A. James Clark School of Engineering
Permanent URI for this communityhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/1654
The collections in this community comprise faculty research works, as well as graduate theses and dissertations.
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Item ATMOSPHERIC ORGANIC AEROSOLS: THE EFFECT OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON HYGROSCOPICITY(2023) Malek, Kotiba; Asa-Awuku, Akua; Chemical Engineering; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Aerosols, tiny solid or liquid particles, are ubiquitous in the atmosphere yet their impact on climate remains poorly understood. One prominent way aerosols are able to impact the climate is through their ability to uptake water and form clouds. The chemical diversity and aerosol interactions in the atmosphere can greatly complicate the investigation of aerosol-cloud interactions. This complexity is expressed with a large uncertainty associated with aerosols’ role on climate change. This dissertation investigates the aerosol-cloud interaction by measuring the water uptake of atmospherically relevant aerosols. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for various physiochemical properties when exploring the water uptake of atmospheric aerosols. One such property is liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in ternary mixtures. Our work offers new evidence, insight, and a paradigm shift to the contribution of LLPS to supersaturated droplet activation. We complemented this finding with a theoretical model, that incorporates solubility, O:C ratio, and LLPS, for predicting κ-hygroscopicity of ternary mixtures. Another physiochemical property that was shown to play a key role in droplet activation of polymeric aerosols is chemical structure. Our study shows that polycatechol is more hygroscopic than polyguaiacol and the difference in hygroscopicity is attributed to the density of hydroxyl groups in both structures. Polycatechol has a higher density of hydroxyl groups than polyguaiacol, resulting in polycatechol having stronger water uptake affinity than polyguaiacol. When maintaining the same structural makeup by investigating the water uptake of two isomeric compounds, we discovered that solubility was the driving force in water uptake. The more soluble isomer o-aminophenol was more hygroscopic than p-aminophenol. Hence, a small change in the position of functional groups can impact solubility which in turn influence hygroscopicity. Lastly, we explored the presence of gas-phase organics on the water uptake of isomers with a wide range of solubilities. Our work highlights that gas-phase organics, specifically ethanol, can influence the water uptake of aerosols. Ethanol was shown to increase water uptake efficiencies based on solubility, with the least soluble compound showing stronger affinity to water uptake. Overall, this thesis advances our knowledge and understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions and its implications on climate change.Item Extreme Precipitation Projections in a Changing Climate(2019) Hu, Huiling; Ayyub, Bilal M.; Civil Engineering; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Global climate is changing at an alarming rate, with an increase in heat waves, wildfires, extreme weather events, and rising sea levels, which could cost the United States billions of dollars in lost labor, reduced crop yields, flooding, health problems, and crumbling infrastructure. Reports by hundreds of US climate scientists from 13 federal agencies in the Fourth National Climate Assessment (2018) predict that the US economy will shrink by as much as 10% by the end of the century if global warming continues with current trends. Extreme precipitation, in particular, has led to significant damage through flooding, bridge scouring, land-slides, etc.; therefore, it is critical to develop accurate and reliable methods for future extreme precipitation projection. This dissertation proposes new methods of improved projections of such extremes by appropriately accounting for a changing climate. First, this dissertation studies how to model extreme precipitation using Markov Chains and dynamic optimization. By incorporating day-to-day serial dependency and dynamic optimization, the model improves the accuracy of extreme precipitation analysis significantly. The dissertation also examines future projections of extreme precipitation. State-of-the-art methods for future precipitation projections are based on downscaled Global Climate Models (GCMs), which are not always accurate for extreme precipitation projection. This work studies accuracy when using downscaled GCMs for extreme precipitation and designed new methods based on copulas to improve the accuracy. Finally, the above methods are applied to the analysis of future trends of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, which, in turn, have extensive applications in designing drainage systems. To incorporate geographic influence on local areas, a machine-learning-based solution is proposed and validated. The results show that the gradient boosting tree can be used to accurately project future IDF curves for short durations. It is also projected that short-duration intensity will increase up to 23% for the selected representative stations in this century. In summary, this dissertation systemically studies different aspects of improvements and applications of extreme precipitation projection. By using mathematical models, such as copula and Markov Chains as well as various machine-learning models (i.e., gradient boosting tree), extreme precipitation projection can be made significantly more reliable for use.Item THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL CRITICAL SOURCE AREAS (CSAS) AND BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) IN EASTERN MARYLAND(2015) Renkenberger, Jaison; Brubaker, Kaye; Montas, Hubert; Civil Engineering; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Chesapeake Bay jurisdictions are required to develop Watershed Implementation Plans (WIPs) to reduce Non-Point Source (NPS) pollution by sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and meet EPA Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for water quality. This study quantifies the potential impacts of climate change on Critical Source Areas (CSAs) and Best Management Practice (BMP) efficiencies, two keys to WIP success, in an agricultural watershed in Maryland. The SWAT model was calibrated for the watershed and subjected to climate scenarios SRES B1, A1B and A2, over mid- and end-century time horizons. Simulation results predict that changed precipitation patterns will produce at least a doubling of CSA areas within the watershed and that, with BMPs designed for current climate, TMDLs will be exceeded by a factor of up to 2.4. For WIPs to be robust against climate change, BMPs must be designed for future climate and community-based, participatory implementation strategies are needed.