Psychology
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Item The Psychological Foundations of Homegrown Radicalization: An Immigrant Acculturation Perspective(2015) Lyons, Sarah Louise; Gelfand, Michele J; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)In the post-9/11 era, an increasing number of extremist threats are homegrown. Radical organizations such as the Islamic State are actively targeting Muslim immigrants and nationals of Western countries as recruits. Yet, little research has addressed the factors that drive immigrants to aggress against their country of settlement. We integrate the terrorism and immigrant acculturation literatures to suggest that cultural identification processes play a key role in the radicalization of Muslim immigrant and minority populations. Specifically, we propose that "marginalized" immigrants who do not identify with either their heritage culture or the culture of the larger society (Berry, 1970, 1997) have experienced significance loss (Kruglanski, Chen, Dechesne, Fishman, & Orehek, 2009) and are at the greatest risk for radicalization due to threats to significance. Moreover, we argue that this can be exacerbated by exclusion from others in the larger society. In Study 1, we show in a sample of 198 Muslims in the United States that marginalized individuals experience significance loss, which is exacerbated by exclusion from the larger society, and in turn increases support for radical groups, ideologies and behavior. In Study 2, we find partial replication of this model outside the American context in a sample of 204 Muslims in Germany. In Study 3, we move to the lab and demonstrate in a sample of 145 first- and second-generation immigrants in the United States that marginalization, and to some extent exclusion, are risk factors for significance loss outside of the Muslim population, and that significance loss contributes to support for radicalism. Implications for psychological science and social policy are discussed.Item The Role of Cultural Models of Self-Worth in Vicarious Experiences of Wrongdoing(2012) Lyons, Sarah Louise; Gelfand, Michele J; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)This research sought to understand why people from different cultures respond in fundamentally different ways to their own ingroup transgressions. We predicted that in face cultures, where self-worth is defined by one's reputation, ingroup transgressions would elicit vicarious shame and withdrawal tendencies, especially in public; in dignity cultures, however, where self-worth does not depend on reputation and justice is a focal concern, ingroup transgressions would elicit vicarious guilt and reparative behavior. In Study 1, participants responded to hypothetical ingroup transgressions. In Study 2, sorority and fraternity members recalled a time when a group member committed a wrongdoing. In Study 3, we simulated a real ingroup offense in the lab. We found partial support for our hypotheses in Study 1; face predicted distancing behavior, mediated by image-threat appraisals and shame, but only in public. The results in Studies 2 and 3 were less clear, and suggest evidence for motivated distortion.