College of Agriculture & Natural Resources

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The collections in this community comprise faculty research works, as well as graduate theses and dissertations.

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    Relative impacts of determinants of childhood stunting in Malawi
    (2019) Kaur, Jasbir; Mehta, Mira; Desai, Sonalde B; Nutrition; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Background: High rates of stunting have persisted in Malawi for several decades. There is a need to better understand trends and determinants of childhood stunting in the population to inform effective policies and programmatic interventions. Objective: To analyze levels, trends, and distribution of stunting in a nationally-representative population of Malawian children under age five, and to analyze determinants and micronutrient levels associated with stunting in a subset of children under age two. Design: The study analyzes data from the Malawi Demographic and Health Surveys in 2000, 2004, 2010 and 2015–16 and the Malawi Micronutrient Survey in 2015–16. Stunting in children is defined as height-for-age index more than two standard deviations below the reference medium. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to estimate the change in stunting by socio-demographic variables, and impact of environmental enteropathy, water sanitation and hygiene, access to food, infant and young child feeding practices, women’s empowerment, domestic violence, and biomarkers of nutrition, specifically iron- deficiency anemia and vitamin A deficiency controlled for inflammation in children ages 0–59 months, adjusted for sampling design effects. Setting: Malawi is a landlocked country, divided into three regions: the northern, central, and southern regions. Subjects: Children ages 0–59 months with data on anthropometric measurements from the MDHS survey in 2000 (n=9,188), 2004 (n=8,090), 2010 (n=4,586), and 2016 (n=5,149), and from the MNS survey in 2015¬–16 (n=2,018). Results: The prevalence of stunting decreased in children from 54.3 percent in 2000 to 36.6 percent in 2016. Child’s household structure (a finished roof), child’s age, gender, birth order and birth interval, household wealth, land ownership, mother’s education, mother’s stature and BMI, and mother’s age appear to be the strongest determinants of childhood stunting. With addition of biomarkers of nutrition, inflammation, and inherited disorders, age of the child, birth order, and mother’s report of child’s size at birth and household hunger are major determinants of childhood stunting. At the cellular level, serum ferritin, retinol binding protein, and sickle cell disease and alpha-thalassemia are strongly associated with stunting in children.
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    Proteomic Profiling and Label-Free Quantification of Bovine Milk Proteins during Experimentally Induced Escherichia coli Mastitis
    (2009) Boehmer, Jamie Layne; Peters, Robert R; Bannerman, Douglas D; Animal Sciences; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Coliform mastitis has been a primary focus of dairy cattle disease research due to staggering affiliated losses, severe systemic complications arising from host inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide, and the poor response of coliform pathogens to antimicrobials. Reliable biomarkers are needed to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive therapies for the treatment of inflammation associated with coliform mastitis, and to aid in the approval of new veterinary drugs. The aims of the current analyses were to utilize proteomic methodologies to evaluate protein expression in whey from cows with experimentally induced coliform mastitis, and to employ label-free quantification strategies to estimate changes in relative abundance of proteins identified in milk over the course of clinical infection. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI- TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) resulted in the identification of complement factors, antimicrobial proteins, and acute phase proteins in mastitic milk. Analysis using liquid chromatography (LC) inline with electrospray ionization - quadrupole TOF tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) resulted primarily in the identification of abundant whey and casein proteins, and the transient detection of proteins related to host response. Nano-LC- nanospray-MS/MS using a linear ion trap, however, led to the robust discovery of over fifty inflammatory proteins in whey from mastitic milk, including the novel markers kininogen-2 and inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor heavy chain-4. Normalized spectral counts were compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for select proteins to assess the accuracy of the spectral count data. Similar expression patterns were detected using spectral counts and ELISA. Results indicate that proteomic methodologies can detect biomarkers of coliform mastitis in bovine milk during clinical infections, and that spectral counts are a viable means of evaluating relative changes in protein biomarkers of mastitis, including those for which no antibody currently exists.