Psychology

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    Cultural humility, therapeutic relationship, and outcome: Between-therapist, within-therapist, and within-client effects
    (2019) Morales, Katherine Chante; Kivlighan, Jr., Dennis M; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    The present study longitudinally examined the association between client-perceived cultural humility (CH) of the therapist, dyadic working alliance (WA), and dyadic session evaluation (SES). We analyzed cultural humility scores at three levels: a) between therapist b) within-therapist and c) within-client. Using a sample of 79 clients, 15 therapists, and 231 time periods, we conducted two multilevel analyses using dyadic WA and dyadic SES as predictors. We found that high between-therapist, within-therapist, and within-client CH yielded higher dyadic WA scores. We also found that within-therapist and within-client CH yielded higher dyadic SES scores. However, importance of client identity did not act as moderator as predicted for CH and dyadic WA; nor did importance of client identity moderate the relationships between within-therapist and within-client CH and dyadic SES. We did find that importance of client identity moderated the relationship between-therapist CH and dyadic SES. Implications for future research will be discussed. Keywords: cultural humility, working alliance, session evaluation, psychodynamic, HLM
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    PREDICTING YOUNG WOMEN'S CAREER PLANS: DO FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHILDREN PREDICT OUTCOMES OVER AND ABOVE INSTRUMENTALITY?
    (2013) Savela, Alexandra; O'Brien, Karen M; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    The present study assessed factors related to career development in a sample of undergraduate women. The roles of instrumentality, anticipated work-family conflict, and willingness to compromise career for children in the prediction of career choice traditionality, career aspirations, and occupational engagement were examined. Additionally, the moderating role of willingness to compromise career for children on the relationship between instrumentality and each career outcome was tested. Results indicated that instrumentality predicted leadership aspirations, recognition aspirations, and occupational engagement. Anticipated work-family conflict predicted career choice traditionality, leadership aspirations, and occupational engagement over and above instrumentality. Willingness to compromise career for children added to the prediction of occupational engagement after controlling for instrumentality and anticipated work-family conflict. No moderation findings were detected. Findings are discussed in terms of future research directions and in the context of career counseling with undergraduate women.
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    Therapist reactions to a client facing terminal illness: a test of ego and countertransference
    (2013) Hummel, Ann Martha; Gelso, Charles J; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    When a therapy client presents with thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that trigger a therapist's own unresolved conflicts, the therapist may experience countertransference. Client concerns that may trigger countertransference include sexuality, aggression, and death (Gelso, Fassinger, Gomez, & Latts, 1995; Latts & Gelso, 1995; Hayes & Gelso, 1993; Lacocoque & Loeb, 1988). Countertransference has been found to relate negatively with client outcome (Hayes, Gelso, & Hummel, 2011), but countertransference management can mitigate the negative effects of countertransference, and can even result in curative therapeutic responses (Gelso & Hayes, 2007). A phenomenon known as ego depletion may cause a therapist to be more vulnerable to countertransference. Ego depletion occurs when self-resources related to impulse control, decision-making, and willpower are low (Baumeister, Vohs, & Tice, 2007). Because of the relation between ego depletion and impulse control, the effect of ego depletion on countertransference was tested. Forty-five participants were randomly assigned to either a neutral or ego depletion condition, and were then presented with a scripted analogue client who discussed a potential terminal illness diagnosis. Participants responded verbally to the client, and their responses were transcribed and coded for behavioral indicators of countertransference. Participants also completed measures of affective and cognitive countertransference. Countertransference management and ego defense maturity were assessed as potential predictors of resilience to ego depletion. The participants in the ego depletion reported higher levels of content-specific affective countertransference (death anxiety), but general affective (state anxiety), behavioral, and cognitive countertransference did not differ between conditions. Countertransference management and ego defense maturity did not significantly account for variance in the relation between ego depletion and countertransference. However, the relation found between ego defense maturity and countertransference management suggests that ego defense maturity could be a precursor to countertransference management. Overall, ego depletion led to increased death anxiety, but therapists were resilient to having this content-specific reaction generalize to other forms of countertransference.
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    Counseling strategies with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: An online analogue study
    (2006-08-01) Asay, Penelope; Fassinger, Ruth E; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    The differences of three approaches to addressing a client's sexual orientation in an initial counseling session were investigated. Utilizing an online analogue method, participants were assigned to read and rate a hypothetical counseling vignette between a White, gay male client and a White, heterosexual male therapist. Participants were randomly assigned to Counselor A, who talked about the client's sexual orientation directly, Counselor B, who talked about the client's sexual orientation indirectly, or Counselor C, who did not mention the client's sexual orientation. It was found that addressing a client's sexual orientation in a first session was associated with higher ratings of general and multicultural competence and a greater willingness of the participant to discuss issues of sexual orientation with the hypothetical counselor. Addressing culture either directly or indirectly was rated more highly than not addressing culture at all. No differences in perceptions of counselor approach were found either by race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or previous experience in therapy. More generally, it was found that perceived general competence, multicultural competence, and working alliance were predictive of how willing participants would be to discuss both issues of sexual orientation and other issues with the hypothetical counselor. Multicultural competence contributed unique variance over and above general competence and working alliance. Results suggest that empirical efforts to investigate multicultural counseling competence may be enriched by including sexual orientation.
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    A SURVEY OF UNIVERSITY COUNSELING CENTER THERAPISTS: WORKING WITH CLIENTS WHO HAVE RELIGIOUS/SPIRITUAL ISSUES
    (2005-08-04) Kellems, Ian Stuart; Hill, Clara E.; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    University counseling center therapists (n = 220) completed an internet survey about one of their recent therapy cases in which the clients' issues involved religion/spirituality (RS). Responses were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Common RS issues for clients involved questioning one's childhood religion, exploring RS beliefs, and using client's RS as a source of strength. The similarity of therapist and client RS values is not related to the strength of the therapeutic relationship. A therapist's religious commitment is related to both the goals that therapist considers important when working with RS issues and to how frequently the therapist uses religiously/spiritually-oriented interventions. Regarding training, therapist self-efficacy in working with RS issues is positively related to the amount of training the therapist has engaged in about how to work with RS issues. Implications for practice, research, and training are discussed.