Aerospace Engineering
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Item Characterization and Modeling of the Magnetomechanical Behavior of Iron-Gallium Alloys(2006-08-31) Atulasimha, Jayasimha; Flatau, Alison; Aerospace Engineering; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Magnetostrictive Iron-Gallium alloys (Galfenol) demonstrate moderate magnetostriction (~350 ppm) under very low magnetic fields (~100 Oe), have very low hysteresis, high tensile strength (~500 MPa), high Curie temperature (~675°C), are in general machinable, ductile and corrosion resistant. Therefore, they hold great promise in active vibration control, actuation, stress and torque sensing in helicopters, aircrafts and automobiles. To facilitate design of magnetostrictive actuators and sensors using this material, as well as to aid in making it commercially viable, it is necessary to perform a comprehensive characterization and modeling of its magnetomechanical behavior. This dissertation addresses some of these issues, focusing primarily on quasi-static characterization and modeling of the magnetomechanical behavior of single-crystal FeGa alloys with varying gallium content and along different crystallographic directions, and studying the effect of texture on the magnetomechanical behavior of polycrystals. Additionally, improved testing and modeling paradigms for magnetostrictive materials are developed to contribute to a better understanding and prediction of actuation and sensing behavior of FeGa alloys. In particular, the actuation behavior (λ-H and B-H curves) for 19, 24.7 and 29 at. % Ga <100> oriented single crystal FeGa samples are characterized and the strikingly different characteristics are simulated and explained using an energy based model. Actuation and sensing (B-σ and є-σ curves) behavior of <100> oriented 19 at. % Ga and <110> oriented 18 at. % Ga single crystal samples are characterized. It is demonstrated that the sensing behavior can be predicted by the model, using parameters obtained from the actuation behavior. The actuation and sensing behavior of 18.4 at. % Ga polycrystalline FeGa sample is predicted from the volume fraction of grains close to the [100], [110], [210], [310], [111], [211] and [311] orientations (obtained from cross-section texture analysis). The predictions are benchmarked against experimental actuator and sensor characteristics of the polycrystalline sample.Item A Ceramic Damage Model for Analyses of Multi-Layered Ceramic-Core Sandwich Panels Under Blast Wave Pressure Loading(2005-05-10) Lee, Keejoo; Lee, Sung W.; Aerospace Engineering; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)A damage model for ceramic materials is developed and incorporated into the geometrically nonlinear solid shell element formulation for dynamic analyses of multi-layered ceramic armor panels under blast wave pressure loading. The damage model takes into account material behaviors observed from multi-axial dynamic tests on Aluminum Nitride (AlN) ceramic. The ceramic fails in a brittle or gradual fashion, depending upon the hydrostatic pressure and applied strain-rate. In the model, the gradual failure is represented by two states: the initial and final failure states. These states are described by two separate failure surfaces that are pressure-dependent and strain-rate-dependent. A scalar damage parameter is defined via using the two failure surfaces, based on the assumption that the local stress state determines material damage and its level. In addition, the damage model accounts for the effect of existing material damage on the new damage. The multi-layered armor panel of interest is comprised of an AlN-core sandwich with unidirectional composite skins and a woven composite back-plate. To accommodate the material damage effect of composite layers, a composite failure model in the open literature is adopted and modified into two separate failure models to address different failure mechanisms of the unidirectional and woven composites. In addition, the effect of strain-rates on the material strengths is incorporated into the composite failure models. For finite element modeling, multiple eighteen-node elements are used in the thickness direction to properly describe mechanics of the multi-layered panel. Dynamic analyses of a multi-layered armor panel are conducted under blast wave pressure loadings. The resulting dynamic responses of the panel demonstrate that dynamic analyses that do not take into account material damage and failure significantly under-predict the peak displacement. The under-prediction becomes more pronounced as the blast load level increases. Numerical analyses also indicate that the multi-layered armor design, while tailored for penetration resistance, performs poorly against blast shock wave. An alternative design is proposed and its performance is compared with the original design. Computational modeling of the fundamental material behaviors of ceramics would help expanding the use of ceramics to other structural applications, via enabling designers to efficiently explore design options.