Minority Health and Health Equity Archive

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    Link between facultative melanin and tobacco use among African Americans.
    (2009) King, Gary; Yerger, Valerie B; Whembolua, Guy-Lucien; Bendel, Robert B; Kittles, Rick; Moolchan, Eric T
    Nicotine's affinity for melanin-containing tissues may result from its precursor function in melanin synthesis or the irreversible binding of melanin and nicotine. The objective of this study was to investigate a hypothesized association of tobacco use, dependence, and nicotine exposure with melanin pigmentation among African American smokers. A criterion-based sample was employed to collect data from a study of 147 adult African American current smokers. Carbon monoxide, saliva cotinine samples, and skin reflectance measures were obtained from each participant. Questionnaire data on demographic, sociological and behavioral questions related to smoking and skin color were gathered. The three dependent measures were the average number of cigarettes per day (CPD), Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score, and cotinine concentration. Analysis of variance, Pearson Correlations, and Multiple Linear Regression were conducted to analyze findings. The mean constitutive melanin reading was 56.3 and 66.5 for facultative melanin. Respondents on average smoked 19 CPD, had a mean FTND of 5.6, and a cotinine concentration of 435 ng/ml. Facultative melanin level was correlated with CPD and cotinine concentration in the bivariate analysis. The multiple linear regression results revealed that facultative melanin was significantly and positively related to CPD, the FTND, and cotinine. The results of this analysis support the hypothesis of a positive association between melanin levels and tobacco use, dependence, and exposure among African American smokers. This analysis may have important implications for research and interventions on tobacco dependence and disease outcomes. Further research on melanin and nicotine among African Americans as well as other population groups is warranted.
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    FACTSHEET: Changes in Nicotine Yield: 1998-2004
    (Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2004) Keithly, Lois; Cullen, Doris; Land, Thomas
    The Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program has analyzed data from 1998-2004 and has found that the amount of nicotine inhaled by the average smoker has increased 10% over the seven year period. Although per capita consumption of cigarettes has declined, the amount of nicotine consumed per cigarette has increased. Concurrently, the amount of nicotine present in second-hand smoke has also increased.
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    REPORT:MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH CHANGE IN NICOTINE YIELDS 1998 - 2004,DATA SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL LAWS CHAPTER 94: Section 307B, 105 CMR 660.000
    (Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2004) Keithly, Lois; Cullen, Doris; Land, Thomas
    SUMMARY Since 1997, cigarette manufacturers have delivered nicotine reporting information using testing methods established by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH). Massachusetts General Law chapter 94 section 307B and Department of Public Health Regulations 105 CMR 660.000 mandate that cigarette companies report each year to the Department the nicotine yield ratings for all cigarette brands with a U.S. market share of greater than 1.5%. Nicotine Yield Testing • For all brands tested in both 1998 and 2004 (N = 116), the total amount of nicotine delivered to the smoker has increased significantly: 1.72 mg in 1998 compared to 1.89 mg in 2004. These data were also evaluated by manufacturer. For each of the major manufacturers (i.e.,Brown & Williamson, Lorillard, Phillip Morris, and RJ Reynolds), the increases in nicotine delivered were significant. • Each manufacturer markets many brands of cigarettes and this data was analyzed by brand. Once again, the increases in nicotine delivered were significant. With the exception of Winston cigarettes, all brands that were tested in both 1998 and 2004 had significant increases in nicotine delivered to the smoker. This includes Basic, Camel, Doral, Kool, Marlboro, and Newport cigarettes. • Cigarette brand families (e.g. Marlboro) with a U.S. market share of greater than 1.5% were required to submit nicotine yield information. In 2004, a total of 179 brands were tested from the four major cigarette manufacturers – Brown & Williamson (now owned by RJ Reynolds),Lorillard, Philip Morris, and RJ Reynolds.
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    AMOUNT OF NICOTINE IN CIGARETTES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY SINCE 1998
    (Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 2002) UNSPECIFIED
    PRESS RELEASE: AMOUNT OF NICOTINE IN CIGARETTES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY SINCE 1998 The amount of nicotine a smoker gets from smoking a cigarette has increased steadily over the past seven years, according to a new report released by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH). The study found that, regardless of brand, the amount of nicotine that is actually delivered to the smoker’s lungs has increased significantly. The data was collected from reports submitted to DPH from 1998 to 2004 by all tobacco companies that sell cigarettes in the state, as required by Massachusetts General Law Chapter 307B and Department of Public Health Regulations CMR 660.000. Massachusetts is one of only three states in the country to require tobacco companies to submit this information annually.