Psychology
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Item Body Positivity for Asian Americans: Development and Evaluation of the Pride in Asian American Appearance Scale (PAAAS)(2021) Le, Thomas Phong; Iwamoto, Derek K; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)While a growing body of literature has examined factors that contribute to Asian Americans’ negative body image, little research has investigated Asian Americans’ body image from a strengths-based perspective. This study thus presents the Pride in Asian American Appearance Scale (PAAAS), which was designed to measure the extent to which Asian Americans feel positively about their own racialized physical appearances as well as those of fellow Asian Americans. Items were developed through an extensive literature review, cognitive interviews, and expert feedback. Exploratory (N = 398) and confirmatory (N = 398) factor analyses suggested a 4-factor structure and produced a 25-item scale with the following subscales: (a) Pride in Asian Features, (b) Preference for Asian American Appearance, (c) Asian Americans as Desirable, and (d) Action Promoting Asians’ Attractiveness. Internal consistency estimates as well as factor determinacies were high and demonstrated that the specified items adequately represented their intended factors. The PAAAS was significantly correlated in theoretically expected directions with internalized racism, collective self-esteem, and psychological distress. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.Item The Role of Race in Negotiations: Understanding When and Why Racial Minorities are Hindered at the Negotiation Table(2016) Wheeler, Jasmine; Gelfand, Michele J; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Previous research has demonstrated that racial discrimination exist across a number of organizational settings. Research on race and negotiation is sparse, yet some studies suggest that African Americans receive differential treatment at the negotiation table (Ayers & Siegelman, 1995). The purpose of this research is to examine whether, why, and when there are racial differences in negotiations. In study 1, race and gender of a negotiation partner was manipulated. An individual’s negotiation aspirations were found to mediate the relationship between partner race and negotiation behavior. When negotiating with African Americans, people set higher targets and first offers and this mediated the impact of partner race on demands. In study 2, partner race, gender, and power were manipulated to see if it equalized outcomes for African Americans and Caucasians. While power did have some main effects on negotiators expectations, race and power did not interact to predict negotiator aspirations or outcomes.Item Racial Differences in Psychotic-like Experiences: A Study of Schizotypy in African Americans and Caucasians(2007-08-03) Adams, Kimberly Anne; Blanchard, Jack J.; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)A considerable literature has long indicated that African Americans consistently receive more clinical diagnoses of psychosis than their Caucasian counterparts although higher rates of schizophrenia in African Americans have not been reliably documented. Prior studies are limited in that while many have found elevations in psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia diagnoses in African Americans patients, it is unclear whether these race differences indicate true rates of psychosis or whether other mechanisms such as lowered medication compliance and limited access to treatment might be complicating these findings. Further, comparisons between racial groups in studies of psychosis-proneness have focused primarily on mean group differences in overall psychotic symptoms. While helpful in establishing the existence of symptom differences in racial groups, these finding do not provide more qualitative information regarding the specific nature of these differences. It can therefore be suggested that a comprehensive understanding of the role of race in schizophrenia remains elusive. The goal of the current study was to extend the available research on race differences in the experience of psychotic-like experiences by addressing the following hypotheses in a sample of putative schizotypes (social anhedonics): 1) Social anhedonics will report more psychotic-like symptoms and experiences than controls, regardless of race, 2) Psychotic-like experiences will be more prevalent in socially anhedonic African Americans compared to socially anhedonic Caucasians, and 3) socially anhedonic African Americans will report more psychotic-like experiences with religious and paranoid themes than socially anhedonic Caucasians. Possible reasons for differential symptom expression will be explored, followed by assessment and treatment implications. Finally, suggestions for future directions of study will be discussed.Item How Did You Get In? Attributions of Preferential Selection In College Admissions(2006-12-15) Bates, Archie Lee; Klein, Katherine J.; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Minorities are often suspected beneficiaries (e.g., Heilman, 1994) of affirmative action--that is, they are individuals who attribute or perceive that others attribute their selection for a job or admission to a school, in part, to preference given to race or gender status. Experimental research has shown that suspected beneficiaries experience negative self-evaluations, yet little research has focused on performance outcomes. I draw upon attribution theory (e.g., Kelly, 1972) and stereotype threat theory (C. M. Steele & Aronson, 1995) to extend the literature by examining the emotions and academic performance of freshmen college students who are suspected beneficiaries. I hypothesize that racial minorities are more likely than are Whites, and women are more likely than are men, to be suspected beneficiaries of racial and gender preference, respectively. These attributions lead to decreased academic self-efficacy and increased evaluation apprehension and anxiety, which ultimately decrease academic performance. Additionally, I pose research questions to explore factors that mitigate the effect of attributions on these outcomes. I use structural equation modeling to test my hypotheses. The results suggest that racial minorities and women are more likely than Whites and men, respectively, to be suspected beneficiaries. Further, attributions of racial and gender preference lead to the hypothesized negative outcomes. I find that past academic performance moderates the relation between attributions of gender preference and anxiety, such that students who scored higher on the SAT and (perceive that others) attribute their admission to gender preference experience more anxiety than do students who scored lower on the SAT and (perceive that others) attribute their admission to gender preference. Additionally, social support moderates the relation between attributions of racial preference and evaluation apprehension, such that students who receive high levels of social support and (perceive that others) attribute their admission to racial preference experience less evaluation apprehension than do students who receive low levels of social support and (perceive that others) attribute their admission to racial preference. Overall, the results support the perception that uncertainty in the selection process can lead to attributions of preferential selection and harmful consequences for racial minorities and women.Item COUNTERTRANSFERENCE REACTIONS IN A CROSS-RACIAL DYAD: THE ROLE OF THERAPIST UNIVERSAL-DIVERSE ORIENTATION AND PRESENTATION OF CLIENT STRENGTHS(2004-05-04) Harbin, James; Gelso, Charles; PsychologyThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of universal-diverse orientation (UDO) and information on client strengths on European American therapists' countertransference to an angry African American client. Forty-five European American therapist trainees completed a measure of UDO and were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in which they were either given or not given information on client strengths. Therapists then watched and responded to a videotape of an angry African American client. Countertransference was measured in terms of therapist state anxiety, cognitive recall, and behavioral avoidance. Results showed that therapist UDO was significantly and negatively related to their countertransference reactions in a cross-racial situation. Additionally, results were not significant for the main effect of information on client strengths and for the interaction of UDO and information on client strengths on countertransference reactions. Implications for counseling and future research were explored.