College of Behavioral & Social Sciences

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The collections in this community comprise faculty research works, as well as graduate theses and dissertations..

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    The development of negative reactivity in irritable newborns as a function of attachment
    (Elsevier, 2013-02) Sherman, Laura J.; Stupica, Brandi; Dykas, Matthew J.; Ramos-Marcuse, Fatima; Cassidy, Jude
    This longitudinal study builds on existing research exploring the developmental course of infants’ negative reactivity to frustration in a sample of 84 irritable infants. We investigated whether infants’ negative reactivity to frustration differed during the first year as a function of infant attachment classification. Various elements of the designs of previous studies investigating negative reactivity and attachment preclude the strong conclusion that negative reactivity develops differently as a function of attachment. Thus, we utilized the same observational assessment of infant negative reactivity, conducted without parental involvement, at 5 and 12 months. One proposition, based in attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, Cassidy, 1994), is that relative to secure infants, insecure-avoidant infants come to minimize their negative emotional reactions, whereas insecure-ambivalent infants come to maximize their negative emotional reactions. As expected, we found that at 5 months, attachment groups did not differ in reactivity, but at 12 months, insecure-avoidant infants were the least reactive, followed by secure infants, and insecure-ambivalent infants were the most reactive. Results are discussed in terms of conceptualizing the development of emotion regulation and their implications for future
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    Psychopathic Traits, Affect, and Cocaine Use-Related Outcomes
    (2014) Long, Katherine; Lejuez, Carl W; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Substance abuse and associated public health and economic consequences represent a pervasive and costly problem. Among inner-city substance users, crack/cocaine is the most common drug of choice and is associated with health compromising behaviors. Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are more prevalent, severe, and difficult to treat among individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Psychopathy is a construct which is related to but distinct from ASPD, and the relation between primary psychopathic traits and substance use is not well understood. The present laboratory experimental study of cocaine use-related outcomes in the context of mood inductions among cocaine users found that primary psychopathic traits were negatively associated with attentional bias for cocaine-related cues but not associated with self-reported craving. Assignment to the negative affect manipulation was related to greater attentional bias but not to craving. The interaction between mood condition and primary psychopathic traits was not a significant predictor of either outcome.
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    In the Mood? Therapist Affect and Psychotherapy Process
    (2014) Chui, Tsz-Yeung Harold; Hill, Clara E; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Therapist effects have been increasingly recognized as an important contributor of psychotherapy process and outcome. Most therapist factors studied so far, however, have been trait factors. Little is known about state factors. Given the emotional nature of psychotherapy, therapist affective states seem relevant. In particular, how does therapist affect change in sessions? What predict therapist affect change, and how is therapist affect related to psychotherapy process and outcome? Data involved 1,172 sessions of 15 therapists and 51 clients at a psychodynamically-oriented psychotherapy clinic. Therapists and clients rated pre-session affect and post-session affect, as well as post-session working alliance, session quality, and real relationship. Participants also wrote down their affect changes, and attributions to these changes, at the end of each session. Quantitative data were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Qualitative data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research. Therapists qualitatively reported affect changes in 67% of sessions, with equal amounts of increases in positive and negative affect. Therapists most frequently attributed their increase in positive affect to being able to collaborate with clients, and their increase in negative affect to having difficult clients. Therapist pre- to post-session change in affect was related to client pre-session affect and client pre- to post-session change in affect. After controlling for therapist change in affect from pre- to post-session, higher therapist pre-session positive affect was associated with better client-rated working alliance and session quality, whereas higher therapist pre-session negative affect was associated with poorer client-rated session quality. Increase in therapist positive affect from pre- to post-session was related to better client-rated session quality and therapist-rated working alliance, session quality, and real relationship, whereas increase in therapist negative affect was related to poorer client-rated real relationship and therapist-rated working alliance, session quality, and real relationship. Thus, therapist affect played a role in therapist functioning and contributed to psychotherapy process and outcome.