Within agricultural production there is tension between feeding a rapidly growing population and conserving the finite resources at the foundation of our agroecosystems. Fortunately, in recent decades there has been a growing focus on farming practices that promote long-term soil health, land productivity, and resilience to climate change. The term ‘conservation agriculture’ encompasses practices that 1) promote minimum soil disturbance, 2) maintain permanent soil cover, and 3) diversify plant species. This research evaluated several conservation agriculture practices for their ability to deliver desired agroecosystem services across the Northeastern US. In the first study, a cover crop mixture field experiment was implemented in seven states to evaluate how climatic, edaphic, and management conditions affected the performance of cover crop bicultures that included species with varying functional traits. Seeding rate recommendations for mixtures are typically developed at the regional level, thus cover crop performance is highly variable due to site-level conditions and competition among species. Our results indicated that expected spring growing degree days and baseline soil fertility (i.e., inorganic N) are the most significant variables to consider when designing site-specific cover crop mixtures. The second study assessed the effects of long-term management on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in mid-Atlantic grain cropping systems. At the time of sampling, five unique systems (two conventional, three organic) had been continuously managed for 25 years, representing a range of tillage and fertility practices and rotational complexities. Results showed SOC loss in all systems over time regardless of management, likely because of high baseline SOC stocks from long-term perennial forage production prior to research plot establishment. However, cropping systems that best maintained SOC over time included management with minimal soil disturbance, frequent manure inputs, and/or greater rotational diversity through perennial cropping or cover cropping. Both studies increase our understanding of the ability of specific conservation practices to support agroecosystem biodiversity, long term soil health, and potential carbon sequestration.