The study begins with a survey of the social and economic structure of the area. Attention is then focused on the nature of economic dualism in Italy by pointing out that the Northern economy yields to those employed in it a reasonably high income per capita, while the Southern economy provides for those working in it a low income per capita. In 1950 the Italian Government undertook to increase the level of public investments under a ten-year development plan for the South. It entrusted the execution of this plan to a new agency, La Cassa per il Mezzogiorno . Its life was soon extended to 1965 and more recently to 1980. The ultimate goal of the program was to reduce the differences in the consumption and income levels between the North and the South and to integrate the South into the national economy. Southern developments since 1950 and their effects on the economy are discussed, with emphasis on the Cassa programs and investments. It is discovered that many serious obstacles must be overcome in order to change the economic structure of a region such as Southern Italy. Despite the large transfer of resources to this area, The economic structure has changed little since 1950. However, whatever judgment may be passed on the Cassa at a later date, it is apparent that until now production has been concentrated in those sectors that offer relatively little possibility of rapid growth.