Computer Science Research Works

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/1593

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Author: search.filters.author.Fan, Jason

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    Perplexity: evaluating transcript abundance estimation in the absence of ground truth
    (Springer Nature, 2022-03-25) Fan, Jason; Chan, Skylar; Patro, Rob
    There has been rapid development of probabilistic models and inference methods for transcript abundance estimation from RNA-seq data. These models aim to accurately estimate transcript-level abundances, to account for different biases in the measurement process, and even to assess uncertainty in resulting estimates that can be propagated to subsequent analyses. The assumed accuracy of the estimates inferred by such methods underpin gene expression based analysis routinely carried out in the lab. Although hyperparameter selection is known to affect the distributions of inferred abundances (e.g. producing smooth versus sparse estimates), strategies for performing model selection in experimental data have been addressed informally at best. We derive perplexity for evaluating abundance estimates on fragment sets directly. We adapt perplexity from the analogous metric used to evaluate language and topic models and extend the metric to carefully account for corner cases unique to RNA-seq. In experimental data, estimates with the best perplexity also best correlate with qPCR measurements. In simulated data, perplexity is well behaved and concordant with genome-wide measurements against ground truth and differential expression analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that perplexity can be computed for arbitrary transcript abundance estimation models. Alongside the derivation and implementation of perplexity for transcript abundance estimation, our study is the first to make possible model selection for transcript abundance estimation on experimental data in the absence of ground truth.
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    Functional protein representations from biological networks enable diverse cross-species inference
    (Oxford, 2019-03-08) Fan, Jason; Cannistra, Anthony; Fried, Inbar; Lim, Tim; Schaffner, Thomas; Crovella, Mark; Hescott, Benjamin; Leiserson, Mark D.M.
    Transferring knowledge between species is key for many biological applications, but is complicated by divergent and convergent evolution. Many current approaches for this problem leverage sequence and interaction network data to transfer knowledge across species, exemplified by network alignment methods. While these techniques do well, they are limited in scope, creating metrics to address one specific problem or task. We take a different approach by creating an environment where multiple knowledge transfer tasks can be performed using the same protein representations. Specifically, our kernel-based method, MUNK, integrates sequence and network structure to create functional protein representations, embedding proteins from different species in the same vector space. First we show proteins in different species that are close in MUNKspace are functionally similar. Next,we use these representations to share knowledge of synthetic lethal interactions between species. Importantly, we find that the results using MUNK-representations are at least as accurate as existing algorithms for these tasks. Finally, we generalize the notion of a phenolog (‘orthologous phenotype’) to use functionally similar proteins (i.e. those with similar representations). We demonstrate the utility of this broadened notion by using it to identify known phenologs and novel non-obvious ones supported by current research.