This letter reports a statistical method to estimate detector-dependent systematic error in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal infrared (TIR) Bands 20–25 and 27–36. There exist scan-to-scan overlapped pixels in MODIS data. By analyzing a sufficiently large amount of those most overlapped pixels, the systematic error of each detector in the TIR bands can be estimated. The results show that the Aqua MODIS data are generally better than the Terra MODIS data in 160 MODIS TIR detectors. There are no detector-dependent systematic errors in Bands 31 and 32 for both Terra and Aqua MODIS data. The maximum detector errors are 3.00 K in Band 21 of Terra and −8.15 K in that of Aqua for brightness temperatures of more than 250 K.