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Crenshaw transcripts 2023
(0023-08-24) Crenshaw, Kenyatta; Elby, Andrew
Infinite Red-Shifts in General Relativity
(Cornell University Press, 1967) Misner, Charles W; Beckedorff, David L
The Oppenheimer-Snyder description of continued gravitational collapse is reformulated as a matching together of two familiar solutions of the Einstein gravitational equations. From one solution, the Friedmann cosmology with zero-pressure matter, one selects the interior of a sphere whose points move on timelike geodesics. From the other solution one selects the exterior of such a sphere in the vacuum Schwarzschild solution. For the expected choice of parameters (sphere circumference, interior density, exterior mass) these can be fit together smoothly enough to satisfy the Einstein equations. The matching conditions are that the first and second fundamental forms at the joining 3-surface agree. The description of this collapsing ball of matter survives its passage through Finkelstein's (1958) smooth unidirectional membrane€ at r=2M and is most conveniently presented using the Kruskal coordinates for the Schwarzschild solution. This project was proposed and designed by Misner (choice of solutions and matching requirements), but the execution and first written presentation were carried out by Beckedorff and provided his Princeton senior thesis in April 1962. ( http://www.physics.umd.edu/grt/cwm/Beckedorff1962.pdf ) In this 1963 presentation Misner emphasizes that the properties of matter at high densities are irrelevant to the question of whether such a collapse can occur for sufficiently massive objects. The detailed computations by Beckedorff are here linked in an appended file.
Reaction 58Ni(π+,2p) at 160 MeV
(1986-07) Burger, W.J.; Beise, E.J.; Gilad, S.; Redwine, R.P.; Roos, P.G.; Chant, N.S.; Breuer, H.; Ciangaru, G.; Silk, J.D.; Blanpied, G.S.; Preedom, B.M.; Ritchie, B.G.; Blecher, M.; Gotow, K.; Lee, D.M.; Ziock, H.
Data for the 58Ni(π+,2p) reaction at Tπ=160 MeV were obtained for a number of angle pairs. The resultant angular correlations for T1+T2>160 MeV (guaranteed pion absorption) peak at a separation angle corresponding to absorption on a deuteron at rest. However, simple estimates of initial- and final-state scatterings suggest that less than 50% of the absorption cross section arises from absorption on nucleon pairs. The data show little evidence for scattering of pions before absorption on nucleon pairs.
Measurement of 16O(γ,n)15O at medium energies
(1989-05) Beise, E.J.; Dodson, G.; Garçon, M.; Høibråten, S.; Maher, C.; Pham, L.D.; Redwine, R.P.; Sapp, W.; Wilson, K.E.; Wood, S.A.; Deady, M.
Exclusive differential cross sections for the 16O(γ,n)15O process have been measured for Eγ=150, 200, and 250 MeV and θL=49°, 59°, and 88°. This measurement is the first of its type to be reported for the energy region above the pion production threshold. An uncollimated bremsstrahlung beam was incident on an H2O target, and neutrons were measured with a recoil proton spectrometer with resolution sufficient to identify the residual 15O ground state. The results are compared to (γ,p) data and to calculations including effects from meson exchange currents.
Proton propagation in nuclei studied in the A dependence of the (e,e’p) reaction in the quasifree region
(1989-08) Geesaman, D.F.; Gilman, R.; Green, M.C.; Holt, R.J.; Schiffer, J.P.; Zeidman, B.; Garino, G.; Saber, M.; Segel, R.E.; Beise, E.J.; Dodson, G.W.; Hoibraten, S.; Pham, L.D.; Redwine, R.P.; Sapp, W.W.; Williamson, C.F.; Wood, S.A.; Chant, N.S.; Roos, P.G.; Silk, J.D.; Deady, M.; Maruyama, X.K.
The A dependence of the (e,e’p) reaction in the quasifree region has been measured at an average Q2 of 0.33 (GeV/c)2 for targets of 12C, 27Al, 58Ni, and 181Ta. The outgoing proton kinetic energy was 180±30 MeV. By comparing the ratio of (e,e’p) coincidence to (e,e’) singles yields, average proton transmissions are obtained for each target. The resulting ‘‘mean free path’’ or, more precisely, the attenuation length for protons in the nucleus is significantly longer than expectations based on the free nucleon-nucleon cross section.
Reaction 58Ni(π+,pp) at Tπ+=160 MeV
(1990-05) Burger, B.J.; Beise, E.J.; Gilad, S.; Redwine, R.P.; Roos, P.J.; Chant, N.S.; Breuer, H.; Ciangaru, G.; Silk, J.D.; Blanpied, J.S.; Preedom, B.M.; Ritchie, B.G.; Blecher, M.; Gotow, K.; Lee, D.M.
The reaction 58Ni(π+,pp) was studied with good energy resolution for an incident pion energy of 160 MeV. The angular correlation of the outgoing protons was measured for θlab=30°, 75°, and 130°. From these angular correlations the contribution from direct two-nucleon absorption was extracted. A Monte Carlo calculation modeling the absorption process in terms of initial-state scattering of the pion before absorption, two-nucleon absorption, and final-state scattering of the outgoing nucleons is compared to the data. We conclude that within this framework the two-nucleon mechanism can account for less than half of the total absorption cross section in 58Ni. We report results for the low-energy coincidence proton spectra (down to 5 MeV) which suggest that most of these protons come from evaporation. Angular correlation data for the reaction 58Ni(π-,pp) are also presented.
Measurement of inclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He
(1990-08) Woodward, C.E.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, J.E.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Lorenzon, W.B.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.; O'Neill, T.G.; Dodson, G.; Dow, K.; Farkhondeh, M.; Kowalski, S.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.; Milner, R.; Thompson, A.; Tieger, D.; van den Brand, J.; Young, A.; Yu, X.; Zumbro, J.
We report a measurement of the asymmetry in spin-dependent quasielastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from a polarized 3He gas target. This measurement represents the first demonstration of a new method for studying electromagnetic nuclear structure: the scattering of polarized electrons from a polarized nuclear target. The measured asymmetry is in good agreement with a Faddeev calculation and supports the picture of spin-dependent quasielastic scattering from polarized 3He as predominantly scattering from a polarized neutron.
Measurement of tensor polarization in elastic electron-deuteron scattering in the momentum-transfer range 3.8≤q≤4.6 fm-1
(1991-07) The, I.; Arvieux, J.; Beck, D.H.; Beise, E.J.; Boudard, A.; Cairns, E.B.; Cameron, J.M.; Dodson, G.W.; Dow, K.A.; Farkhondeh, M.; Fielding, H.W.; Flanz, J.B.; Garcon, M.; Goloskie, R.; Hoibraten, S.; Jourdan, J.; Kowalski, S.; Lapointe, C.; McDonald, W.J.; Ni, B.; Pham, L.D.; Redwine, R.P.; Rodning, N.L.; Roy, G.; Schulze, M.E.; Souder, P.A.; Soukup, J.; Turchinetz, W.E.; Williamson, C.F.; Wilson, K.E.; Wood, S.A.; Zeigler, W.
The tensor polarization t20 of the recoil deuteron in elastic e-d scattering has been measured for three values of four-momentum transfer, q=3.78, 4.22, and 4.62 fm-1. The data have been used to locate the first node in the charge monopole form factor of the deuteron at q=4.39±0.16 fm-1. The results for t20 are in reasonable agreement with expectations based on the nucleon-meson description of nuclear dynamics
Determination of the neutron electric form factor in quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He
(1991-08) Jones-Woodward, C.E.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, J.E.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Lorenzon, W.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.A.; O'Neill, T.G.; Dodson, G.; Dow, K.; Farkhondeh, M.; Kowalski, S.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.; Milner, R.; Thompson, A.; Teiger, D.; van den Brand, J.F.L.; Young, A.; Yu, X.; Zumbro, J.D.
We report a measurement of the asymmetry in spin-dependent quasielastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from a polarized 3He gas target. The asymmetry is measured at kinematics sensitive to the transverse-longitudinal response function RTL(Q2,ω). The value of the neutron electric form factor GEn(Q2=0.16 (GeV/c2))=+0.070±0.100±0.035 is extracted from the asymmetry using a Faddeev calculation of the 3He wave function.
Proton propagation in nuclei studied in the (e,e’p) reaction
(1992-02) Geesaman, D.F.; Gilman, R.; Green, M.C.; Holt, R.J.; Schiffer, J.P.; Zeidman, B.; Garino, G.; Saber, M.; Segel, R.E.; Beise, E.J.; Dodson, G.W.; Hoibraten, S.; Pham, L.D.; Redwine, R.P.; Sapp, W.W.; Williamson, C.F.; Wood, S.A.; Chant, N.S.; Roos, P.G.; Silk, J.D.; Deady, M.; Maruyama, X.K.
Proton propagation in nuclei was studied using the (e,e’p) reaction in the quasifree region. The coincidence (e,e’p) cross sections were measured at an electron angle of 50.4° and proton angles of 50.1°, 58.2°, 67.9°, and 72.9° for 12C, 27Al, 58Ni, and 181Ta targets at a beam energy of 779.5 MeV. The average outgoing proton energy was 180 MeV. The ratio of the (e,e’p) yield to the simultaneously measured (e,e’) yield was compared to that calculated in the plane-wave impulse approximation and an experimental transmission defined. These experimental transmissions are considerably larger (a factor of ∼2 for 181Ta) than those one would calculate from the free N-N cross sections folded into the nuclear density distribution. A new calculation that includes medium effects (N-N correlations, density dependence of the N-N cross sections and Pauli suppression) accounts for this increase.
Exclusive 16O(γ,π-p) reaction in the Δ resonance region
(1992-08) Pham, L.D.; Høibråten, S.; Redwine, R.P.; Tieger, D.R.; van der Steenhoven, G.; Wilson, K.E.; Yuly, M.E.; Federspiel, F.J.; Eisenstein, R.A.; Nathan, A.M.; Wood, S.A.; Beise, E.J.
We report the first exclusive (γ,π-p) measurements on a complex nucleus. The 16O(γ,π-p) reaction was measured at pion laboratory angles of 64° and 120°. Coincident protons were detected over the quasifree angular correlation range using a vertical array of seven plastic scintillator detectors spanning ±33° about the scattering plane. The cross sections are compared to factorized distorted-wave impulse approximation calculations; these provide a good description of the backward angle data, but are in serious disagreement with the forward angle data.
He→3(e→e′) quasielastic asymmetry
(1993-01) Jones, C.E.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, J.E.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Lorenzon, W.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.A.; O'Neill, T.G.; Dodson, G.W.; Dow, K.; Farkhondeh, M.; Kowalski, S.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.; Milner, R.; Thompson, A.; Teiger, D.; van den Brand, J.F.L.; Young, A.; Yu, X.; Zumbro, J.D.
Measurements of the spin-dependent asymmetry in scattering longitudinally polarized electrons from polarized He3 at quasielastic kinematics are reported. The measurements were made at two kinematics and spin angles, one sensitive to the helicity-dependent transverse-longitudinal interference response function, RTL′, and the other to the helicity-dependent transverse response function, RT′. For the experiment a metastability exchange optically pumped polarized He3 target was used; a general discussion of the technique used to polarized the He3, along with the details of the design and operation of the target system, are presented here. A comparison is made of the world’s data on the He→3(e→,e′) quasielastic asymmetry with several theoretical predictions, including calculations that use the plane wave impulse approximation and a fully spin-dependent spectral function. There is good agreement between data and theory at the current level of experimental precision.
Momentum transfer dependence of nuclear transparency from the quasielastic 12C(e,e’p) reaction
(1994-03) Makins, N.C.R.; Ent, R.; Chapman, M.S.; Hansen, J.-O.; Lee, K.; Milner, R.G.; Nelson, J.; Bosted, P.E.; Keppel, C.E.; Lung, A.; Rock, S.E.; Spengos, M.; Szalata, Z.M.; Tao, L.H.; White, J.L.; Coulter, K.P.; Geesaman, D.F.; Holt, R.J.; Jackson, H.E.; Papavassiliou, V.; Potterveld, D.H.; Zeidman, B.; Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, E.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Lorenzon, W.; Mueller, B.; McKeown, R.D.; O'Neill, T.G.; Epstein, M.; Margaziotis, D.J.; Napolitano, J.; Anthony, P.L.; van Bibber, K.; Dietrich, F.S.; Gearhart, R.A.; Petratos, G.G.; Kuhn, S.E.
The cross section for quasielastic 12C(e,e’p) scattering has been measured at momentum transfer Q2=1, 3, 5, and 6.8 (GeV/c)2. The results are consistent with scattering from a single nucleon as the dominant process. The nuclear transparency is obtained and compared with theoretical calculations that incorporate color transparency effects. No significant rise of the transparency with Q2 is observed.
Tensor polarization in elastic electron-deuteron scattering in the momentum transfer range 3.8≤Q≤4.6 fm-1
(1994-05) Garçon, M.; Arvieux, J.; Beck, D.H.; Beise, E.J.; Boudard, A.; Cairns, E.B.; Cameron, J.M.; Dodson, G.W.; Dow, K.A.; Farkhondeh, M.; Fielding, H.W.; Flanz, J.B.; Goloskie, R.; Hoibraten, S.; Jourdan, J.; Kowlaski, S.; Lapointe, C.; McDonald, W.J.; Ni, B.; Pham, L.D.; Redwine, R.P.; Rodning, N.L.; Roy, G.; Schulze, M.E.; Souder, P.A.; Soukup, J.; The, I.; Turchinetz, W.E.; Williamson, C.F.; Wilson, K.E.; Wood, S.A.; Zeigler, W.
The tensor polarization of the recoil deuteron in elastic electron-deuteron scattering has been measured at the Bates Linear Accelerator Center at three values of four-momentum transfer Q=3.78, 4.22, and 4.62 fm-1, corresponding to incident electron energies of 653, 755, and 853 MeV. The scattered electrons and the recoil deuterons were detected in coincidence. The recoil deuterons were transported to a liquid hydrogen target to undergo a second scattering. The angular distribution of the d→-p scattering was measured using a polarimeter. The polarimeter was calibrated in an auxiliary experiment using a polarized deuteron beam at the Laboratoire National Saturne. A Monte Carlo procedure was used to generate interpolated calibration data because the energy spread in the deuteron energies in the Bates experiment spanned the range of deuteron energies in the calibration experiment. The extracted values of t20 are compared to predictions of different theoretical models of the electromagnetic form factors of the deuteron: nonrelativistic and relativistic nucleon-meson dynamics, Skyrme model, quark models, and perturbative quantum chromodynamics. Along with the world data the structure functions A(Q) and B(Q) are used to separate the charge monopole and charge quadrupole form factors of the deuteron. A node in the charge monopole form factor is observed at Q=4.39±0.16 fm-1.
Measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor from inclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He
(1994-08) Gao, A.; Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Bray, B.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Lung, A.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.; Pitt, M.L.; Jones, C.E.; DeSchepper, D.; Dodson, G.; Dow, K.; Ent, R.; Farkhondeh, M.; Hansen, J.-O.; Korsch, W.; Kramer, L.H.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.; Milner, R.G.; Teiger, D.R.; Welch, T.P.; Candell, E.; Napolitano, J.; Wojtsekhowski, B.B.; Tripp, C.; Lorenzon, W.
We report a measurement of the asymmetry in spin-dependent quasielastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from a polarized 3He target. The neutron magnetic form factor GMn has been extracted from the measured asymmetry based on recent PWIA calculations using spin-dependent spectral functions. Our determination of GMn at Q2=0.19 (GeV/c)2 agrees with the dipole parametrization. This experiment represents the first measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor using spin-dependent electron scattering.
Two-Body Photodisintegration of the Deuteron up to 2.8 GeV
(The American Physical Society, 1995-01) Belz, J.E.; Potterveld, D.H.; Anthony, P.; Arnold, R.G.; Arrington, J.; Beck, D.; Beise, E.J.; Bosted, P.E.; Bulten, H.-J.; Chapman, M.S.; Coulter, K.P.; Dietrich, F.; Ent, R.; Epstein, M.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Gearhart, R.A.; Geesaman, D.F.; Hansen, J.-O.; Holt, R.J.; Jackson, H.E.; Jones, C.E.; Keppel, C.E.; Kinney, E.R.; Kuhn, S.; Lee, K.; Lorenzon, W.; Makins, N.C.R.; Lung, A.; Margaziotis, D.J.; McKeown, R.D.; Meziani, Z.E.; Milner, R.G.; Mueller, B.; Napolitano, J.; Nelson, J.; O'Neill, T.G.; Papavassiliou, V.; Petratos, G.G.; Rock, S.E.; Segel, R.E.; Spengos, M.; Szalta, Z.M.; Tao, L.H.; van Bibber, K.; van der Brand, F.J.; White, J.L.; Zeidman, B.
Measurements were performed for the photodisintegration cross section of the deuteron for photon energies from 1.6 to 2.8 GeV and center-of-mass angles from 37° to 90°. The measured energy dependence of the cross section at θc.m.=90° is in agreement with the constituent counting rules.
Transverse-Longitudinal Asymmetry in the Quasielastic 3He⃗(e⃗, e′) Reaction
(The American Physical Society, 1995-01-30) Hansen, J.-O.; Titko, M.A.; DeSchepper, D.; Dodson, G.; Donnelly, T.W.; Ent, K.; Farkhondeh, M.; Korsch, W.; Kramer, L.H.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.C.R.; Milner, R.G.; Tieger, D.R.; Welch, T.P.; Jones, C.E.; Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Bray, B.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Lung, A.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.; Pitt, M.L.; Schulze, R.-W.; Sauer, U.; Candell, E.; Napolitano, J.; Tripp, C.; Wojtsekhowski, B.B.; Lorenzon, W.; Dow R.
The transverse-longitudinal asymmetry ATL′ in 3He⃗(e⃗, e′) quasielastic scattering at momentum transfer Q2=0.14 (GeV/c)2 has been measured to be 1.52 ± 0.55(stat) ± 0.15(syst)%. The plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) prediction for this measurement ranges from 2.1% to 2.9%, where the variation is due to uncertainty in the initial state wave function, nucleon form factors, and off-shell prescription. The data may suggest a suppression with respect to the PWIA, which has also been observed for the unpolarized longitudinal response function.
Exclusive Electron Scattering from Deuterium at High Momentum Transfer
(American Physical Society, 1995-06-12) Bulten, H.J.; Anthony, P.L.; Arnold, R.G.; Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, E.; van Bibber, K.; Bosted, P.E.; van den Brand, J.F.J.; Chapman, M.S.; Coulter, K.P.; Dietrich, F.S.; Ent, R.; Epstein, M.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Gearhart, R.A.; Geesaman, D.F.; Holt, R.J.; Jackson, H.E.; Jones, C.E.; Keppel, C.E.; Kinney, E.; Kuhn, S.E.; Lee, K.; Lorenzon, W.; Lung, A.; Makins, N.C.R.; Margaziotis, D.J.; McKeown, R.D.; Milner, R.G.; Mueller, B.; Napolitano, J.; Nelson, J.; O'Neill, T.G.; Papavassiliou, V.; Petratos, G.G.; Rock, S.E.; Spengos, M.; Szalata, Z.M.; Tao, L.H.; White, J.L.; Zeidman, B.
Cross sections are presented for the reaction 2H(e,e′p)n for momentum transfers in the range 1.2≤Q2≤6.8(GeV/c)2 and for missing momenta from 0 to 250 MeV/c. The longitudinal-transverse interference structure function has been separated at Q2 = 1.2(GeV/c)2. The observables are compared to calculations performed in nonrelativistic and relativistic frameworks. The data are best described by a fully relativistic calculation.
Measurement of the spin-dependent asymmetry in 3→(e→,e′) inelastic scattering at low energy transfer
(1995-09) Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Bray, B.; Carr, R.W.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Lung, A.; McKeown, R.D.; Mueller, B.; Pitt, M.L.; DeSchepper, D.; Dodson, G.; Dow, K.; Ent, R.; Farkhondeh, M.; Hansen, J.-O.; Korsch, W.; Kramer, L.H.; Lee, K.; Makins, N.C.R.; Milner, R.G.; Teiger, D.R.; Welch, T.P.; Candell, E.; Napolitano, J.; Tripp, C.; Wojtsekhowski, B.B.
We present the results of a measurement of the spin-dependent asymmetry in 3→(e→,e′) inelastic scattering at kinematics on the low-energy transfer side of the quasielastic peak, including the region near the breakup threshold. Comparison with existing calculations based upon the plane wave impulse approximation shows significant deviation between the data and the model near the breakup threshold. Good agreement between data and theory is seen at higher energy transfer.
Evidence for virtual Compton scattering from the proton
(1995-11) van der Brand, J.F.J.; Ent, R.; Anthony, P.L.; Arnold, R.G.; Arrington, J.; Beise, E.J.; Belz, J.E.; Bosted, P.E.; Bulten, H.-J.; Chapman, M.S.; Coulter, K.P.; Dietrich, F.S.; Epstein, M.; Filippone, B.W.; Gao, H.; Gearheat, R.A.; Geesaman, D.F.; Hansen, J.-O.; Holt, R.J.; Jackson, H.E.; Jones, C.E.; Margaziotis, D.J.; McKeown, R.D.; Milner, R.G.; Mueller, B.; Napolitano, J.; Nelson, J.; Keppel, C.E.; Kinney, R.D.; Kuhn, S.; Lee, K.; Lorenzon, W.; Lung, A.; Makins, N.C.R.; O'Neill, T.G.; Papavassiliou, V.; Petratos, G.; Potterveld, D.H.; Rock, S.E.; Spengos, M.; Szalata, Z.M.; Tao, L.H.; van Bibber, K.; Wasson, D.A.; White, J.L.; Zeidman, B.
In virtual Compton scattering an electron is scattered off a nucleon such that the nucleon emits a photon. We show that these events can be selected experimentally, and present the first evidence for virtual Compton scattering from the proton in data obtained at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. The angular and energy dependence of the data is well described by a calculation that includes the coherent sum of electron and proton radiation.

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