Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments

dc.contributor.authorShi, Zoe W.
dc.contributor.authorChen, Yanli
dc.contributor.authorOgoke, Krystal M.
dc.contributor.authorStrickland, Ashley B.
dc.contributor.authorShi, Meiqing
dc.date.accessioned2024-06-06T14:53:58Z
dc.date.available2024-06-06T14:53:58Z
dc.date.issued2022-12-07
dc.descriptionPartial funding for Open Access provided by the UMD Libraries' Open Access Publishing Fund.
dc.description.abstractCryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated pathogenic fungus that initially infects the lung but can migrate to the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in meningoencephalitis. The organism causes the CNS infection primarily in immunocompromised individuals including HIV/AIDS patients, but also, rarely, in immunocompetent individuals. In HIV/AIDS patients, limited inflammation in the CNS, due to impaired cellular immunity, cannot efficiently clear a C. neoformans infection. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can rapidly restore cellular immunity in HIV/AIDS patients. Paradoxically, ART induces an exaggerated inflammatory response, termed immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), in some HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with C. neoformans. A similar excessive inflammation, referred to as post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS), is also frequently seen in previously healthy individuals suffering from cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. Cryptococcal IRIS and PIIRS are life-threatening complications that kill up to one-third of affected people. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory responses in the CNS during HIV-associated cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. We overview the current understanding of cryptococcal IRIS developed in HIV/AIDS patients and cryptococcal PIIRS occurring in HIV-uninfected individuals. We also describe currently available animal models that closely mimic aspects of cryptococcal IRIS observed in HIV/AIDS patients.
dc.description.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122419
dc.identifierhttps://doi.org/10.13016/pcx8-tyvk
dc.identifier.citationShi, Z.W.; Chen, Y.; Ogoke, K.M.; Strickland, A.B.; Shi, M. Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments. Microorganisms 2022, 10, 2419.
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1903/32593
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relation.isAvailableAtCollege of Agriculture & Natural Resourcesen_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtDepartment of Veterinary Medicineen_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtDigital Repository at the University of Marylanden_us
dc.relation.isAvailableAtUniversity of Maryland (College Park, MD)en_us
dc.subjectfungus
dc.subjectcryptococcus neoformans
dc.subjectHIV/AIDS
dc.subjectantiretroviral therapy (ART)
dc.subjectfungal pathenogenesis
dc.subjectcryptococcal meningitis
dc.subjectcentral nervous system
dc.subjectcytokines
dc.titleCryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Clinical Studies to Animal Experiments
dc.typeArticle
local.equitableAccessSubmissionNo

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