Minority Health and Health Equity Archive
Permanent URI for this communityhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/22236
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Item Is Discrimination an Equal Opportunity Risk? Racial Experiences, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Status among Black and White Adults(2011) Bratter, J. L.; Gorman, B. K.Abstract available at publisher's website.Item Racial and ethnic health disparities: evidence of discrimination's effects across the SEP spectrum(2010) D'Anna, Laura Hoyt; Ponce, Ninez A.; Siegel, Judith M.Abstract available at publisher's web site.Item Perceived Racism and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in African American College Students(2007) Hill, L. K.; Kobayashi, I.; Hughes, J. W.Abstract available at publisher's web site.Item Racism and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in a Community Sample(2007) Brondolo, E.; Libby, D. J.; Denton, E.-g.; Thompson, S.; Beatty, D. L.; Schwartz, J.; Sweeney, M.; Tobin, J. N.; Cassells, A.; Pickering, T. G.; Gerin, W.Abstract available at publisher's web site.Item Neighborhood Stressors and Race/Ethnic Differences in Hypertension Prevalence (The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)(2011) Mujahid, Mahasin S.; Diez Roux, Ana V.; Cooper, Richard C.; Shea, Steven; Williams, David R.Abstract available at publisher's web site.Item Advancing health disparities research: can we afford to ignore measurement issues?(2003) Stewart, Anita L; Nápoles-Springer, Anna MAbstract available at publisher's web site.Item Racism, discrimination and hypertension: evidence and needed research.(2001) Williams, D R; Neighbors, HThis paper reviews the available scientific evidence that relates racism to the elevated rates of hypertension for African Americans. Societal racism can indirectly affect the risk of hypertension by limiting socioeconomic opportunities and mobility for African Americans. Racism can also affect hypertension by 1) restricting access to desirable goods and services in society, including medical care; and 2) creating a stigma of inferiority and experiences of discrimination. This paper evaluates the available evidence for perceptions of discrimination. African Americans frequently experience discrimination and these experiences are perceived as stressful. Several lines of evidence suggest that stressors are positively related to hypertension risk. Exposure to racial stressors under laboratory conditions reliably predicts cardiovascular reactivity and such responses have been associated with longer-term cardiovascular risk. Few population-based studies have examined the association between exposure to racial discrimination and hypertension, and the findings, though suggestive of a positive association between racial bias and blood pressure, are neither consistent nor clear. However, the existing literature identifies important new directions for the comprehensive measurement of discrimination and the design of rigorous empirical studies that can evaluate theoretically derived ideas about the association between discrimination and hypertension.Item Perceived discrimination and substance use among Latino adolescents.(2009) Okamoto, Janet; Ritt-Olson, Anamara; Soto, Daniel; Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes; Unger, Jennifer BOBJECTIVE: To examine perceived discrimination and substance use among Latino high school students. METHODS: Latino 9(th) graders (N = 1332) completed self-report measures of perceived discrimination and substance use behavior. RESULTS: Perceived discrimination was associated with lifetime use measures of smoking (OR = 1.73, P < 0.01), alcohol (OR = 1.53, P < 0.01), marijuana (OR = 1.70, P < 0.01), and inhalants (OR = 1.50, P < 0.05); and past 30 day measures of smoking (OR = 2.54, P < 0.01), alcohol (OR = 1.63, P < 0.01), marijuana (OR = 1.95, P < 0.01), and inhalants (OR = 1.64, P < 0.01), and binge drinking (OR = 1.84, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Latino adolescents who have higher perceptions of discrimination are at risk for substance use. Interventions to help Latino adolescents cope with feelings of discrimination may be a useful addition to substance use prevention programs.Item Perceived Discrimination and Adherence to Medical Care in a Racially Integrated Community(2007) Casagrande, Sarah Stark; Gary, Tiffany L.; LaVeist, Thomas A.; Gaskin, Darrell J.; Cooper, Lisa A.Background Past research indicates that access to health care and utilization of services varies by sociodemographic characteristics, but little is known about racial differences in health care utilization within racially integrated communities. Objective To determine whether perceived discrimination was associated with delays in seeking medical care and adherence to medical care recommendations among African Americans and whites living in a socioeconomically homogenous and racially integrated community. Design A cross-sectional analysis from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study. Participants Study participants include 1,408 African-American (59.3%) and white (40.7%) adults (≥18 years) in Baltimore, Md. Measurements An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the associations of perceived discrimination with help-seeking behavior for and adherence to medical care. Results For both African Americans and whites, a report of 1–2 and >2 discrimination experiences in one’s lifetime were associated with more medical care delays and nonadherence compared to those with no experiences after adjustment for need, enabling, and predisposing factors (odds ratio [OR]=1.8, 2.6; OR=2.2, 3.3, respectively; all P<.05). Results were similar for perceived discrimination occurring in the past year. Conclusions Experiences with discrimination were associated with delays in seeking medical care and poor adherence to medical care recommendations INDEPENDENT OF NEED, ENABLING, AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS, INCLUDING MEDICAL MISTRUST; however, a prospective study is needed. Further research in this area should include exploration of other potential mechanisms for the association between perceived discrimination and health service utilization.Item Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors.(2010) Carter, Robert T.; Forsyth, JessicaThis study examines Black, Latino, Asian American, American Indian and Biracial participants' (N = 260) emotional and psychological reactions to encounters with racism, and the help-seeking strategies they used to deal with those reactions. This class of participants is important to study because its members are likely to live and/or work in racially diverse environments. Participants who reported direct experiences with racism had higher levels of anxiety, guilt/shame, hypervigilance, and positive emotions than those who did not. Racial harassment (hostility) was associated with more hypervigilant and anxious reactions than racial discrimination (avoidance). Help-seeking patterns indicated that people of Color were more likely to seek help from friends and family than from mental health professionals. Practice and research implications are addressed.
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