Physics Research Works

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/1597

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Experimental Realization of Anti-Unitary Wave-Chaotic Photonic Topological Insulator Graphs Showing Kramers Degeneracy and Symplectic Ensemble Statistics
(Wiley, 2023-11-15) Ma, Shukai; Anlage, Steven M.
Working in analogy with topological insulators in condensed matter, photonic topological insulators (PTI) have been experimentally realized, and protected electromagnetic edge-modes have been demonstrated in such systems. Moreover, PTI technology also emulates a synthetic spin-1/2 degree of freedom (DOF) in the reflectionless topological modes. The spin-1/2 DOF is carried by quantum valley Hall (QVH)/quantum spin Hall (QSH) interface modes created from the bianisotropic meta waveguide platform and realized both in simulation and experiment. The PTI setting is employed to build an ensemble of wave chaotic 1D metric graphs that display statistical properties consistent with Gaussian symplectic ensemble (GSE) statistics. The two critical ingredients required to create a physical system in the GSE universality class, the half-integer-spin DOF and preserved time-reversal invariance, are clearly realized in the QVH/QSH interface modes. The anti-unitary T-operator is identified for the PTI Hamiltonian underlying the experimental realization. An ensemble of PTI-edgemode metric graphs are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Then, the Kramers degeneracy of eigenmodes of the PTI-graph systems is demonstrated with both numerical and experimental studies. Further, spectral statistical studies of the edgemode graphs are studied, and good agreement with the GSE theoretical predictions is found. The PTI chaotic graph structures present an innovative and easily extendable platform for continued future investigation of GSE systems.
Anomalous Loss Reduction Below Two-Level System Saturation in Aluminum Superconducting Resonators
(Wiley, 2023-11-28) Tai, Tamin; Cai, Jingnan; Anlage, Steven M.
Superconducting resonators are widely used in many applications such as qubit readout for quantum computing, and kinetic inductance detectors. These resonators are susceptible to numerous loss and noise mechanisms, especially the dissipation due to two-level systems (TLS) which become the dominant source of loss in the few-photon and low temperature regime. In this study, capacitively-coupled aluminum half-wavelength coplanar waveguide resonators are investigated. Surprisingly, the loss of the resonators is observed to decrease with a lowering temperature at low excitation powers and temperatures below the TLS saturation. This behavior is attributed to the reduction of the TLS resonant response bandwidth with decreasing temperature and power to below the detuning between the TLS and the resonant photon frequency in a discrete ensemble of TLS. When response bandwidths of TLS are smaller than their detunings from the resonance, the resonant response and thus the loss is reduced. At higher excitation powers, the loss follows a logarithmic power dependence, consistent with predictions from the generalized tunneling model (GTM). A model combining the discrete TLS ensemble with the GTM is proposed and matches the temperature and power dependence of the measured internal loss of the resonator with reasonable parameters.
Pairwise-Parallel Entangling Gates on Orthogonal Modes in a Trapped-Ion Chain
(Wiley, 2023-09-19) Zhu, Yingyue; Green, Alaina M.; Nguyen, Nhung H.; Alderete, C. Huerta; Mossman, Elijah; Linke, Norbert M.
Parallel operations are important for both near-term quantum computers and larger-scale fault-tolerant machines because they reduce execution time and qubit idling. This study proposes and implements a pairwise-parallel gate scheme on a trapped-ion quantum computer. The gates are driven simultaneously on different sets of orthogonal motional modes of a trapped-ion chain. This work demonstrates the utility of this scheme by creating a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state in one step using parallel gates with one overlapping qubit. It also shows its advantage for circuits by implementing a digital quantum simulation of the dynamics of an interacting spin system, the transverse-field Ising model. This method effectively extends the available gate depth by up to two times with no overhead when no overlapping qubit is involved, apart from additional initial cooling. This scheme can be easily applied to different trapped-ion qubits and gate schemes, broadly enhancing the capabilities of trapped-ion quantum computers.
High-energy Radiation and Ion Acceleration in Three-dimensional Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection with Strong Synchrotron Cooling
(Institute of Physics, 2023-12-13) Chernoglazov, Alexander; Hakobyan, Hayk; Philippov, Alexander
We present the results of 3D particle-in-cell simulations that explore relativistic magnetic reconnection in pair plasma with strong synchrotron cooling and a small mass fraction of nonradiating ions. Our results demonstrate that the structure of the current sheet is highly sensitive to the dynamic efficiency of radiative cooling. Specifically, stronger cooling leads to more significant compression of the plasma and magnetic field within the plasmoids. We demonstrate that ions can be efficiently accelerated to energies exceeding the plasma magnetization parameter, ≫σ, and form a hard power-law energy distribution, fi ∝ γ−1. This conclusion implies a highly efficient proton acceleration in the magnetospheres of young pulsars. Conversely, the energies of pairs are limited to either σ in the strong cooling regime or the radiation burnoff limit, γsyn, when cooling is weak. We find that the high-energy radiation from pairs above the synchrotron burnoff limit, εc ≈ 16 MeV, is only efficiently produced in the strong cooling regime, γsyn < σ. In this regime, we find that the spectral cutoff scales as εcut ≈ εc(σ/γsyn) and the highest energy photons are beamed along the direction of the upstream magnetic field, consistent with the phenomenological models of gamma-ray emission from young pulsars. Furthermore, our results place constraints on the reconnection-driven models of gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula.
INFLUENCE OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT ON DIFFUSION PROCESSES NEAR STEP AND ISLAND EDGES: Ag(111) and Ag(100)
(2000) Haftel, Michael I.; Einstein, Theodore L.
The electrochemical cell provides a potentially powerful means of altering morphology and islanding phenomena on metallic surfaces. Diffusion and attachment processes on terraces and near step and island edges are known to profoundly affect island sizes, shapes and coarsening kinetics. Using the surface-embedded-atom-model (SEAM) for describing metallic surfaces in the electrolytic environment, we calculate the dependence of the activation energies for the aforementioned diffusion processes on the deposited surface charge for the Ag(111) and Ag(100) surfaces in an electrolytic environment. While all these processes show some degree of dependence on the potential, the step-edge barrier and the edge diffusion processes are the most sensitive. Step-edge barriers increase (to over 1 eV) with large positive potential (0.85 V), while edge diffusion barriers monotonically decrease with positive surface charge on Ag(100) and Ag(111). We assess the effect these diffusion barriers have on island size/shapes and coarsening dynamics and discuss the implications on electrochemical tuning of islanding phenomena.
Kinetic-thermodynamic model for carbon incorporation during step-flow growth of GaN by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
(American Physical Society, 2019) Inatomi, Y.; Kangawa, Y.; Pimpinelli, Alberto; Einstein, Theodore L.
Relationships between concentration of unintentionally doped carbon in GaN and its metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy conditions were investigated theoretically. A kinetic-thermodynamic model which considers kinetic behavior of adsorbed atoms on vicinal surface was proposed.
Strain-Controlled Magnetic and Optical Properties of Monolayer 2H-TaS e2
(American Physical Society, 2019) Chowdhury, Sugata; Simpson, Jeffrey R.; Einstein, Theodore L.; Hight Walker, Angela R.
First-principles calculations are used to probe the effects of mechanical strain on the magnetic and optical properties of monolayer (ML) 2H?TaSe2. A complex dependence of these physical properties on strain results in unexpected spin behavior, such as ferromagnetism under uniaxial, in-plane, tensile strain and a lifting of the Raman-active E? phonon degeneracy.
Patterns of Organics on Substrates with Metallic Surface States: Why? So??
(JSVSS, 2018) Einstein, Theodore L.; Bartels, Ludwig; Morales-Cifuentes, Josue R.
This paper modestly expands an invited talk at ISSS-8 with the same title. After reviewing the relevant interactions between adsorbates on substrates with metallic surface states (especially Cu(111)), it focuses on organic adsorbates. Of particular interest are those which form honeycomb lattices with pores of various sizes. The nature of the confined states derived from the surface-state electrons is discussed as their effect on admolecules inside the pores.
Two-step unconventional protocol for epitaxial growth in one dimension with hindered reactions
(American Physical Society, 2019) Sanchez, Julian A.; Gonzalez, Diego Luis; Einstein, Theodore L.
We study the effect of hindered aggregation and/or nucleation on the island formation process in a two-step growth protocol. In the proposed model, the attachment of monomers to islands and/or other monomers is hindered by additional energy barriers which decrease the hopping rate of the monomers to the occupied sites of the lattice. For zero and weak barriers, the attachment is limited by diffusion while for strong barriers it is limited by reaction. We describe the time evolution of the system in terms of the monomer and island densities, N1 and N. We also calculate the gap length, the capture zone and the island distributions. For all the sets of barriers considered, the results given by the proposed analytical model are compared with those from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We found that the behavior of the system depends on the ratio of the nucleation barrier to the aggregation barrier. The two-step growth protocol allows more control and understanding on the island formation mechanism because it intrinsically separates the nucleation and aggregation processes in different time regimes.
Competing growth processes induced by next-nearest-neighbor interactions: Effects on meandering wavelength and stiffness
(American Physical Society, 2017) Blel, Sonia; Hamouda, Ajmi BH.; Mahjoub, B.; Einstein, Theodore L.
In this paper we explore the meandering instability of vicinal steps with a kinetic Monte Carlo simulations (kMC) model including the attractive next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) interactions. kMC simulations show that increase of the NNN interaction strength leads to considerable reduction of the meandering wavelength and to weaker dependence of the wavelength on the deposition rate F. The dependences of the meandering wavelength on the temperature and the deposition rate obtained with simulations are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental result on the meandering instability of Cu(0 2 24) (T. Maroutian et al., Phys. Rev. B 64, 165401 (2001)). The effective step stiffness is found to depend not only on the strength of NNN interactions and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, but also on F. We argue that attractive NNN interactions intensify the incorporation of adatoms at step edges and enhance step roughening. Competition between NNN and nearest-neighbor interactions results in an alternative form of meandering instability which we call “roughening-limited” growth, rather than attachment-detachment-limited growth that governs the Bales-Zangwill instability.
Chemical insight from density functional modeling of molecular adsorption: Tracking the bonding and diffusion of anthracene derivatives on Cu(111) with molecular orbitals
(AIP, 2015) Wyrick, Jonathan; Einstein, Theodore L.; Bartels, Ludwig
We present a method of analyzing the results of density functional modeling of molecular adsorption in terms of an analogue of molecular orbitals. This approach permits intuitive chemical insight into the adsorption process. Applied to a set of anthracene derivates (anthracene, 9,10-anthraquinone, 9,10-dithioanthracene, and 9,10-diselenonanthracene), we follow the electronic states of the molecules that are involved in the bonding process and correlate them to both the molecular adsorption geometry and the species’ diffusive behavior. We additionally provide computational code to easily repeat this analysis on any system.
Fragmentation approach to the point-island model with hindered aggregation: Accessing the barrier energy
(American Physical Society, 2017) Gonzalez, Diego Luis; Pimpinelli, Alberto; Einstein, Theodore L.
We study the effect of hindered aggregation on the island formation process in a one- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) point-island model for epitaxial growth with arbitrary critical nucleus size i. In our model, the attachment of monomers to preexisting islands is hindered by an additional attachment barrier, characterized by length la. For la=0 the islands behave as perfect sinks while for la?? they behave as reflecting boundaries. For intermediate values of la, the system exhibits a crossover between two different kinds of processes, diffusion-limited aggregation and attachment-limited aggregation. We calculate the growth exponents of the density of islands and monomers for the low coverage and aggregation regimes. The capture-zone (CZ) distributions are also calculated for different values of i and la. In order to obtain a good spatial description of the nucleation process, we propose a fragmentation model, which is based on an approximate description of nucleation inside of the gaps for 1D and the CZs for 2D. In both cases, the nucleation is described by using two different physically rooted probabilities, which are related with the microscopic parameters of the model (i and la). We test our analytical model with extensive numerical simulations and previously established results. The proposed model describes excellently the statistical behavior of the system for arbitrary values of la and i=1, 2, and 3.
Triangular lattice gas with first- and second-neighbor exclusions: Continuous transition in the four-state Potts universality class
(American Physical Society, 1984) Bartelt, N. C.; Einstein, Theodore L.
Using phenomenological renormalization (transfer-matrix scaling), we have reexamined the phase transition of a triangular lattice gas with particles having both nearest- and second-nearest-neighbor exclusions. Widely accepted classical studies indicated that disordering of the ordered (p(2x2)) state is first order. In contradiction, we show that the transition is second order; its exponents are consistent with the four-state Potts model universality class, in accord with its Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonian classification.
Analyzing Capture Zone Distributions (CZD) in Growth: Theory and Applications
(Elsevier, 2014) Einstein, Theodore L.; Pimpinelli, Alberto; Gonzalez, Diego Luis
Dynamical Scaling Implications of Ferrari, Prähofer, and Spohn’s Remarkable Spatial Scaling Results for Facet-Edge Fluctuations
(Springer, 2014) Einstein, Theodore L.; Pimpinelli, Alberto
Spurred by theoretical predictions from Spohn and coworkers (Phys. Rev. E 69, 035102(R) (2004)), we rederived and extended their result heuristically as well as investigated the scaling properties of the associated Langevin equation in curved geometry with an asymmetric potential. With experimental colleagues we used STM line scans to corroborate their prediction that the fluctuations of the step bounding a facet exhibit scaling properties distinct from those of isolated steps or steps on vicinal surfaces. The correlation functions was shown to go as t 0.15(3) decidedly different from the t 0.26(2) behavior for fluctuations of isolated steps. From the exponents, we were able to categorize the universality, confirming the prediction that the non-linear term of the KPZ equation, long known to play a central role in non-equilibrium phenomena, can also arise from the curvature or potential-asymmetry contribution to the step free energy. We also considered, with modest Monte Carlo simulations, a toy model to show that confinement of a step by another nearby step can modify as predicted the scaling exponents of the step’s fluctuations. This paper is an expansion of a celebratory talk at the 95th Rutgers Statistical Mechanics Conference, May 2006.
How "Hot Precursors" Modify Island Nucleation: A Rate-Equation Model
(American Physical Society, 2014) Morales-Cifuentes, Josue R.; Einstein, Theodore L.; Pimpinelli, Alberto
We propose a novel island nucleation and growth model explicitly including transient (ballistic) mobility of the monomers deposited at rate F, assumed to be in a hot precursor state before thermalizing.
Mean-field approximation for spacing distribution functions in classical systems
(American Physical Society, 2012) Gonzalez, Diego Luis; Pimpinelli, Alberto; Einstein, Theodore L.
We propose a mean-field method to calculate approximately the spacing distribution functions p(n)(s) in one-dimensional classical many-particle systems. We compare our method with two other commonly used methods, the independent interval approximation and the extended Wigner surmise. In our mean-field approach, p(n)(s) is calculated from a set of Langevin equations, which are decoupled by using a mean-field approximation. We find that in spite of its simplicity, the mean-field approximation provides good results in several systems. We offer many examples illustrating that the three previously mentioned methods give a reasonable description of the statistical behavior of the system. The physical interpretation of each method is also discussed.
"The Princess and the Pea" at the Nanoscale: Wrinkling and Delamination of Graphene on Nanoparticles
(American Physical Society, 2012) Yamamoto, Mahito; Pierre-Louis, O.; Huang, Jia; Fuhrer, Michael S.; Einstein, Theodore L.; Cullen, William G.
Thin membranes exhibit complex responses to external forces or geometrical constraints. A familiar example is the wrinkling, exhibited by human skin, plant leaves, and fabrics, that results from the relative ease of bending versus stretching. Here, we study the wrinkling of graphene, the thinnest and stiffest known membrane, deposited on a silica substrate decorated with silica nanoparticles. At small nanoparticle density, monolayer graphene adheres to the substrate, detached only in small regions around the nanoparticles. With increasing nanoparticle density, we observe the formation of wrinkles which connect nanoparticles. Above a critical nanoparticle density, the wrinkles form a percolating network through the sample. As the graphene membrane is made thicker, global delamination from the substrate is observed. The observations can be well understood within a continuum-elastic model and have important implications for strain-engineering the electronic properties of graphene.
Anisotropic surface-state-mediated RKKY interaction between adatoms
(American Physical Society, 2012) Patrone, Paul N.; Einstein, Theodore L.
Motivated by recent numerical studies of Ag on Pt(111), we derive an expression for the RKKY interaction mediated by surface states, considering the effect of anisotropy in the Fermi edge. Our analysis is based on a stationary phase approximation. The main contribution to the interaction comes from electrons whose Fermi velocity vF is parallel to the vector R connecting the interacting adatoms; we show that, in general, the corresponding Fermi wave vector kF is not parallel to R. The interaction is oscillatory; the amplitude and wavelength of oscillations have angular dependence arising from the anisotropy of the surface-state band structure. The wavelength, in particular, is determined by the projection of this kF (corresponding to vF) onto the direction of R. Our analysis is easily generalized to other systems. For Ag on Pt(111), our results indicate that the RKKY interaction between pairs of adatoms should be nearly isotropic and so cannot account for the anisotropy found in the studies motivating our work. However, for metals with surface-state dispersions similar to Be(10¯10), we show that the RKKY interaction should have considerable anisotropy.
Interacting steps with finite-range interactions: Analytical approximation and numerical results
(American Physical Society, 2013) Jaramillo, Diego Felipe; Tellez, Gabriel; Gonzalez, Diego Luis; Einstein, Theodore L.
We calculate an analytical expression for the terrace-width distribution P(s) for an interacting step system with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions. Our model is derived by mapping the step system onto a statistically equivalent one-dimensional system of classical particles. The validity of the model is tested with several numerical simulations and experimental results. We explore the effect of the range of interactions q on the functional form of the terrace-width distribution and pair correlation functions. For physically plausible interactions, we find modest changes when next-nearest neighbor interactions are included and generally negligible changes when more distant interactions are allowed. We discuss methods for extracting from simulated experimental data the characteristic scale-setting terms in assumed potential forms.

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