Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent rheumatic musculoskeletal disorder that affects approximately 900,000 Americans annually and is characterized by the progressive breakdown of the articular cartilage and remodeling of the subchondral bone in the synovial joint. During early-stage osteoarthritis, the articular cartilage begins to degrade, the synovial joint space narrows, and the subchondral bone undergoes rapid bone turnover, leading to insufficient bone mineralization and compromised matrix integrity. While decades of research have revealed that an intricate balance between the bone and cartilage layers influences biochemical and biomechanical changes experienced within the osteochondral unit, most osteochondral tissue engineering scaffolds have not achieved clinical viability. Tissue engineering (TE) strategies, such as 3D bioprinting (3DP), offer a new avenue to help develop novel osteochondral tissue engineering scaffolds to regenerate healthy and diseased osteochondral joints. In this project, our immediate goal is to expand the repertoire of osteochondral bioprinting strategies toward developing a biomimetic, 3D-printed osteochondral scaffold that can be implanted into acute focal cartilage defects during early-stage OA. We will explore the designs and fabrication strategies of various 3D-printed biomimetic osteochondral interface scaffolds with enhanced mechanics guided by computational simulations. Additionally, we will examine the potential of utilizing osteoblast- and osteoclast-lineage cell co-cultures to improve regenerative outcomes at the bone scaffold layer of osteochondral tissue engineering scaffolds. The long-term goal of this work is to aid in developing a biomimetic 3D printed osteochondral scaffold that has enhanced load-bearing properties and elevated regeneration potential to recreate the unique osteochondral architecture at each distinct tissue layer.