exploring how urban African American children’s relationships with extended family members may influence children’s weight-related behaviors. Therefore, this study examines how extended family members’ roles and responsibilities may influence urban African American children’s weight-related behaviors, how extended family members socialize children to adopt weight-related behaviors, and how extended family members’ socialization practices may differ from those of primary caregivers. Methods: This study builds upon and extends the work of a previous, mixed-methods study of 31 primary caregiver-child dyads, which was designed to examine household and neighborhood factors related to childhood obesity. In Phase 2, individual semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 8 Baltimore City children; paired interviews were conducted with their primary caregivers and one adult member of each child’s extended family. Manuscript 1 combines qualitative data from both studies to present case studies of the 4 families that participated in both studies. Manuscripts 2 and 3 focus on data collected from Phase 2’s 8 family units, and present detailed analyses of familial influences on children’s physical activity and dietary behaviors, respectively. Findings: Manuscript 1 indicates that mothers and extended family members may differ in their influences on children’s weight-related behaviors, which may be related to differences in the adults’ roles and responsibilities with the children. Manuscript 2 suggests that extended family members may be more physically active with children; this may be influenced by perceived familial closeness and different relationship dynamics. Manuscript 3 indicates that children are consistently taught to value food-based family traditions; however, adults may be inconsistent in the socialization strategies used in day-to-day dietary routines. These findings suggest that future family-based obesity interventions for African American children should extend beyond the immediate family to include key extended family members and consider the extended family networks’ norms and values.
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    Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Medical and Dental Health, Access to Care, and Use of Services in US Children
    (2008) Flores, G.; Tomany-Korman, S. C.
    Abstract available at publisher's web site.
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    Ethnic differences in mortality from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among people less than 25 years of age.
    (1999) Lipton, R; Good, G; Mikhailov, T; Freels, S; Donoghue, E
    Abstract is available from the publisher's website.
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    New Perspectives on Health Disparities and Obesity Interventions in Youth
    (2008) Wilson, D. K.
    OBJECTIVE: This article reviews intervention studies that address health disparities and the increasing rate of obesity in minority youth. The review focuses on interventions that target obesity-related behaviors (diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviors) and adiposity outcomes (body mass index) in minority children and adolescents. METHODS: A conceptual framework is presented that integrates ecological, cultural, social, and cognitive approaches to reducing obesity in ethnically diverse youth. The review highlights effective interventions in minority youth and distinguishes between culturally targeted and culturally tailored components. RESULTS: A limited number of studies have been conducted that target obesity-related behaviors and adiposity outcomes in minority youth. The most successful interventions for minority youth have incorporated culturally targeted and culturally tailored intervention components using multi-systemic approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed that focuses on testing the efficacy of theoretically based approaches that integrate culturally appropriate program elements for improving obesity-related behaviors and adiposity outcomes in minority youth
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    Coming and Going: The Effect of Household Composition on the Economic Well-being of Families with Children
    (2011) du Toit, Nola; Bachtell, Kate; Haggerty, Catherine
    As a result of the deinstitutionalization of marriage, high levels of divorce, and an increased acceptance of cohabitation and single parenthood, there is an ever changing array of families in American households (Stacey 1996, Thistle 2006). Current literature examines how different types of households impact the wellbeing of families and children. Whether adults are married, cohabiting, or single has been shown to impact their life chances and those of any children living in their household. Studies have examined changes in composition or household instability to negative outcomes, especially among children. Unfortunately, studies that examine differences in type of family and household composition are often limited to comparisons of unions - married, single, or cohabiting, focusing on the parents. Similarly, the literature on the impact of change in household composition has focused primarily on changes in relationships, such as marriage or divorce. Comparatively less research has been done on the influence of (1) extended family members and non-relatives (roommates, boarders) in the household, and (2) changes in household composition that are not related to union formation among parents. Using data from two waves of the Making Connections Survey, a study of ten disadvantaged urban communities, we examine different types of family and non-family households, the extent of change in household composition when other household members are considered, and differences in the effect of these types of household structures on a variety of economic measures of child wellbeing. We observe differences in household composition beyond the traditional nuclear family and find that there are many types of households not accounted for in conventional family studies. In fact, 45% of households with children in our sample include some adult who is not the parent of the focal child. In addition, we find that these non-traditional households differ along several measures of economic wellbeing. Finally, the results show that changes in the composition of these different households impact their economic stability and, therefore, child wellbeing over time. This research suggests the need for more recognition of these other people in children’s lives and the complex households in which children live.
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    School-based interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: evidence of effects for minority populations.
    (2000) Meininger, J C
    The purposes of this review were to analyze and evaluate the results of school-based studies that have used population-wide approaches for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and to assess the extent to which strategies tested to date have been effective for minority populations in the United States. The literature included in the review was restricted to studies published between 1986 and August 1999; they sampled elementary, middle, or high school students and incorporated a control or comparison group. There were no consistent effects of school-based interventions on blood pressure, lipid profiles, or measures of body mass and obesity. There was evidence that changes in knowledge and health behaviors occurred. Findings are interpreted within the context of population-wide approaches to prevention, and recommendations for future research directions are discussed.
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    Who Are America’s Poor Children? Examining Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity
    (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2011) Seith, David; Kalof, Courtney
    Good health in childhood both reflects and predicts full social and economic participation. Conversely, social divisions by race and income are often associated with health disparities, which inhibit children from achieving their full potential. Although many would agree that health is a fundamental right, children subject to exclusion by race and class are less likely to enjoy this right. An earlier report in the NCCP Who are America’s Poor Children? series examined child health disparities by poverty status. In the introduction to that report two points were made. First, “the relationship between socioeconomic status and health is one of the most robust and well documented findings in social science…
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    Low-income Children in the United States National and State Trend Data, 1998-2008
    (National Center for Children in Poverty, 2009) Chau, Michelle
    After nearly a decade of decline, the number of children living in low-income families has increased significantly since 2000. This data book provides national and 50-state trend data on the characteristics of low-income children over the past decade: parental education, parental employment, marital status, family structure, race and ethnicity, age distribution, parental nativity, home ownership, residential mobility, type of residential area, and region of residence. The most current year of data can also be accessed at www.nccp.org—see NCCP’s 50-State Demographic Profiles or build custom tables using NCCP’s 50-State Demographics Wizard. For a discussion of these data and selected policy implications, see NCCP’s fact sheets on low-income children, which are updated annually.