College of Agriculture & Natural Resources
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The collections in this community comprise faculty research works, as well as graduate theses and dissertations.
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Item The kinetics and quantum yield of photophosphorylation in Anacystis nidulans (Richt.) Drouet(1972) Owens, Olga v. H.; Krauss, Robert W.; Plant Physiology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, MD)The active metabolite, ATP, serves not only as a high energy intermediate but also as a controller of some enzymatic reactions. In plant cells, the larger part of the ATP is formed by photophosphorylation. In this paper the rates, the quantum yields, and the wavelength dependencies of photophosphorylation in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans are reported. A fluorometric method for determination of enzymatically produced NADPH from ATP was adapted for use on cell extracts. In the light, the ATP level was 0.15 to 0.25 µmoles/mg chl. In the dark, the ATP level was 70% of that in light. In both darkness and anaerobosis, the level was 20%. A return to the light restored the ATP level from both conditions. Dark, anaerobic cells were exposed to measured irradiancies of 710 nm and 620 nm. The rate of ATP formation was measured within the first few seconds and found to be directly proportional to absorbed intensity. Saturation of the rates occurred at an intensity one-tenth the optimum for oxygen production. Quantum requirements of 6-8 were similar for each of the two wavelengths. The system II inhibitor DCMU, had a greater effect at 620 nm that at 710 nm indicating an involvement of system II in photophosphorylation only at 620 nm. At low intensities and over long time periods white light failed to produce a saturating steady-state level of ATP indicating a simultaneous consumption of ATP. Measurements in short dark periods following marginal illumination showed consumption of ATP to be 2 to 4 times greater that production in weak light. Thus, the quantum requirement can be calculated to be 2. ATP formation, therefore, is not the limit ing factor in co2 fixation. The evidence is the high quantum yield of photophosphorylation and the unsaturation of co2 fixation at intensities at which ATP synthesis is saturated.Item A Revision of North American Melanthium L. (Liliaceae)(1978) Bodkin, Norlyn Lee; Reveal, James L.; Botany; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Melanthium L. (Liliaceae ) is a genus of perhaps eight species with the four species of North America distributed from central Iowa eastward to southern New York, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. The type species , M. -virginicum L., is found over this entire range growing commonly in swamps , marshes and bogs. Melanthium latifolium Desr. , found mostly on rich wooded slopes, and M. parviflorum (Michx.) S. Wats. located at higher elevations, occur mainly in the mid-Appalachian mountains. Melanthium woodii (Robbins ex Wood) Bodkin, comb. nov., is known from rich deciduous slopes of the Ozark Plateaus where it is very local and rare, and from five small disjunct populations in three eastern states. The major decision made in this treatment is the maintenance of Melanthium as distinct from the heterogeneous genus Veratrum L. on the basis of leaf size and shape, inflorescence, features of the tepalular glands and claws, adnation of stamens to tepals and general habit of the plants. The numerous synonyms associated with the name Melanthium are treated and either included under that genus , or excluded and assign d to their proper genera. The four (tentatively) Asian species, all of southwestern China , are not discussed due to a paucity of recent material.Item Net Productivity of Emergent Vegetation at Horn Point Salt Marsh(1975) Cahoon, Donald Richard; Stevenson, John C.; Botany; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Analyses of monthly standing crop, daily rates of production, and variations in yearly productivity for 5 production for the Spartina patens/Distichlis spicata mixture were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons for a Chesapeake Bay brackish marsh. Regression models for plant height and dry weight biomass were generated for all that the relationship between height and dry weight within each species is the same for all seasons of the year except in the species Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. Positive correlation coefficients ranged from .27 for S. alterniflora to .96 for P. australis with the other species having intermediate value. Overall, production at Horn Point is lower than most other values in the literature with the 2-year average for S. alterniflora (676 g/m2) being 1/2 the average for the Atlantic Coast but the 2-year average for S. patens (628 g/m2) being slightly higher than its Atlantic Coast average. On a square meter basis, the primary producers rank in the following order of importance for the two year average of standing crop: Typha angustifolia (985 g/m2), Phragmites australis (892 g/m2), S. alterniflora/Amaranthus cannabinus (676 g/m2), S. patens/D. spicata (628 g/m2), and Hibiscus moscheutos (531 g/m2). However, the most important zones in terms of areally weighted production (in metric tons) for 1973 at Horn Point Marsh are the S. patens/D. spicata (7.61), H. mocheutos (5.07), S. alterniflora/A. cannabinus (3.22), P. australis (0.659), and T. angustifolia/H. moscheutos (0.644). In the brackish marsh (S. patens/D. spicata) exclosure experiments demonstrated that almost 100% of the net primary production (NPP) passes through the detritus food chain but in the contiguous fresh marsh (H. moscheutos) 37% of the NPP is utilized by the grazing food chain. Underground production for S. patens/D. spicata was determined by an experimental approach involving transplantations of underground material and a dry weight shoot:root ratio of 1:16 was determined over a twelve month period. An efficiency rate for conversion of visible solar radiation to plant production in 1974 ranged from 0.11% for H. moscheutos in the Typha/Hibiscus zone to 1.12% for the Typha angustifolia/Hibiscus moscheutos mixture.Item A Study of the Soils Derived from Serpetinite and Associated Rocks in Maryland(1978) Rabenhorst, Martin Capell; Foss, John E.; Agronomy; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Approximately 25,000 acres have been mapped as serpentinite-derived soils in Maryland. While fertility studies have been done in serpentine areas, little work has been undertaken concerning the genesis of these soils. The objectives of this study were: 1) characterize the properties of soils formed from serpentinite and associated mafic rocks; 2) apply the results of the characterization study to an understanding of the genesis of these soils; and 3) examine the mapping and classification of serpentine soils with reference to geologic mapping. In a reconnaissance effort, 48 sites were sampled and analyzed for extractable Mg, Ca, P, and K and for pH. From field observations and these data, seven locations were selected for profile descriptions and detailed sampling. Physical, chemical , and mineralogical analyses were conducted on these samples. All serpentine profiles showed weak to moderate expression of argillic horizons and as a result of high Mg saturation, are classified as Alfisols. Argillic horizons in the non-serpentine profiles were strongly developed. Serpentine minerals were generally abundant in the > 0.2 μm fractions of serpentinite-derived soils. These weather to form expansible 2:1 minerals in the finer fractions. Vermiculite and smectite were important in both serpentine and non-serpentine profiles. The presence of quartz, mica, and feldspar in the surface horizons of all profiles indicate that eolian additions have occurred in many counties in the Maryland Piedmont. Comparison of soil mapping with geologic mapping has revealed large acreages of serpentine soil units mapped over non-serpentine mafic rock . This demonstrates the need to better utilize available geologic information in soil mapping. Serpentinitic mineral families are not currently recognized in any soil series in Maryland. Three of the four serpentine profiles, however, contained high levels of serpentine minerals. There is, therefore, a need to recognize serpentinitic soil families in Maryland in order to better differentiate between soils formed from serpentinite or from non-serpentine mafic rocks.Item An Economic Study of 128 Dairy Farms on the Upper Eastern Shore of Maryland(1938) Smith, Carl B.; DeVault, S.H.; Hamilton, A.B.; Agricultural & Resource Economics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)This study analyzes the second year's survey or 128 dairy farms, representative of the dairy industry on the Upper Eastern Shore of Maryland. This area, which includes Cecil, Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, and Caroline counties, is a part of the Philadelphia Milk Shed.Item A Study of Resistance to the Sweet Potato Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. batatis (Wr.) Snyder & Hansen, and of Histological Aspects of the Host-pathogen Complex(1963) Wells, John Milton; Kantzes, James G.; Plant Science and Landscape Architecture (PSLA); Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Research on Fusarium wilt of sweet potato, a vascular disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. batatis (Wr.) Snyder & Hansen, was undertaken to determine the susceptibility of various sweet potato lines to Maryland isolates of the pathogen under field and greenhouse conditions. Highly resistant lines would be useful as sources of resistance to Fusarium wilt in sweet potato breeding programs. In 2 years of field and greenhouse trials, 94 different lines of sweet potato were inoculated with a composite spore and mycelial suspension of 5 Maryland isolates of F. oxysporum f. batatis. Results indicated that the following lines were highly resistant to the pathogen: the foreign plant introductions P.I. 153655 ("Tinian"), P.I. 153906, P.I. 153907, and P.I. 251602; the variety Pelican Processor; and the breeding selections B-6842 from the United States Department of Agriculture Plant Industry Station at Beltsville, Maryland, and T-7 from the Georgia Coastal Plain Agricultural Experiment Station at Tifton, Georgia. Greenhouse experiments showed that the host range of Fusarium oxysporum f. batatis should include an additional species of Morning Glory, lpomoea pandurata (L.) G. F. w. Mey. Furthermore, no symptoms of infection were obtained on various crop plants commonly grown in rotation on land used for sweet potato culture. Physiological studies in the laboratory and greenhouse indicated that no significant levels of fungitoxic substances were present in either uninoculated or inoculated ''Tinian" plants. Nor could a fungal metabolite be detected, under the existing experimental conditions, which was toxic to a susceptible variety of sweet potato (Porto Rico) but not to the resistant ''Tinian". A study was made of the basis for resistance of the foreign plant introduction "Tinian" (P. I. 153655). Histological examinations of serial stem sections of the susceptible sweet potato variety Porto Rico and of the resistant foreign plant introduction ''Tinian" were made from plants collected at 3-day intervals following inoculation with spores of the pathogen. It was found that "Tinian" responded to infection by the production of tyloses in advance of the fungus. Twelve days after inoculation, 75 - 88% of the vessels which were 22 - 32 mn above the invasion site at the base of the plant were completely filled with tyloses. This compared to only 0 - 3% in the uninoculated control plants. Furthermore, no mycelia or spores could be detected in tnis region but were present in 25 - 50% of tne vessels within 11 mm of tne invasion site. In the variety Porto Rico the occurrence of tyloses in the inoculated plants was not significantly greater than in the uninoculated controls, except near the invasion site where after 12 days 3 - 6% of the vessels contained small 1 tyloses. The pathogen was not limited, as in ''Tinian", to the immediate invasion site. Tnis suggests that tne production of tyloses in "Tinian may represent an important defense mechanism against Fusarium wilt.Item RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND SELF-ESTEEM CHARACTERISTICS OF PARAPROFESSIONALS AND NUTRITIONAL CHANGE IN A CLIENT SAMPLE(1974) Poffenberger, Linda L.; Longest, James W.; Nutrition & Food Science; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)The study investigates the nature of the relationships between leadership and self-esteem attributes of a population of paraprofessionals and nutritional change based on records from a client sample. Sixty-five nutrition aides serving in the Expanded Food And Nutrition Education Program in Maryland and 397 program families are the subjects of the study. A survey technique was employed to gather leadership and self-esteem data for the aides and socioeconomic and nutritional data from records on a sample of client families. Relationships were hypothesized between leadership and nutritional change and self-esteem and between self-esteem and nutritional change. Non-parametric techniques were used in data analyses. Chi square and gamma coefficient were computed to determine the association between variables. The socioeconomic and nutritional characteristics of the aides and families and the relationship between family nutritional and demographic characteristics were described. Findings reveal a client group whose diets have shown improvement. Client demographic and nutritional characteristics seem independent of one another. There is little relationship between the client nutritional levels and aide characteristics. Hypothesis testing showed the leadership and self-esteem attributes of aides to be generally unrelated to the nutritional change of clients. It is concluded that the variables under study generally bear no relationship to one another. However, the exploratory nature of this study suggests it is an inadequate basis on which to evaluate paraprofessional role performance or the program. Many questions are raised and refinement and re-direction of study techniques are recommended as areas for future study.Item GROWTH REGULATORS AND THE FLOWERING OF EVERGREEN AZALEAS (RHODODENDRON CV.)(1960) Ballantyne, David J.; Link, Conrad B.; Plant Science and Landscape Architecture (PSLA); Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Spraying experiments were conducted in 1958 and 1959 to find the effectiveness of certain growth regulators upon multiple flower bud formation and rate of flower bud development of evergreen azaleas. Paper chromatograms of extracts of vegetative buds and of flower buds treated with 37°F. storage and potassium gibberellate (GAk) sprays, were tested with a wheat coleoptile bioassay in 1959. Foliar sprays of 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), an antiauxin, showed evidence of inhibiting multiple flower bud formation, and a foliar spray of 2,200 ppm indoleacetic acid (IAA) tended to promote multiple flower bud formation. The time of spraying in relation to the time of floral initiation apparently is important if growth regulators are to influence multiple flower bud formation. The rate of flower bud development was increased by two weeks of 37°F. storage and either two sprays of 200 ppm TIBA or single sprays of 160, 400 or 1,000 ppm TIBA, or by three weeks of 45°F. storage and a single spray of 1,000 ppm IAA. Rate of flower bud development was increased by two sprays of 200 ppm TIBA and one spray of 1,000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA). Flower bud dormancy was removed by foliar sprays of 900 ppm GAk with no cold storage or two weeks of 37°F. Four weeks of 37°F. storage was effective without GAk and six weeks of 37°F. storage gave no increase over four weeks of storage. Concentrations of GAk lower than 900 ppm were ineffective. GAk was effective whether applied before or after two weeks of 37°F. storage. Naphthalene acetic acid in concentrations of 9 ppm or greater inhibited the rate of flower bud development. Apical dominance was removed by 800 ppm or more of TIBA. The wheat coleoptile bioassay indicated that a growth inhibitor in the flower buds was removed by three or more weeks of 37°F. storage and three sprays of 1,000 ppm GAk. The promoter was not in vegetative buds and could not be considered to be IAA, GA or GAk.Item Nematodes associated with roses and the root injury caused by Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 1949, Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky 1927) Thorne 1939, and Helicotylenchus nannus Steiner 1945(1959) Davis, Ronald Allan; Jenkins, W. R.; Plant Science and Landscape Architecture (PSLA); Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)Few papers have been published concerning the cytological and histological effects of plant parasitic nematodes on their hosts. Most of this type of work has been done on the root-knot disease. Christie (2) described the development of root-knot nematode incited galls on tomato seedlings, reporting that these nematodes caused hypertrophy of cortical, pericyclic, and endodermal cells, hyperplasia of the pericycle, formation of xylem elements from parenchyma surrounding giant cells, and retardation of meristematic activity in the root tip. He also reported on the development and morphology of giant cells (large, multinucleate cells resulting from a stimulatory effect of nematode feeding). Krusberg and Neilsen (8) observed similar cytological responses in their work with Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood 1949 infections of Porto Rico variety of sweet potato. Other investigators worked primariJy on the cytology and morphology of giant cells and giant cell nuclei. According to Tischler (from Christie, 2), division of giant cell nuclei was by normal mitosis in early stages of giant cell development, but later divisions occurred by amitosis and by fragmentation. However, Nemec (from Christie, 2) felt that divisions by amitosis and .fragmentation as reported by Tischler were actually stages of nuclear coalescence. Linford (9) described the method by which root-knot nematodes feed on giant cells and noted that substances were extruded from the stylet during feeding. Kostoff and Kendall (7), working with galled roots of Nicotiana hybrids, reported that secretions by the nematode increased cell wall permeability causing exosmosis and resulting in an accumulation of food in the region of invasion. Consequently, growth of plant tissues in these regions was accelerated and was expressed morphologically as swellings or galls on the roots. In 1942, Alstatt (1) tested the susceptibility of several strains and varieties of rose stocks, including Rosa multiflora Thunb. to a root-knot nematode. Of 13 different understocks, only one was found resistant. Lyle (10) and Massey (12) indicate that root-knot nematodes cause a serious disease of rose. Reynolds (15) found that in Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood 1949 infections of R. multiflora seedlings, the nematode entered the root and stimulated giant cell development; but galls occurred only rarely and were sometimes found on the end of long roots as a result of the penetration of many larvae. Martin (11) reported M. hapla as producing small, hard, galls on rose roots in Rhodesia and Nyasaland. M. hapla was reported by Van Der Linde (22) to infest a rose thornless understock. Two genera of ectoparasitic nematodes have been associated with root gall formation. Van Gundy (23) reported that galls induced on rough lemon roots by Hemicycliophora arenaria Raski 1958 were due to a hyperplastic response of the cortical tissue. Schindler (18) demonstrated that galling of rose roots was caused by Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky 1927) Thorne 1939, but he did not investigate their cytological effects. In a survey of greenhouse roses, Schindler (17) found Xiphinema and Pratylenchus to be the most widely distributed genera and to occur more frequently than any other nematodes. Other genera found were: Criconemoides, Paratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Belonolainius, Trichodorus, T,ylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Psilenchus, and Meloidogyne. Sher (21) described the pathogenicity of Pratylenchus vulnus Allen and Jensen 1951 on rose, reporting that rose plants infested with this species were stunted and chlorotic and the root systems were necrotic with few feeder roots. Other nematodes which have been found associated with rose are Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man 1880) Filipjev 1936 (3,14), P. penetrans (14) Sher and Allen 1953 P. scribneri Steiner 1943 (13), and Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn 1857) Filipjev 1936 (5). This present study was initiated to determine the occurrence and distribution of nematodes associated with roses grown outdoors. In addition the cytological and histological effects of Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood 1949, by Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micoletzky 1927) Thorne 1939, and Helicotylenchus nannus Steiner 1945 on rose roots was determined.Item A Calculus of Efficiency for Public Goods: The Case of Public Outdoor Recreation(1972) Ulfat, Abderrahman; Tuthill, Dean F.; Agricultural and Resource Economics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md)The characteristics of public outdoor recreation as a public good are ascertained. A cost-benefit analysis is applied which ensures efficiency, while allowing for the pecuniary and technological externalities that exist in the development of outdoor recreation resorts. A total willingness to pay technique is utilized to approximate the consumer's valuation of benefits from recreation. Essential to the technique is the derivation of total willingness to pay curve which parallels the demand curve for private goods. Total willingness to pay is used instead of consumer's surplus, because the latter is associated with a market price which is not determined for public outdoor recreation. Since the total willingness to pay curve is a function of income distribution, once derived, the curve can be adjusted to rid the analysis of income distribution bias. The adjustment helps achieve equity in the allocation of recreational resorts. Fort Frederick State Park provided a case of application for the technique. A sample survey conducted in the Fort was the basis for the derivation of a total willingness to pay curve. The curve shows the relation between expenditures incurred, in time and money, to visits at Fort Frederick. The rates of growth for expenditures, income and population were the basis for the simulation of the total willingness to pay up to the year 2000. Integration of the areas under the simulated demand curves was an approximation of the future willingness to pay or benefits derived from recreational experience at the Fort. After dividing the discounted value of benefits by the estimated costs of developing the Fort, a benefit-cost ratio was obtained, which was a quantitative endorsement in favor of the development of Fort Frederick.