Minority Health and Health Equity Archive

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/21769

Welcome to the Minority Health and Health Equity Archive (MHHEA), an electronic archive for digital resource materials in the fields of minority health and health disparities research and policy. It is offered as a no-charge resource to the public, academic scholars and health science researchers interested in the elimination of racial and ethnic health disparities.

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    Contents Full Article Content List Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Figures & Tables Article Metrics Related Articles Cite Share Request Permissions Explore More Download PDF Organizational-Level Recruitment of Barbershops as Health Promotion Intervention Study Sites: Addressing Health Disparities Among Black Men
    (SAGE Journals, 2017-03-23) Hood, Sula; Hall, Maria; Dixon, Carrissa; Jolly, David; Linnan, Laura
    This article describes the process and results associated with the organizational-level recruitment of Black barbershops into Fitness in the Shop (FITShop), a 6-month barbershop-based intervention study designed to promote physical activity among Black men. Organizational-level recruitment activities included (1) a telephone call to prospective barbershop owners to assess their interest and eligibility for participation, (2) an organizational eligibility letter sent to all interested and eligible barbershops, (3) a visit to interested and eligible barbershops, where a culturally sensitive informational video was shown to barbershop owners to describe the study activities and share testimonies from trusted community stakeholders, and (4) a signed agreement with barbershop owners and barbers, which formalized the organizational partnership. Structured interviews were conducted with owners of a total of 14 enrolled barbershops, representing 30% of those determined to be eligible and interested. Most enrolled shops were located in urban settings and strip malls. Barbershop owners were motivated to enroll in the study based on commitment to their community, perceived client benefits, personal interest in physical activity, and a perception that the study had potential to make a positive impact on the barbershop and on reducing health disparities. Results offer important insights about recruiting barbershops into intervention trials.
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    Physical Activity Maintenance Following Home-Based, Individually Tailored Print Interventions for African American Women
    (SAGE Journals, 2018-09-11) Pekmezi, Dori; Ainsworth, Cole; Desmond, Renee; Pisu, Maria; Williams, Victoria; Wang, Kaiying; Holly, Taylor; Menesses, Karen; Marcus, Bess; Denmark- Wahnefried, Wendy
    African American women report low participation in physical activity and are disproportionately burdened by related conditions (obesity, breast, and colon cancer). Physical activity interventions have shown promising results among African American women, but most studies in this area have focused on short-term increases. More enduring changes in health behavior will be needed to eliminate existing health disparities. Thus, the current study examined 12-month physical activity and psychosocial outcomes from a pilot randomized controlled trial (N = 84) of a Home-based Individually tailored Physical activity Print (HIPP) intervention for African American women in the Deep South. Retention was 77.4% at 12 months. HIPP participants increased self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from 35.1 minutes/week (standard deviation [SD] = 47.8) at baseline to 124 minutes/week (SD = 95.5) at 12 months, compared with the wellness contact control participants who reported increases from 48.2 minutes/week (SD = 51.3) to 102.5 minutes/week (SD = 94.5) over 12 months (between-group p > .05). Results indicate that modest improvements in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and related psychosocial variables occurred during the active intervention phase (months 0-6) and were sustained during the tapered maintenance period (months 6-12). Low-cost, high-reach, home-based strategies have great potential for supporting sustained participation in physical activity and achieving long-term health benefits among African American women in the Deep South.
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    State-Level Variations in Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy
    (2011) Bharmal, Nazleen; Tseng, Chi-Hong; Kaplan, Robert; Wong, Mitchell D.
    Abstract available at publisher's website.
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    A Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study of Ethnically Targeted and General Audience Outdoor Obesity-Related Advertising
    (2009) YANCEY, ANTRONETTE K.; COLE, BRIAN L.; BROWN, ROCHELLE; WILLIAMS, JEROME D.; HILLIER, AMY; KLINE, RANDOLPH S.; ASHE, MARICE; GRIER, SONYA A.; BACKMAN, DESIREE; McCARTHY, WILLIAM J.
    Abstract available at publisher's web site.
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    A review of the efficacy of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapies in nonwhite populations.
    (2008) Robles, Gisela I; Singh-Franco, Devada; Ghin, Hoytin Lee
    BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Research suggests that behavioral support strategies and pharmacotherapy can improve abstinence rates. However, both approaches, especially pharmacotherapy, have been understudied in nonwhite US populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy in nonwhite US populations. METHODS: Using search terms smoking cessation, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion SR, varenicline, minority, ethnicity, African American, black, Hispanic, American Indian, and Alaska Native, a literature search was conducted to identify English-language studies that evaluated the use of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapies in nonwhite patients in MEDLINE (1966\2-December 2007), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1980\2-January 2008), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (1990\2-December 2007), and EMBASE Drugs & Pharmacology (1991\2-third quarter 2007). RESULTS: Nine studies were identified and assessed. Six studies looked at smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy in black smokers, 1 in Hispanic smokers, 1 in Native American smokers, and 1 in white and nonwhite smokers. In black smokers (N = 410; mean cigarettes per day [cpd], 20.4) who received the nicotine patch versus placebo, the 30-day self-reported abstinence rates were 21.5% versus 13.7% (P = 0.03) at 10 weeks and 17.1% versus 11.7% (P = NS) at 6 months. In black smokers (N = 600; mean [SD] cpd, 16.1 [7.5]) who received sustained-release (SR) bupropion 150 mg BID versus placebo for 7 weeks, the 7-day biochemically verified abstinence rates at weeks 6 and 26 were 36.0% versus 19.0% (Delta, 17%; 95% CI, 9.7\2-24.4; P < 0.001) and 21.0% versus 13.7% (Delta, 7.3%; 95% CI, 1.0\2-13.7; P = 0.02). Predictors of smoking cessation included use of bupropion SR (abstinence rate, 41.5% vs 21.1%; P<0.001); smoking nonmentholated cigarettes (abstinence rate, 28.3% in mentholated smokers [n = 417] vs 41.5% in nonmentholated smokers [n = 118]; P = 0.006); not smoking within 30 minutes of awakening (abstinence rate, 26.4% [n = 420] in those who did vs 48.7% [n = 115] in those who did not; P < 0.001); and lower baseline salivary cotinine levels (256.8 [137.0] ng/mL in those who became abstinent vs 305.6 [143.4] ng/mL in those who remained smokers; P < 0.001). In black light (or=7 consecutive days (odds ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.77; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Data from the studies in this review support the use of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy (nicotine patch and bupropion SR) in nonwhite patients. Black patients, who smoked within 30 minutes of awakening, smoked mentholated cigarettes, and had high salivary cotinine levels may have difficulty quitting regardless of the number of cigarettes smoked per day; therefore, determining the type of cigarettes smoked (mentholated vs nonmentholated) and salivary cotinine levels may be helpful in assessing the severity of smoking addiction and guide pharmacotherapy (eg, starting at higher doses of nicotine-replacement therapy in a light smoker). Other than smoking-cessation behavioral studies, there is a lack of congruent smoking-cessation pharmacotherapy studies in American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and other ethnic populations.
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    Experiences of Racism Among African American Parents and the Mental Health of Their Preschool-Aged Children
    (2004) Caughy, Margaret O’Brien; O’Campo, Patricia J.; Muntaner, Carles
    Objectives. We examined the relationship between parents’ experiences of racism and children’s well-being and the influence of the residential neighborhood characteristics on this relationship. Methods. African American families were recruited from Baltimore neighborhoods. Parental measures included racism experiences and coping. Neighborhood measures included demographic characteristics, social cohesion, and social climate. Children’s mental health was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Analysis was performed with multilevel modeling. Results. Parents who denied experiences of racism also reported higher rates of behavior problems among their preschool-aged children. For families living in neighborhoods characterized by fear of victimization, parents who actively coped with racism experiences by confronting the person involved or taking some sort of action in response to racism reported lower rates of anxiety and depression for their preschool-aged children. Conclusions. Experiences of and responses to racism among African American parents have important effects on the well-being of their young children.
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    Minorities Less Likely to Receive Care at High-Volume Hospitals
    (2006) Gardner, Amanda
    TUESDAY, Oct. 24 (HealthDay News) -- Race matters, at least when it comes to medical care received in big hospitals and Medicare managed-care plans. Two studies in the Oct. 25 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association found that racial minorities generally received lower quality care than whites or had less access to better care. According to the first paper, black, Asian and Hispanic patients, as well as uninsured patients, were less likely to undergo complex surgery at high-volume hospitals that specialize in that type of surgery. These hospitals are thought to produce better results because they perform so many of the procedures.
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    From Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking
    (2004) Ellickson, Phyllis L; Orlando, Maria; Tucker, Joan S; Klein, David J
    Objectives. We used data gathered from 6259 youths between the ages of 13 and 23 years to compare trends in smoking among 4 racial/ethnic groups. Methods. We weighted trend data to represnet baseline respondent characteristics and evaluated these data with linear contrasts derived from multiple regression analyses. Results. Although African Americans exhibited higher initiation rates than Whites, they exhibited consistently lower rates of regular smoking than both Whites and Hispanics. This seeming anomaly was explained by African Americans' lower rates of transition to regular smoking and greater tendency to quit. Racial/ethnic disparities were accounted for by differences in pro-smoking influences. Conclusions. Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in smoking may require reducing differences in the psychosocial factors that encourage smoking.
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    Do the Majority of Asian-American and African-American Smokers Start as Adults?
    (2004) Trinidad, Dennis R; Gilpin, Elizabeth A; Lee, Lora; Pierce, John P
    Background: Identifying ethnic differences in the age of smoking onset from nationally representative data can lead to improved targeted prevention programs and policies to combat smoking in ethnic communities. Methods: Analyzing data from the Tobacco Use Supplements of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Surveys throughout the 1990s, differences in the age of regular smoking onset among Asians/Pacific Islanders (A/PI), African Americans (AA), Hispanics/Latinos (H/L) and non-Hispanic whites (WH) are reported. Data on people aged 26 to 50 years at the time of the survey interview (n = 130,356; mean age = 38.4 years; 47.9% male; 1.9% A/PI, 7.8% AA, 5.2% H/L, and 85.1% WH) were examined. Results: Results indicate significant ethnic disparities in when people start smoking, among A/PIs in particular, and AAs and H/Ls to a lesser degree, who initiate regular smoking at later ages than do WHs. The majority of A/PIs and AAs initiated smoking as young adults, with almost half (47.8%) of A/PIs who were ever regular smokers starting between ages 18 and 21, compared with 39.8% of AAs, 37.5% of H/Ls, and 36.7% of WHs. Conclusions: These findings indicate significant ethnic disparities in relation to when people start smoking, with the majority of A/PIs and AAs initiating as young adults. The findings suggest that prevention strategies should begin at a young age and continue throughout young adulthood, especially among ethnic minority populations. Further consideration of the different influences on later initiation in ethnic minorities may lead to suggestions to improve current smoking-prevention programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.
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    Black Men who Have Sex with Men and the HIV Epidemic: Next Steps for Public Health (Editorial)
    (2003) Malebranche, David J
    Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in the United States. The Young Men's Survey estimates an HIV incidence rate of 14.7% among BMSM in 6 US cities, compared with 2.5% and 3.5% among White and Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM), respectively.[1] Yet the disparity is not explained by higher rates of unprotected anal and oral sex. There are 4 possible explanations, which are not mutually exclusive: (1) bias in assessment of risk behaviors, (2) increased prevalence of HIV among sexual contacts, (3) increased infectiousness among sexual partners, and (4) increased physiological susceptibility to HIV. By exploring these possibilities more deeply, we can increase our understanding of the apparent disparity between behavioral risks and outcomes while at the same time improving the design and implementation of prevention programs that address the specific needs of BMSM.