This thesis is a collection of three separate projects ordered according to the

historical development of atomic physics, covering first spectroscopy, then laser cooling,

and finally the exploration of quantum dynamics of many-particle states of

ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices. We begin with a description of the theory of

atomic line shapes with unresolvable hyperfine structure. We apply this theory to

experimentally measured spectra of the Lithium D lines and report improved determination

of the absolute transition frequencies and an improved bound of the

difference in 6Li-7Li nuclear charge radius. We then discuss multi-photon processes

in laser cooling and report experimental implementation of multi-photon laser cooling

and magneto optical trapping using short lived excited to excited transitions

in 133Cs. We present a theoretical proposal to laser cool (Anti-) Hydrogen using a

Doppler selective 1S-2S excitation and the Sisyphus effect on the 2S-3P transition.

Finally, we detail the construction and operation of an ultracold 87Rb apparatus

with a double well optical lattice. We use this lattice to prepare excited many-body

states with N´eel antiferromagnetic order and to study the resulting non-equilibrium

magnetization dynamics. We observe regimes where the dynamics is dominated by

superexchange mediated magnetic interactions.