Theses and Dissertations from UMD

Permanent URI for this communityhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/2

New submissions to the thesis/dissertation collections are added automatically as they are received from the Graduate School. Currently, the Graduate School deposits all theses and dissertations from a given semester after the official graduation date. This means that there may be up to a 4 month delay in the appearance of a give thesis/dissertation in DRUM

More information is available at Theses and Dissertations at University of Maryland Libraries.

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    Associations among food insecurity, dietary sodium and potassium intake levels, and hypertension: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2007-2010 data
    (2014) Nothwehr, Ann; Carter-Pokras, Olivia; Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Background: Food insecure persons may have diet patterns that include excessive sodium and inadequate potassium. These patterns contribute to greater risks of hypertension. Objective: Evaluate levels of association among food insecurity, dietary sodium and potassium intake levels and hypertension among NHANES 2007-2010 adult participants. Methods: Compared mean usual sodium and potassium intakes as well as mean usual sodium-potassium ratios for food secure and food insecure subpopulations. Developed regression models to predict intake levels and hypertension risk. Results: Mean usual sodium intake is not significantly different for food secure and food insecure participants. Mean usual potassium intake is significantly lower and mean usual sodium-potassium ratio is significantly higher for the food insecure subgroup. Controlling for age and household size, food insecure persons are 43% more likely to be hypertensive than food secure persons. Conclusion: Public health measures to decrease cardiovascular disease risk should include interventions designed for this vulnerable subpopulation.
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    Influence of AT1R polymorphisms and aerobic exercise training on angiotensin II, oxidative stress and urinary nitric oxide
    (2007-04-26) Fenty, Nicola Melissa; Hagberg, James M; Kinesiology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
    Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and angiotensin II (AngII), via the type 1 receptor (AT1R), is a major factor contributing to oxidative stress. Protection against oxidative injury is provided by several antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD). Aerobic exercise training (AEX) is a non-pharmacological intervention that reduces the risk of CVD, partly through reducing levels of oxidative stress. We investigated whether the AT1R A1166C and -825 T/A polymorphisms and AEX influence oxidative stress, urinary NOx and plasma AngII. One hundred sedentary, hypertensive individuals underwent 6 months of standardized AEX. Plasma levels of AngII and SOD, and urinary excretion of NOx and 8-iso-PGF2α were measured before and after AEX. Subject characteristics and baseline values of outcome variables were similar among all genotype groups. Overall, there was a significant increase in 8-iso-PGF2α (p = 0.002) and a significant decrease in NOx excretion (p = 0.0001) however, there were no significant changes in SOD activity or AngII levels with AEX. Neither oxidative stress markers nor urinary NOx were significantly different between genotype groups with AEX. There was a significant difference in AngII levels with AEX between A1166C genotype groups (p = 0.04) resulting in a significant interactive effect of the A1166C polymorphism and AEX on the change in AngII (p < 0.05). The TT genotype group of the -825 T/A polymorphism had a significant reduction (p = 0.02) in plasma AngII, while there was no change in carriers of the A allele. Risk allele analysis revealed that there was a significant reduction in plasma AngII (p = 0.04), a significant increase in 8-iso-PGF2α (p = 0.01) and a significant decrease in urinary NOx (p = 0.0001) with AEX in individuals with 2 risk alleles. Our findings suggest that variation in the AT1R gene is associated with differential changes in plasma AngII but not with oxidative stress. Furthermore, our results may have clinical implications for the prescription of AEX in a population at risk for CVD as exercise intensities that surpass moderate intensity, may attenuate some of the beneficial effects of regular exercise by leading to increased oxidative stress.