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Accurate assessments of Earth’s dynamic processes, which produce earthquakes and volcanoes, require better understanding of rock deformation. All rocks, to some extent, contain pores. In the Earth’s crust, the pore space ...

Continental crust and the underlying lithospheric mantle make up the continental lithosphere of the Earth. Our understanding of its structure and composition is limited by the inaccessibility of Earth’s deep interior. ...

Seismic waves propagating through the interior of planetary bodies arepowerful imaging tools for revealing a high-resolution picture of their internal structures. Owing to the abundant seismic data on Earth, seismology has ...

Much of the continental crust, the 40+ km thick plates of rock that make up the outer shell of our planet, is inaccessible to us living on its surface. Thus its composition is a mystery. We lack the technology to sample ...