Theses and Dissertations from UMD
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Item CONSERVATION GENETICS OF THE ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN PETREL (PTERODROMA SANDWICHENSIS) ACROSS SPACE AND TIME(2011) Welch, Andreanna J.; Hawthorne, David J; Fleischer, Robert C; Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)The endemic Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) is a long-lived pelagic seabird. Although endangered, subfossil evidence indicates that it was formerly more abundant in the past. In addition to a wider distribution on islands where the petrel currently breeds, two colonies, one on Oahu and one on Molokai, have been extirpated since humans colonized the Islands. Despite this, little is known about this species. Here I use conservation genetic and ancient DNA techniques to investigate the taxonomic status and population dynamics of the Hawaiian petrel. Investigation of the timing and magnitude of divergence between the Hawaiian petrel and its sister species, the Galapagos petrel (P. phaeopygia), revealed that these taxa diverged approximately 550,000 years ago. In a phylogenetic tree constructed from mitochondrial data Galapagos and Hawaiian petrels were reciprocally monophyletic, however, trees from the nuclear data set were unresolved. Low estimates of gene flow between taxa indicate that incomplete lineage sorting is causing the difference in resolution between data sets and that Galapagos and Hawaiian petrels are likely separate species. In addition to the mitochondrial and nuclear intron data sets, I developed a suite of 20 polymorphic microsatellite loci: I developed 10 specifically for the Hawaiian petrel, and characterized an 10 additional previously reported loci in this species. Using these three data sets I investigated the pattern of gene flow and divergence between modern, historical, and ancient populations of the Hawaiian petrel. The mitochondrial data set showed strong levels of differentiation between modern populations. The two nuclear data sets also revealed significant population structure, although it was weaker. Mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from subfossil bones indicate that populations were significantly differentiated in the past, although there was low divergence between the extirpated Oahu and Molokai populations and modern birds from Lanai, suggesting that perhaps as colonies dwindled individuals dispersed to that island. Investigation of the effective population size indicates that no significant change has occurred on Hawaii or Maui. It appears that the long generation time of this species may have allowed it to escape a genetic bottleneck after the arrival of humans in the Hawaiian Islands.Item Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations(2011) Hirbo, Jibril Boru; Tishkoff, Sarah A; Biology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Results from disparate fields indicate that anatomically modern Homo sapiens originated in Africa ~200 thousand years ago (kya), and that East Africa is the likely source of the migration of modern humans out of Africa within the past 100 thousand years. However, the genetic diversity currently found in Africa, and especially East Africa, has not been well studied compared to non-African populations, due in large part to the fact that DNA samples from many remote regions of Africa are currently not available. The goal of this study was, therefore, to characterize genetic variation in previously unstudied East African human populations using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA from 1500 individuals. These data were then compared to independently collected data of the same populations from ~1327 nuclear markers (848 microsatellites and 479 insertion/deletion polymorphisms). The data were used to gain insight into patterns of genetic diversity, to construct past relationships of East African populations to each other and to other African populations, to clarify historical demographic events such as population expansion, contraction, and migration that these populations might have experienced. Several independent analyses showed significant relationships between genetic and geographic/linguistic distances among East African populations. Genetic variation is more strongly correlated with geography than is linguistics. Overall, the correlations between genetic versus geographic/ linguistic variation is stronger for autosomal and Y chromosome than for mtDNA lineages. Y chromosome and mtDNA lineage distributions seem to cluster geographically and for some lineages, linguistically. Two major migration events, namely the migration of Bantu-speaking populations from Central/West Africa across sub-Saharan Africa and the migration of pastoralist populations from Sudan and Ethiopia within the past 5000 years have had a major influence on extant genetic patterns in East Africa.