College of Behavioral & Social Sciences
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The collections in this community comprise faculty research works, as well as graduate theses and dissertations..
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Item Application of Behavioral Economic Theory to College Student Drinkers with and without ADHD: A Daily Diary Study(2022) Oddo, Lauren Elizabeth; Chronis-Tuscano, Andrea; Psychology; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)Aims: Young people with ADHD are vulnerable to the initiation and escalation of hazardous alcohol use in college, posing high direct and indirect costs to these individuals and society. Behavioral economic theory proposes key etiological and maintenance factors of hazardous alcohol use that have never been examined at the daily level in connection to ADHD: alcohol demand, substance-free enjoyment and activity engagement, and behavioral activation. Method: College student drinkers with (n=51) and without (n=50) ADHD completed 14 consecutive days of daily diaries (n=1,414). We conducted a series of multilevel path models to examine (1) the effect of ADHD on average daily alcohol demand, substance-free enjoyment and activity engagement, and behavioral activation; (2) the effect of average daily alcohol demand, substance-free enjoyment and activity engagement, and behavioral activation on alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences; and (3) the moderating effect of ADHD on these same-day associations. Results: On average, drinkers with ADHD experienced more daily alcohol-related negative consequences relative to non-ADHD drinkers. ADHD was also associated with less daily substance-free enjoyment and behavioral activation. Regardless of ADHD status, there were significant associations among each behavioral economic risk factor and alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences, though effects differed at the within and between person levels. There were no moderating effects of ADHD on these same-day associations. Conclusion: This is the first study to apply daily diary methodology to examine behavioral economic risk factors among drinkers with versus without ADHD. Results expose areas of daily impairment specific to drinkers with ADHD and meaningfully advance theoretical conceptualizations of ADHD and hazardous alcohol use. Future research identifying daily associations among environmental triggers and alcohol problems in an ecologically valid manner has tremendous potential to inform the development of adaptive interventions delivered to the right people at the right time.Item Essays on the Impact of Social Influence in Industrial Organization and Political Economy(2020) Dalmia, Prateik; Filiz-Ozbay, Emel; Economics; Digital Repository at the University of Maryland; University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)This dissertation theoretically and experimentally investigates the impact of social pressures in markets and politics. In the first chapter, I provide a micro-foundation for persuasive advertising of conspicuous goods that can either be made more attractive by greater popularity ("conformist markets") or by greater exclusivity ("snobbish markets"). Consumers are endowed with a latent attribute measuring some aspect of their identity, and a social status implied by this attribute. Consumers wish to signal a high status, and the function of advertising is to render brands a signaling device by linking products with social identity. In a conformist market, I find that advertising increases demand elasticity, inducing firms to converge on low prices, and can be used by a first mover to deter entry and gain monopoly rents. In this setting, advertising creates a cutthroat environment in which only one product can survive. In a snobbish market, advertising reduces demand elasticity, dampens price competition and promotes firm entry. In this setting, advertising can act as a public good to firms, increasing all firms' prices and profits. Additionally, it can lead to asymmetric equilibria where a firm appealing to high status consumers advertises more heavily, capturing a greater market share and charging a higher price. In the second chapter, Emel-Filiz-Ozbay and I consider a moral hazard problem where workers decide how much effort to put into individual projects that can succeed or fail. In our setting, workers may receive feedback about a partner's outcome, and such pay comparisons might influence their effort. We perform a laboratory experiment and find that subjects who failed increase their effort the next round. Moreover, subjects who failed while their partner succeeded increase their effort more than those whose partner also failed -- consistent with an aversion to being behind. We find that this effect is more pronounced for female subjects than male subjects. In the third chapter, Allan Drazen, Erkut Ozbay and I study the potential tension between between intrinsic reciprocity and forward-looking, instrumental motives. We perform an experiment in a political economy context where incumbent officials may have two competing desires. The first is the intrinsic desire to reciprocate to the kind actions of past voters by investing in policies favorable to them; and the second is the selfish desire to be reelected by investing in policies favorable to future voters to signal policy preference congruence with the latter. Our key finding, both theoretically and experimentally, is that when future and past voters do not perfectly overlap, reelection motives may constrain the intrinsic reciprocity of an elected leader to the voters who put her in office, but do not eliminate it entirely.