Theses and Dissertations from UMD
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New submissions to the thesis/dissertation collections are added automatically as they are received from the Graduate School. Currently, the Graduate School deposits all theses and dissertations from a given semester after the official graduation date. This means that there may be up to a 4 month delay in the appearance of a give thesis/dissertation in DRUM
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Item NEWS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE: ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF FEMINIST INTERVENTIONS ON JOURNALISTIC PRACTICES(2024) Mulupi, Dinfin Koyonjo; Steiner, Linda; Journalism; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)This dissertation intervenes in news coverage of sexual violence by examining pathways to better journalistic practices from a feminist perspective. This is accomplished through a transnational multi-method approach combining qualitative data analyses and experimental surveys. The study begins by examining recommendations for better news coverage of sexual violence as articulated by feminist scholars, feminist NGOs and anti-gender violence activists. This is followed by analysis of feminist media coverage of sexual violence to determine to what extent they adhere to the best practices recommended by feminist scholars and activists. The dissertation then employs experimental surveys to test the effectiveness of feminist best practices in altering audiences’ attitudes toward victims and perpetrators. The data analyzed in this study include scientific/academic journal articles, book chapters and books grounded in feminist theories (N =42), institutional reports published by feminist NGOs and other anti-sexual violence collective groups (N =25), news and commentary of sexual violence (N = 122) published by five feminist media outlets (Jezebel, Ms., The 19th, New African Woman, and gal-dem), and surveys administered to participants in the US and South Africa (N =496). The study focuses on three feminist theories that prescribe alternatives to normative journalistic practices; advocates argue that intersectionality, feminist ethics of care, and Feminist Standpoint Epistemology (FSE) potential could reform news coverage of sexual violence and other important social issues. A fourth feminist concept, counterpublics, is used to theorize the journalism produced by feminist media outlets serving subaltern communities/audiences. This dissertation advances journalism theory and practice. The majority of extant literature has pointed at what is wrong in news accounts of sexual violence (Ndhlovu, 2020; Noetzel et al., 2023; Mulupi & Blumell, 2023, 2024). This study deviates from the norm by focusing on solutions and “highlighting steps toward improved coverage” (Cuklanz, 2022, p.322). By emphasizing on recommendations made by feminist scholarship/activism (as opposed to say everybody that has something to say about journalistic guidelines), the study crystallized a feminist vision of how to achieve better journalism on sexual violence. The best practices recommended by feminist scholars and anti-gender violence activists articulated an alternative model of journalism — a feminist, trauma-informed, decolonial, survivor-centered praxis committed to social justice goals. Furthermore, this dissertation contributes to the theory and literature on feminist counterpublics by illuminating how feminist media offer discursive arenas to challenge dominant ideologies on sexual violence and gender norms. The study also contributes to feminist theorization of journalism by demonstrating the applicability of feminist theories in the everyday journalism practiced by feminist media. Furthermore, findings of the quasi-experimental surveys administered to participants in the US and South Africa support the effectiveness of applying feminist perspectives in news coverage of sexual violence: news coverage that includes feminist best practices (e.g., survivor centered framing, diverse sources, intersectionality, use of statistics etc) may indeed help audiences believe the complaints of victim-survivors, be less likely to victim-blame, and have greater levels of empathy toward the victim. This dissertation also offers practical contributions by compiling and presenting recommendations for news coverage to journalists, copy editors and editors. Overall, this study advances knowledge and theory about journalism practice, and demonstrates practical application and effectiveness of feminist theorizing in improving journalistic practices.Item TEXT COMPREHENSION ACROSS PRINT AND AUDIO: A PERSON-CENTERED MIXED METHODS STUDY(2023) Singh, Anisha; Alexander, Patricia; Human Development; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)The use of the audio medium (e.g., audiobooks and podcasts) is proliferating in everyday and educational contexts. Yet, research investigating text processing in audio compared to the more commonly used print medium is limited in scope. Specifically, the research so far has majorly focused on younger learners or English language learners, narrative genre texts, operationalized comprehension as a unidimensional construct, and used variable-centered analytical techniques. The current mixed methods study aimed to explore text processing across print and audio by focusing on four interrelated dimensions—learner, text, task, and test. I used finite mixture modeling for the quantitative part of the study to identify meaningful reader and listener profiles. Following the identification and validation of profiles, students from the profiles were interviewed to complement and enhance the understanding of the groups. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate differences across the two mediums vis-à-vis learner characteristics, text and test processing behaviors, and comprehension outcomes. A further goal of the study was to identify meaningful and distinct reader and listener profiles by accounting for affective and behavioral variables, and validating the profiles on cognitive variables. Finally, the study aimed to build qualitatively rich descriptions of the quantitatively unearthed profile groups. To address these aims, undergraduate students (n =130) were recruited from human development courses. They completed measures related to self-efficacy and reported their reading and listening habits. Each participant’s screen was recorded as they processed text in print and audio. Text processing behaviors (e.g., scrolling, increasing playback speed) and off-task behaviors (e.g., eating, fidgeting) were coded. Learner-related, text processing, and task variables were used to find meaningful reader and listener profiles. The profiles were validated using prior topic knowledge and comprehension as covariate and outcome, respectively. Students belonging to each profile were invited for interviews (n = 10). The format was a cued retrospective interview, wherein video clips were used to prompt participants. The interviews were transcribed, segmented into utterances, and coded for learner-related, text-related, task-related, and test-related content. Results from the variable-centered analysis revealed that reading print or listening to audio led to similar performance levels on items targeting recall and inference. However, reading print was associated with higher scores on the item assessing the main idea than listening to audio. Results from the mixture modeling and interviews revealed three reader profiles—Distracted Surfers, Labored Harvesters, and Fluent Surveyors—and three listener profiles—Inconsistently Attentive, Inattentive, and Persistently Attentive. The profiles were found to differ qualitatively on strategies, text processing depth, and attention regulation. This study’s contribution is in expanding the research on comprehension across different mediums both in terms of scope and methodologically. The current investigation demonstrates that learner characteristics and text processing behaviors need to be accounted for when studying comprehension with different mediums. Practically, it has implications for practitioners looking to incorporate audio for content delivery in their courses and for instructional designers developing educational technology tools to optimize learning.Item The Impact of International Accreditation on The Quality of Health Services at King Fahd University Hospital, Saudi Arabia: A Mixed Methods Approach(2019) AL Shawan, Deema Saad; Franzini, Luisa; Health Services Administration; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)The Joint Commission International Accreditation (JCIA) is perceived worldwide as the symbol of exceptional quality of care. Despite the popularity of international accreditation, evidence of its effectiveness on improving health care quality is inconclusive. This dissertation research utilized a Convergent parallel mixed method framework to evaluate the impact of the JCIA process on quality and to identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of this process at King Fahd Hospital of the University in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted to assess the changes in a total of 12 quality outcomes pre and post accreditation. Furthermore, a qualitative approach was used to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of 31 health providers towards this process and the factors that influence its success. The quantitative results suggested that the JCIA had a positive impact on 9 out of 12 outcomes. The improved quality outcomes included: the average length of stay, the percentage of hand hygiene compliance, the rate of nosocomial infections, the percentage of radiology reporting outliers, the rate of pressure ulcers, the percentage of the correct identification of patients prior to medication administration, the percentage of critical lab reporting within 30 minutes, and the bed occupancy rate. The outcomes that did not improve were the rate of patients leaving the ER without being seen, the percentage of OR cancelations on the day of the or and the rate of patient falls. The qualitative analysis suggested that the JCIA was perceived positively by all participants. Some of the perceived advantages of international accreditation included the transformation of the organizational culture to a culture that promotes continuous quality improvement, standardization, and the reduced paperwork in some departments. The participants’ responses also indicated that there were many factors that influence the success of the process. Examples of the factors identified in the study include the increased workload and the providers’ resistance to participate in the JCIA process. In conclusion, international accreditation seemed to have a positive impact on quality outcomes and was received positively by providers. Nevertheless, the factors that hindered the JCIA process need to be addressed by the hospital’s leadership to ensure more efficient quality improvement efforts during future accreditation cycles.Item Factors in the Reporting of Unethical Conduct: The Importance of Trust in Leaders(2017) Norton, Michael Andrew; Lucas, Jeffey W; Sociology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)My research investigates factors related to the reporting of unethical conduct. While accounting for known individual, organizational and situational correlates, I focus particularly on leaders and especially on trust in leaders as whistle-blowing research to date has neglected the well-developed sociological literature of trust. Leveraging the benefits of multiple methods, I analyze recent secondary data on federal civilian employees, collect and analyze interview data at four civilian and military sites, and conduct a factorial vignette study to test factors and themes identified in the first two sections of my research. My secondary data analyses support previous whistle-blowing research in relating supervisor status, greater importance placed on anonymity, greater organizational support for anonymous reporting, greater organizational protection for whistle-blowers and greater severity of observed misconduct to increased reporting. Contrary to what previous literature theorizes, I find more observed leader misconduct and in-group location of misconduct relate to increased reporting. With the exception of an expressed in-group preference, my qualitative analyses reinforce these findings and identify a peer-oriented culture and self-preservation as reasons why unethical conduct may go unreported. My interview data also reveal that participants prefer to report unethical conduct to a trusted leader, although the severity of such misconduct may moderate this preference. My vignette analyses find greater trust in leaders is related to increased reporting only for non-supervisors, highlighting the additional importance trust plays for lower-status individuals. Also, good behavior by the leader accepting a report is related to increased reporting for all participants. My vignette data bolster previous findings, including relating a lesser orientation towards Machiavellianism to increased reporting, and find the severity of observed misconduct has the largest relative effect on the reporting outcome. Counter to my prediction, vignette participants are less likely to report unethical conduct perpetrated by a supervisor supporting the notion that fear of retaliation may factor into the reporting decision. By highlighting obstacles to reporting, I assist leaders in addressing such barriers possibly contributing to the identification and correction of unethical conduct. I conclude with implications for federal employees and all leaders seeking to increase the reporting of unethical conduct in their organizations.Item Working with Student Teachers: A Mixed Methods Study to Examine the Roles and Self-Identified Dispositions of Cooperating Teachers(2016) Rivera, Danielle Alliene; Valli, Linda R; Curriculum and Instruction; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)A critical component of teacher education is the field experience during which candidates practice under the supervision of experienced teachers. Programs use the InTASC Standards to define the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions for teaching. Practicing teachers are familiar with the concepts of knowledge and skills, but they are less familiar with dispositions. Practicing teachers who mentor prospective teachers are underrepresented in the literature, but they are critical to teacher preparation. The research goals were to describe the self-identified dispositions of cooperating teachers, identify what cooperating teachers consider their role in preparing prospective teachers, and explain challenges that cooperating teachers face. Using a mixed methods design, I conducted a quantitative survey followed by a qualitative case study. When I compared survey and case study data, cooperating teachers report possessing InTASC critical dispositions described in Standard 2: Learning Differences, Standard 3: Learning Environments, and Standard 9: Professional Learning and Ethical Practice, but not Standard 6: Assessment and Standard 10: Leadership and Collaboration. Cooperating teachers assume the roles of modeler, mentor and advisor, and informal evaluator. They explain student teachers often lack skills and dispositions to assume full teaching responsibilities and recommend that universities better prepare candidates for classrooms. Cooperating teachers felt university evaluations were not relevant to teaching reality. I recommend modifying field experiences to increase the quantity and duration of classroom placements. I suggest further research to detail cooperating teacher dispositions, compare cooperating teachers who work with different universities, and determine if cooperating teacher dispositions influence student teacher dispositions.Item Sleep throughout the alcoholism recovery process: a mixed methods examination of individuals' experiences transitioning from an inpatient research facility providing rehabilitation treatment to the community(2015) Brooks, Alyssa Todaro; Beck, Kenneth; Public and Community Health; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Despite research establishing the relationship between sleep disturbances and alcohol use, there is no clear understanding or model for what occurs once individuals who seek inpatient alcoholism treatment are discharged from rehabilitation facilities and attempt to integrate back into their homes and communities. This study used a mixed methods approach to assess individuals' perceptions of and experiences with sleep throughout the process of alcohol rehabilitation and to explore associations between sleep-related beliefs/behavior, sleep quality, and relapse. The Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), which posits that personal factors, the environment, and human behavior exert influence upon each other through reciprocal determinism, was used as the underlying theory for this study. Constructs from the SCT were measured directly in this study using both quantitative and qualitative approaches in a convergent parallel design to study the following aims: a) to assess perceptions of and experiences with sleep during alcohol rehabilitation, b) to describe sleep patterns, perceptions, and beliefs among individuals who are alcohol-dependent throughout the transition from a clinical research facility providing rehabilitation treatment back to the community, and c) to assess whether sleep-related beliefs and/or behavior are associated with sleep quality or alcohol relapse. Data were collected from a cohort of clinical research participants enrolled on an inpatient alcohol treatment protocol (n=32). Sleep was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively within one week of discharge from the inpatient facility and again four to six weeks post-discharge. Results indicated a prevalence of sleep disturbances throughout the process of rehabilitation. Self-efficacy for sleep was associated with better sleep quality at both time points. Thematic analyses of interview transcripts yielded overarching themes of sleep-related beliefs/behavior, sleep environments, stress related to transitions, and self-medication. This study demonstrates a prevalence of sleep disturbances among individuals undergoing alcohol treatment and relationships between SCT constructs and sleep quality. The period of transition from inpatient to outpatient represents a time of change, thus future behavioral sleep intervention efforts in this population may benefit from addressing underlying sleep-related beliefs and behaviors to improve sleep quality and encourage healthy and sober living.Item Recruiting the "Best and Brightest": Factors that Influence Academically-Talented Undergraduates' Teaching-Related Career Decisions(2015) Bowsher, Amanda Nicole; Rice, Jennifer K; Education Policy, and Leadership; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Although researchers have established a positive relationship between teachers' academic skills and their students' achievement, evidence indicates that academically-strong prospective teachers are less likely to progress through the teacher pipeline than their peers. To date, initiatives to recruit academically-talented individuals to teaching have been designed with an incomplete understanding of the factors that influence the "best and brightest" prospective teachers' career decisions. Guided by a theoretical framework based on expectancy-value theory, this study (a) examines the factors that undergraduate students with an interest in teaching (i.e., uncommitted prospective teachers) weigh when deciding whether to teach; (b) deciphers how these factors affect high-achieving students; and (c) identifies promising recruitment policies. This investigation employs a mixed methods design utilizing survey and focus group data from undergraduate students at one large, Research 1, mid-Atlantic university. Analytic methods include ordinal logistic regression and chi-square analyses for the quantitative data and constant comparison analysis for the qualitative data. The quantitative analysis identified three significant predictors of uncommitted prospective teachers' intentions to pursue a teaching career: SAT score, interest/ability/encouragement, and social utility. For higher-achieving students, interest/ability/encouragement, social utility, salary perceptions, and prior teaching and learning experiences were statistically significant predictors of teaching intentions. Qualitative data identified dissuading messages about teaching as well as perceptions about teachers' salary, social status, and opportunities for professional growth in the field as the most influential factors in higher-achieving students' teaching decisions. Results also revealed complex relationships among these factors and students' perceptions of themselves as intelligent, high-achieving individuals. Findings indicate that uncommitted prospective teachers may be deterred from undergraduate-level teacher preparation when they perceive it will extend their graduation time frame. High-achieving students may also be frequently dissuaded from teacher preparation because they perceive education to be an easy major that leads to a career with a low salary, minimal professional growth, and little social prestige. These findings provide justification for policymakers to continue efforts to develop career ladder and differentiated pay initiatives for teachers and for higher education administrators to offer rigorous education courses and effective degree planning initiatives.Item USER ENGAGEMENT WITH THE MOBILE NEWS CONTENT OF THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER AND THE PHILADELPHIA DAILY NEWS(2014) Incollingo, Jacqueline Soteropoulos; Steiner, Linda; Journalism; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Legacy newspaper organizations have attempted to adapt to the digital - and increasingly mobile - news environment as circulation and revenue have plummeted. In Internet traffic in general, and news use in particular, the use of mobile smartphones and tablets is eclipsing desktop and laptop use. Engaging mobile news users has become critical for the news media. In recent years, Interstate General Media (IGM) - the owner of the newspapers The Philadelphia Inquirer and the Philadelphia Daily News - has introduced new mobile apps and optimized its websites for mobile use. This explanatory, mixed methods study examines how IGM's digital subscribers engage with mobile news. It is user-centered research which helps journalists and scholars understand the mobile news habits and practices of legacy newspapers' digital subscribers. Online survey results (n=632) demonstrate that participants who rely on mobile devices for news had statistically significant higher levels of engagement and enjoyment, in comparison to desktop/laptop users. Participants most at ease with technology tended to prefer mobile devices for news, and reported statistically significant higher levels of engagement and enjoyment. The information-seeking motivation for news use, which has been historically connected to newspapers, remains dominant for all digital subscribers. Digital users engage with news by sharing stories, but reported little interest in publicly commenting on articles or creating news content. Subsequent telephone interviews (n=30) revealed that convenience of mobile news was the most salient factor in device choice, and mobility led participants to consume more news. Themes of continuity indicate that motivations in print news use remain salient in digital and mobile news - specifically information-seeking, the pleasure of reading, and continued powerful daily routines and habits surrounding news use. Participants indicated they continue to value professional journalists' news selections and the traditional format of newspaper presentation, and their disinterest in creating their own news content, suggest that traditional notions of gatekeeping and professionalization are not undermined by new technology. Recommendations for IGM and other newspapers include regular use of "push-notices" to send breaking news; allowing degrees of news personalization; adapting the newspaper's "replica" edition to incorporate breaking news and content-sharing; and outreach to younger potential subscribers.Item CONDOM USE IN OLDER AFRICAN AMERICANS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY(2012) Ramos, Ina Ananda; Desmond, Sharon M; Public and Community Health; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)The purpose of this mixed methods exploratory study was to examine perceptions regarding condom use and sexual intercourse among African Americans 50 to 65 years of age, specifically attitudes, norms, self-efficacy and barriers regarding condom use behavior. There were three study phases: 1) a pilot study of the survey instrument (N=31), 2) an on-line survey (N=175), and 3) post survey explanatory interviews (N=10). The online survey contained items from the Sexual Risk Behavior Beliefs and Self-Efficacy Scales (SRBBS) (Basen-Enquist et al., 1999). Pilot study data indicated the online survey was understandable, acceptable, readable and appropriate for use by this sample of African Americans. Factor analyses of the survey items yielded similar constructs to the original SRBBS with seven of eight scales demonstrating internal consistency; Cronbach's alpha reliabilities ranged from .49 to 1.0. Logistic regression models found two independent variables increased the likelihood of condom use (condoms should be used even if people know each other well and friends feel condoms should be used even if pregnancy isn't possible) and two decreased the likelihood of condom use (friends feel you should use condoms even if people know each other well, and using condoms would be a hassle). A logistic regression model of significant independent variables found that provider speaking to patients about safer sex and male gender increased condom use, while being married and lower educational level decreased condom use behavior. Post-survey interviews, where participants (N = 10) were asked to elaborate on study findings, yielded six themes (the importance of trust and relationships, lack of knowledge, attitudes about condom use, sexual activity, health care providers, and friends opinions) that further explained statistical findings. Findings from this study have the potential to reduce the spread of HIV/STDs in this population through the use of educational programs that include empowerment and risk reduction components. Additionally, health care providers can potentially play a key role in these efforts and should be trained on how to communicate effectively with older adults around sexual health.Item Organizational changes in state education agencies: Responses to standards-based accountability(2011) Zhang, Ying; Valli, Linda; Curriculum and Instruction; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)This study examines organizational changes in state education agencies (SEAs) in the context of current standards-based accountability policies. It identifies the changing organizational characteristics of SEAs and depicts the organizational motivations and strategies adopted to bring about change. Based on institutional theory and empirical evidence from state departments of education, the study proposes a theoretical framework that explains the organizational change process. The organizational level analysis illustrates the impact of standards-based accountability policy on the structure and networks of SEAs and highlights the importance of organizational analysis in the policy design process. The study employs a mixed-methods design to investigation the changing experience of state departments of education in the past two decades with a focus on the post-No Child Left Behind era. Together with primary and secondary texts and documents, it draws data from interviews with state officials in ten state departments of education and national surveys of 50 states in 2003, 2004 and 2007. The study identifies internal changes regarding organizational structure, staffing, and technology as well as external changes in terms of their functions and working relationships with other educational agencies. To understand the process of organizational change, the study examines the organizational motivations and strategies that state departments of education used to bring about these changes. The study finds that, since early 1990s, state departments of education have gradually changed their role in the U.S. education system from monitoring finance administration to compliance with federal requirements to provide technical assistance. The organizational structure is changed to increase internal efficiency accompanied by a decrease in administrative staff but an increase in the need for technical staff, particularly staff that can help with the increasing technology in the organizations' data systems. State departments of education developed new relationships with local educational agencies with unprecedented attention on student academic performance and school management. These changes were pushed by both state and federal reforms that highlight the positive role state agencies can play to improve school performance. To make these changes happen, state departments have used networking as a way to expand organizational capacity and pushed cross-level collaboration to improve organizational efficiency.