Nutrition & Food Science
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Item Flavonoids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes(2019) Gahche, Jaime; Sahyoun, Nadine R; Nutrition; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Background: Flavonoids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties; mechanisms that may lead to cardio-protective benefits. Results from observational studies assessing the associations between flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus have been largely equivocal. Earlier studies were limited due to lack of complete flavonoid composition databases. With the development of more complete databases, total flavonoid intake can be more accurately estimated, but the associations between them and CVD and diabetes have not been assessed in a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary intake of flavonoids and risk of: 1) CVD outcomes, and 2) diabetes. Methods: Baseline data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) were collected from participants in 1988-1994 and linked with administrative records to identify CVD and diabetes outcomes. The National Death Index was used for mortality and CMS Medicare Claims and Medicare enrollment data to identify initial events. Flavonoid intake was assessed with up to four 24-hour dietary recalls and the USDA’s flavonoid databases were used to assign flavonoid values to reported food and beverage consumption. Usual intakes of flavonoids and flavonoid sub-classes were estimated using the NCI method. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling. Results: In this nationally representative sample of adults, from a 1988-1994 constructed cohort and followed passively for over 20 years, significant inverse associations between total flavonoids or sub-classes and CVD outcomes or diabetes were not evident. However, there was a marginal association between flavanones and CVD mortality, for males only (HR =0.93, 95 % CI 0.87, 1.00, p-value<0.04). Conclusions: In this population-based sample of individuals, associations between intakes of flavonoid and CVD mortality (with the exception of flavanone intake for men only), CVD morbidity or diabetes were not evident after 20 years of follow-up. This may be due to their low levels of usual intake, to errors in measurement of flavonoid intake, or misclassification over time of flavonoid intakes, or relatively small sample sizes.Item BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY, MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF SOY-DERIVED PHYTOALEXIN GLYCEOLLINS IN PREVENTION OF CHRONIC DISEASES(2014) Huang, Haiqiu; Yu, Liangli; Food Science; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in U.S. male population. Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and chronic inflammation promote the development of both CVD and prostate cancer. Glyceollins are a group of soy phytoalexins possessing a variety of biological activities. This research project focused on characterizing glyceollins' bioactivities in alleviating cholesterol dysregulation, prevention of prostate cancer, and regulating gut microbiome. The first part of the project aimed to evaluate glyceollins' cholesterollowering effect in-vivo. Male golden Syrian hamsters were fed high-fat diet with or without glyceollins supplementation for 28 days. Glyceollins supplementation led to a significant reduction of plasma VLDL, hepatic cholesterol esters and total lipid content. Consistent with changes in circulating cholesterol, glyceollins supplementation also altered expression of the genes related to cholesterol metabolism in the liver. The second part of the study aimed to evaluate glyceollins' effect in reducing prostate cancer tumor growth in a xenograft model. An initial delayed appearance of tumor was observed in a PC-3 xenograft model. However, no difference in tumor sizes was observed in a LNCaP xenograft model. Extrapolation analysis of tumor measurements indicated that no difference in sizes was expected for both PC-3 and LNCaP tumors. Glyceollins had no effect on the androgen responsive pathway, its proliferation, cell cycle, or on angiogenesis genes in tumor and xenobiotic metabolism, cholesterol transport, and inflammatory cytokine genes in liver. Glyceollins' low bioavailability might have led to the ineffectiveness in reducing tumor growth in-vivo. The microbiome has emerged as an important and integral part of the human physiology with a significant role in human health and disease. The third part of the study aimed to evaluate the effect of glyceollins on the gut microbiome in mice. Fecal and cecal samples collected from mouse feeding studies were analyzed for microbial population and composition. Glyceollins supplementation did not alter gut bacteria groups in cecal sample examined in this study. Glyceollins significantly affected total Enterobacteriaceae and Ruminococcus population in fecal samples collected at 24 h, indicating the impact and importance of time of collection in interpreting gut microbiome data in fecal analysis.