This paper presents a study on the mechanics of material removal for ceramic materials by observing single-point turning process of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). On-line cutting force measurement is performed and the surface integrity is characterized off-line by examining the surface texture. A theoretical analysis of fracture mechanics provides a comprehensive understanding of the chip formation process, and a model describing the material removal mechanisms is discussed. Based on the model, a systematic investigation of the chip fragments formed during machining is performed.