Psychology

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    Sleep, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use in College Student Drinkers with and without ADHD
    (2022) Marsh, Nicholas Patrick; Chronis-Tuscano, Andrea; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Background: Heavy drinking college students are at risk for experiencing poor sleep and negative alcohol-and cannabis-related consequences. College students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are uniquely vulnerable to both poor sleep and negative consequences from alcohol and cannabis use. Thus, it is critical to consider relations between ADHD, sleep and alcohol-related negative consequences together in a single study. In the present study, we examined: (1) the associations among ADHD status, sleep and alcohol- and cannabis-related consequences; (2) the independent and interactive effects of sleep and ADHD on negative alcohol-related consequences. Finally, we explored the independent and interactive effects of sleep and ADHD on negative cannabis-related consequences. Method: College student drinkers with (n=51) and without (n=50) ADHD completed a 2-hour assessment that included measures of sleep quality, alcohol and cannabis use, and alcohol/cannabis-related negative consequences. Analyses utilized a series of hierarchical linear regression models to examine study aims. Results: College student drinkers with ADHD reported significantly worse sleep quality relative to non-ADHD student drinkers. Students with ADHD also experienced more negative alcohol-related consequences, relative to student drinkers without ADHD. When ADHD and sleep quality were included in the model together, ADHD—but not sleep quality—was independently associated with negative alcohol consequences, but not negative cannabis consequences. There were no moderating effects of ADHD on the associations among sleep and negative consequences resulting from either alcohol or cannabis use. Conclusion: This is the first study to examine sleep quality in college students with and without ADHD engaging in heavy drinking, as well as the first to examine the independent and interactive effects of sleep and ADHD on alcohol- and cannabis-related consequences. Results demonstrated that college drinkers with ADHD are particularly vulnerable to experiencing poor sleep and negative consequences from their alcohol and cannabis use, compared to their heavy drinking peers without ADHD. Future, larger scale studies should consider longitudinal effects as well as underlying mechanisms of risk.
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    Understanding the anxiolytic effects of alcohol on the central extended amygdala in humans
    (2017) Kaplan, Claire Marjorie; Shackman, Alexander J; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    The anxiety-reducing properties of alcohol are thought to contribute to development of alcohol dependence, particularly among individuals with anxiety disorders. Remarkably little is known, however, about the neural circuitry underlying anxiolytic effects of alcohol in humans. In a sample of 72 healthy adults, we employed the novel MultiThreat Countdown (MTC) task to investigate the dose-dependent consequences of acute alcohol intoxication (BAL range: 0.061 - 0.145%) during anticipation of certain or uncertain threat, compared to placebo. Focal analyses of the central extended amygdala revealed significant activation during threat in the right, but not left, hemisphere for both the central nucleus [Ce] and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BST]. Increasing BALs were associated with decreasing activation in right BST and self-reported fear/anxiety levels during threat. This effect did not differ between certain and uncertain threat. These results build upon converging lines of evidence and suggest involvement of BST in alcohol-induced anxiolysis.
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    An Examination of the Pathways of Depressive Symptoms and Heavy Drinking from Adolescence to Adulthood
    (2011) Gustafson, Emily Anne; Stein, William; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    This study examined the dynamic interaction of heavy alcohol use and depressive symptoms at three points over a time period of 11 years from adolescence to adulthood using a subset of data from the nationally representative, multi-year, longitudinal data source, the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Results revealed that, in general, those that drink heavily with greater frequency are more likely to have a greater number of depressive symptoms. Conversely, those with more early depressive symptoms are more likely to be early heavy drinkers, but less likely to be heavy drinkers six years down the road. Additionally, early depressive symptoms affect later trajectories in binge drinking. Gender, racial/ethnic group, and college attendance all affected the relationship over time for heavy drinking and were generally related to the average but not the change over time of depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in the context of Elder's life course theory that views developmental trajectories in relation to social pathways.
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    Identifying Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Problematic Alcohol Use in College Students
    (2011) Rooney, Mary; Chronis-Tuscano, Andrea; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Students with ADHD represent a significant population on college campuses who have been found to be at risk for problematic alcohol use. Yet little is known about mechanisms underlying the association between ADHD and alcohol-related problems. We examined patterns and consequences of alcohol use in college students with and without ADHD, as well as three possible mediators of the association between ADHD and alcohol-related impairment: (1) self-reported difficulty stopping a drinking session, (2) cue dependency on a behavioral task of response inhibition, and (3) self-reported trait disinhibition. Participants with ADHD reported higher rates of negative consequences of alcohol use relative to the non-ADHD group, despite equivalent rates of alcohol use. In addition, the ADHD group had higher rates of difficulty stopping a drinking session. Difficulty stopping a drinking session mediated the relationship between ADHD and negative consequences of alcohol use. Cue dependency and trait disinhibition did not mediate this relationship. These findings indicate that college students with ADHD are experiencing higher rates of negative consequences of alcohol use relative to their peers without ADHD. Difficulty stopping a drinking session may be one mechanism that explains the relationship between ADHD and alcohol-related problems.
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    The Interaction of Peer Influence and Self-Presentation in College Students' Alcohol Consumption
    (2006-07-26) Rider, Raamses; Sigall, Harold; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    This research examined alcohol use among college students from a social-psychological perspective. I investigated two factors, not yet paired together in prior research, that interact to influence college students' attitudes toward alcohol as well as their decision to consume alcohol and the amount of alcohol they consume. These two factors are the amount of alcohol consumed by an individual's peers and the individual's motivation to engage in self-presentation. I present a theoretical model of college students' alcohol consumption that incorporates these variables, among others, and I present results of two studies investigating the relationships among these variables. I investigated whether individuals consume alcohol, in part, for self-presentational purposes. More specifically, I hypothesized that individuals high in the ability and motivation to present desirable images to others (high self-monitors) will be more likely than individuals low in such ability and motivation (low self-monitors) to match the alcohol consumption behaviors displayed by their peers. Results supported this hypothesis as well as other, secondary, hypotheses.