Institute for Systems Research Technical Reports
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/4376
This archive contains a collection of reports generated by the faculty and students of the Institute for Systems Research (ISR), a permanent, interdisciplinary research unit in the A. James Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland. ISR-based projects are conducted through partnerships with industry and government, bringing together faculty and students from multiple academic departments and colleges across the university.
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Item BPOD: A WIRELESS INTEGRATED SENSOR PLATFORM FOR CONTINUOUS LOCALIZED BIOPROCESS MONITORING(2019) Stine, Justin; Ghodssi, RezaProcess parameter spatial inhomogeneities inside cell culture bioreactors has attracted considerable attention, however, few technologies allow investigation of the impact of these variations on process yield. Commercially available sensing probes sit at fixed locations, failing to capture the spatial distribution of process metrics. The bio-Processing online device (bPod) addresses this problem by performing real-time in situ monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) within bioreactor cell cultures. The bPod is an integrated system comprised of a potentiostat analog-front-end, a Bluetooth Low Energy microcontroller, and a Clark-type electrochemical DO sensor. The Clark-type sensor uses chronoamperometry to determine the DO percent saturation within a range relevant for mammalian cell culture. The free-floating capsule is packaged inside a 3D-printed biocompatible shell and wirelessly transmits data to a smartphone while submerged in the reactor. Furthermore, the bPod demonstrated a sensitivity of 37.5 nA/DO%, and can be adapted to multiple sensor types, enabling numerous bioprocess monitoring applications.Item Reaction path analysis for atomic layer deposition systems(FOCAPO/CPC 2017, 2017-01-08) Adomaitis, RaymondIn this paper, we examine the mathematical structure of thin-film deposition process reaction kinetics models with the goal of determining whether a reaction network can guarantee the self-limiting and stable growth inherent in true atomic layer deposition systems. This analysis is based on identifying reaction invariants and interpreting the chemical significance of these conserved modes. A species-reaction graph approach is introduced to aid in distinguishing “proper” from problematic ALD reaction networks.Item Dynamic dimension reduction for thin-film deposition reaction network models(IFAC, 2016-06-06) Adomaitis, RaymondA prototype thin-film deposition model is developed and subsequently used in a sequence of model reduction procedures, ultimately reducing the dynamic dimension from six to one with essentially no loss in accuracy to the dynamics of the deposition process. The species balance model consists of a singular perturbation problem of nonstandard form which first is numerically solved following the approach of Daoutidis (2015). An alternative strategy then is presented, consisting of a reaction factorization procedure which facilitates the solution of the outer solution of the singular perturbation problem and provides unique physical insight into the conserved quantities (reaction invariants) identified by the elimination of redundant dynamic modes. Further reduction in dynamic dimension then is achieved through a second factorization focused only on the major reaction species. This second reduction procedure identifies pseudo- equilibria of finite-rate properties and introduces an additional level of complexity to the challenges of identifying consistent initial conditions for DAE systems.Item Framework for Knowledge-Based Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Multi-Domain Systems: Application to HVAC Systems(2017-11-13) Delgoshaei, Parastoo; Austin, MarkState-of-the-art fault detection methods are equipment and domain specific and non-comprehensive. As a result, the applicability of these methods in different domains is very limited and they can achieve significant levels of performance by having knowledge of the domain and the ability to mimic human thinking in identifying the source of a fault with a comprehensive knowledge of the system and its surroundings. This technical report presents a comprehensive semantic framework for fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) in systems simulation and control. Our proposed methodology entails of implementation of the knowledge bases for FDD purposes through the utilization of ontologies and offers improved functionalities of such system through inference-based reasoning to derive knowledge about the irregularities in the operation. We exercise the proposed approach by working step by step through the setup and solution of a fault detection and diagnostics problem for a small-scale heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system.Item Optimal replacement strategy for residential solar panels using monte carlo simulations and nonlinear optimization methods(2017-05) Poissant, Andrew; Adomaitis, RaymondThe purpose of this analysis is to determine the optimal replacement strategy for a residential photovoltaic (PV) array. Specifically, the optimal year and number of solar modules that should be replaced on a residential solar panel system. This analysis aims at saving the stakeholder, a homeowner with a residential PV array, money. A Monte Carlo simulation and nonlinear mixed-integer programming are the analytic techniques used in determining the replacement strategy. Localized cost of electricity (LCOE) is the objective function in these analyses. Modular, environmental, and market factors are all variables that can affect the LCOE. University of Maryland’s LEAFHouse was the basis of these analyses because it is a house equipped with an aging PV array and readily accessible data. Based on the findings in this report, it was determined that 0 ± 0 solar modules should be replaced after 1.42 ± 0.32 years with a reference year of initial installation being 2007. While the analysis results were not expected, they were proven to be reasonable based on cost trends for solar panels and the calculated monetary value of the power production lost from the PV array.Item On The Number of Unlabeled Bipartite Graphs(2016) Atmaca, Abdullah; Oruc, Yavuz ALet $I$ and $O$ denote two sets of vertices, where $I\cap O =\Phi$, $|I| = n$, $|O| = r$, and $B_u(n,r)$ denote the set of unlabeled graphs whose edges connect vertices in $I$ and $O$. It is shown that the following two-sided equality holds. $\displaystyle \frac{\binom{r+2^{n}-1}{r}}{n!} \le |B_u(n,r)| \le 2\frac{\binom{r+2^{n}-1}{r}}{n!} $Item A Framework for Design Theory and Methodology Research(2016-04) Herrmann, JeffreyThe scholarly study of design continues to develop new knowledge through a variety of approaches. Some researchers examine how designers work, and many develop new methods to help designers do design tasks. Studying design is complex for many reasons. There are many domains in which design occurs, including all of the disciplines of engineering, architecture, and other fields. More significantly, humans design, and human behavior can be difficult to understand. Designers sometimes work alone and sometimes in a group or team. Designers experience design work in multiple ways. Design researchers have been exploring many different aspects of design and experimenting with many different approaches and generating a variety of different design theories. The focus on exploration, however, has meant that there has been less emphasis on exploiting previous research and creating an organized body of knowledge. Building a unified body of knowledge is a long-term challenge. This paper describes a proposed framework for design theory and methodology research. This framework, which is based on ideas from education research, does not specify specific topics or methodologies. Instead, it describes six different research types: (1) Foundational Research, (2) Early-Stage or Exploratory Research, (3) Design and Development Research, (4) Efficacy Research, (5) Effectiveness Research, and (6) Scale-up Research. Illustrating these types are examples based on a table design example. The paper explains how these six research types are related to each other and how, collectively, they serve to generate valid knowledge about design. The research types follow a logical sequence in which researchers develop basic knowledge, create design methods, and test design methods. Although the framework numbers the research types following this natural progression, it does not insist that researchers do or should work by rigidly following this sequence. These research types actually form a cycle of research that iterates through three “phases”: description, explanation, and testing. In this cycle, researchers observe and describe a phenomenon, develop theories to explain the phenomenon and its interactions and effects, and test that theory against the phenomenon, and then, based on the results, refine their descriptions, revise their theories, and conduct more testing. Over time, the description of the phenomenon is improved (e.g., made more precise or more general), better explanations (theories) are found, and additional testing further demonstrates their correctness (or indicates their limitations). The proposed framework can show how different research studies are related to each other because they are the same research type or they fit into the progress of a design theory or the development of a design method. Thus, the proposed framework, while not a theory of design, can help researchers respond to the challenges of coordinating the different types of research needed to create useful design theories and build a unified body of knowledge. Future work is needed to analyze, test, and refine this framework so that it becomes truly useful to the design research community.Item Physically Constrained Design Space Modeling for 3D CPUs(2015-12) Serafy, Caleb; Srivastava, Ankur; Yeung, Donald; Srivastava, Ankur; Yeung, DonaldDesign space exploration (DSE) is becoming increasingly complex as the number of tunable design parameters increases in cutting edge CPU designs. The advent of 3D integration compounds the problem by expanding the architectural design space, causing intricate links between memory and logic behavior and increasing the interdependence between physical and architectural design. Exhaustive simulation of an architectural design space has become computationally infeasible, and previous work has proposed fast DSE methodologies using modeling or pseudo-simulation. Modeling techniques can be used to predict design space properties by regression fitting. However in the past such techniques have only been applied to optimization metrics such as performance or energy efficiency while physical constraints have been ignored. We propose a technique to apply spline modeling on a 3D CPU design space to predict optimization metrics and physical design properties (e.g. power, area and temperature). We use these models to identify optimal 3D CPU architectures subject to physical constraints while drastically reducing simulation time compared to exhaustive simulation. We show that our technique is able to identify design points within 0.5% of the global optimal while simulating less than 5% of the design space.Item Instances for the Generalized Regenerator Location Problem(2015) Chen, Si; Ljubic, Ivana; Raghavan, S.Item A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSENSUS NETWORKS(2015-03-10) Somarakis, Christoforos; Baras, JohnA new framework for the analysis of consensus networks is developed. The theory consists of necessary and sufficient conditions and it is flexible enough to comprise a variety of consensus systems. Under mild connectivity assumptions, the discussion ranges from linear, nonlinear, ordinary, functional and leader-follower models. The establishment of explicit estimates on the rate of convergence is the central objective. Our work extends and unifies past related works in the literature. Illustrative examples and simulations are presented to outline the theoretical results.