Kinesiology Theses and Dissertations
Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/2784
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Item TIME TRENDS IN OVERALL DAILY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS BY ORGANIZED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION IN ADOLESCENT GIRLS(2009) Phillips, Jennifer; Young, Deborah Rohm; Kinesiology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Many youth are involved in organized physical activity (PA); however, the impact of these activities on daily PA, body fat, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors is not well understood. Purpose: To compare the overall daily PA and CVD risk factors of girls who participate in organized activities to non-participants throughout adolescence. Methods: Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, a 10-year observational study of Black and White girls (N=2379), were analyzed. Organized PA was defined as participation in classes/lessons and sports (0, <4, 4-19.99, ≥20 MET times/wk). Outcomes included daily PA (3-day diary), body fat (bioelectrical impedance analysis), lipids, glucose, insulin, and blood pressure. Longitudinal data were examined for each outcome using a mixed model with repeated measures. Girls were also categorized by the number of years they reported ≥4 MET times/wk of organized PA. Outcomes and risk clustering at 18-19y were evaluated with ANOVA and logistic regression, respectively, by number of participation years. Results: Organized PA and participation*time*race were related to change in daily PA and body fat (p < 0.0001). Although daily PA declined for Black girls, those with ≥20 MET times/wk had higher PA levels than all other girls (p < 0.0001). Change differed by sports participation in White girls (p=0.019); those involved ≥20 MET times/wk demonstrated better maintenance of daily PA. Black girls with ≥20 MET times/wk had significantly lower body fat than non-participants (p=0.002).White non-participants had higher body fat than those with 4-19.99 MET times/wk (p=0.006). Accumulated organized PA was related to daily PA and body fat at 18-19y. Girls who never reported participation had significantly lower daily PA at 18-19y than all other groups (p < 0.02), and significantly higher body fat at 18-19y compared to girls who reported 4y of sports participation (p=0.038). Organized PA was not related to change in other CVD risk factors or risk factor clustering at 18-19y (OR=1.05, 95% CI=0.87-1.27, p=0.59). Conclusion: Organized PA was related to daily PA and body fat for Black and White girls throughout adolescence. Appealing options should be made available and participation encouraged.Item Development and Evaluation of New Accelerometer Cut Points for Adolescent Girls(2009) Kuo, JoAnn; Young, Deborah R; Kinesiology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Current negative trends in adolescent disease risk factors (e.g., overweight) may be related to physical activity. To study these relationships using accelerometers, how to estimate physical activity from accelerometer counts must be better understood. PURPOSES: (1) To develop new accelerometer cut points for estimating physical activity using disease risk factors as criteria. (2) To evaluate how estimates of physical activity using these newly developed cut points agree with comparison measures (i.e., a previously suggested cut point and self-report physical activity recall questionnaires). METHODS: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) data were examined. New cut points were developed using iterative correlations and signal detection and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. To identify new cut points, potential cut points were identified in a development sample and validated in an evaluation sample. Agreement between new cut points and comparison measures was examined using concordance correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots, McNemar's tests, and proportions of agreement. RESULTS: Using the correlation method, two new combinations of light, moderate, and vigorous intensity cut points were identified in NHANES (1900, 4300, and 10000 counts/min and 1900, 4000, and 5000 counts/min) and two in TAAG (1450, 1950, and 2450 counts/30 sec and 1050, 1550, and 2050 counts/30 sec). Using the signal detection/ROC curve method, eleven new cut points were identified in NHANES (ranging from 100 to 2300 counts/min) and three in TAAG (ranging from 100 to 200 counts/min). Concordance correlation coefficients for minutes of activity with a previously suggested cut point tended to be stronger (≥ 0.60) with higher cut points (≥ 2300 count/min), while those with questionnaires were less than 0.10 or the 95% confidence intervals included zero. One new cut point (1800 counts/min) was similar (p = 0.6) to a comparison measure for classifying meeting recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Some cut points may be more strongly associated with disease risk factors than previously suggested cut points developed using oxygen consumption, but associations are not strong. The new cut points and comparison measures may be measuring different aspects of physical activity, as they were in poor agreement.Item Relationship between physical activity and telomere maintenance in peripheral blood mononucleocytes(2007-07-24) Ludlow, Andrew Todd; Roth, Stephen M; Kinesiology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and telomere length, telomerase activity, and hTERT genotype. Sixty-nine male (n = 34) and female (n = 35) participants 50-70 yr. were assessed for weekly EEE level using the Yale Physical Activity Survey. Subjects were grouped according to EEE. Telomere length and telomerase activity were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Relative telomere length was significantly higher in the Middle EEE group compared to both the low and high EEE groups (p<0.05). Telomerase activity was not different among the three EEE groups. The TT hTERT genotype had significantly greater telomerase enzyme activity than both the CT and CC genotypes (P = 0.013). In conclusion, moderate exercise energy expenditure levels may provide a protective effect on PBMC telomere length compared to both low and high EEE levels. hTERT genotype was associated with telomerase activity.