Urban and Regional Planning and Design Research Works
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Item La arquitectura y la producción de imágenes de tarjeta postal: La invocación de la tradición versus el regionalismo crítico en Curitiba(Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 2001) Irazabal, ClaraItem Do Pruitt-Igoe ao World Trade CENTER: PLANEJANDO A EX/IMPLOSÃO do (pós)modernismo(ANPUR, 2003) Irazabal, ClaraItem Ultrapassando o debate entre convergência e divergência urbanas: a arquitetura e o urbanismo em um contexto global(Instituto de Planejamento Urbano e Regional - IPPUR, 2003) Irazabal, ClaraItem A Planned City Comes of Age: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana Today(Project Muse, 2004) Irazabal, ClaraIn the 1960s, planners from MIT and Harvard, supported by an interdisciplinary group, were invited by the Venezuelan government to interact with national professionals to create a "growth pole" in the southern part of the country. A city named Ciudad Guayana was founded in 1961. The planning process that followed was extensively documented by this group of American scholars and their counterparts in Venezuela. Probably the strongest critique to this process has been presented by the American anthropologist Lisa Peattie who, in Planning: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana (1987), unveils the unbridgeable gap between the "platonic city" designed by the planners based on the development paradigm, and the "aristotelian city" that unfolded in reality. This study investigates national and local politics in the planning, decision-making, and building practices of the city, and their definite imprint on its urban form and quality of life. Emphasis is placed on the last 15 years, and particularly the period since 1999, when Hugo Chávez Frías assumed the presidency of Venezuela. En la década de 1960, un grupo interdisciplinario de planificadores del MIT y Harvard fueron invitados por el gobierno nacional Venezolano a trabajar recíprocamente con profesionales Venezolanos para crear un "polo de desarrollo" en la parte sur del país. Como consecuencia de este proceso, se (re)fundó una ciudad en 1961 llamada Ciudad Guayana. El proceso de planificación que siguió fue documentado extensivamente por este grupo de expertos Estadounidenses y sus contrapartes en Venezuela. Probablemente la crítica más fuerte a este proceso, presentada por la antropóloga estadounidense Lisa Peattie en Planning: Rethinking Ciudad Guayana (1987), revela la significativa brecha entre la "ciudad Platónica" diseñada por los proyectistas con base en el paradigma de "desarrollo", y la "ciudad Aristotélica" que se desplegó en la realidad. Este artículo investiga la política local y nacional en la toma de decisiones y las prácticas de desarrollo urbano en Ciudad Guayana, y su impacto en la forma urbana y en la calidad de vida en la ciudad. El énfasis se pone en los últimos 15 años, y particularmente desde 1999, cuando Hugo Chávez Frías asumió la presidencia de Venezuela.Item Entertainment-Retail Centres in Hong Kong and Los Angeles: Trends and Lessons(Taylor & Francis, 2007) Irazabal, Clara; Chakravarty, SurajitThis paper examines the evolution and recent trends in the design of Entertainment Retail Centres (ERCs) in Los Angeles and Hong Kong. Most of the literature on spaces of consumption and leisure deals with economic reasons for the development of these spaces, and with the social, cultural, and political implications of the phenomenon. There are limitations to this approach that this study addresses. First, there has been a lack of attention to processes of globalization in the analysis of these spaces. Furthermore, a largely US-centred approach has left out an understanding of the significance of the ERC phenomenon in other societies. Secondly, the literature lacks a sufficient appreciation of the particularities of urban planning and design associated with ERCs. A body of work addresses the issues of the organization of space within the mall, and its architectonics. However, these studies are by definition limited to the complex, and not oriented towards the urban setting. This paper seeks to address these gaps by moving towards an understanding of the relationship of entertainment retail spaces to their urban and glocal contexts. It considers ERCs not only for the construction of economics, but also of urban, social, and cultural forces, and simultaneously as agents for the mediation of these forces in the built environment of localized places. The analysis is organized along four related themes—land use, transportation, urban design, and consumption patterns. The conclusion offers lessons that can orient both these global cities’ trajectories and those of the cities that follow in their footsteps.Item Bounded Tourism: Immigrant Politics, Consumption, and Traditions at Plaza Mexico(Taylor & Francis, 2007) Irazabal, Clara; Gomez-Barris, MacarenaConceived and owned by Korean investors, the shopping mall Plaza Mexico in Southern California embodies a unique case of invention and commodification of traditions for locally-bound immigrants and US citizens of Mexican descent, showing the force of the contemporary processes of deterritorialisation and reterritorilisation of identities and the recreations of imagined conceptions of homeland. The Plaza is a unique architectural recreation of Mexican regional and national icons that make its patrons feel ‘as if you were in Mexico’. Plaza Mexico produces a space of diasporic, bounded tourism, whereby venture capitalists opportunistically reinvent tradition within a structural context of constrained immigrant mobility. While most of the contemporary theory of tourism, travel and place emphasise the erosion of national boundaries and the fluidity of territories, the case of Plaza Mexico brings us to appreciate this phenomenon and its opposite as well – the strengthening of national borders and their impact on the (in)mobility of millions of individuals.Item Constitutional Reforms in Venezuela Foretell a Planning Revolution(Planner's Network, 2007) Irazabal, ClaraItem Citizenship, Democracy, and Public Space(Planner's Network, 2008) Irazabal, ClaraItem Venezuela’s Communal Councils and the Role of Planners(Planner's Network, 2008) Irazabal, Clara; Foley, JohnItem Bounded Tourism: Plaza Mexico in California(Planner's Network, 2008) Irazabal, Clara; Gomez-Barris, MacarenaItem “Revisiting urban planning in Latin America and the Caribbean.”(Columbia Academic Commons, 2009) Irazabal, ClaraThis regional study reviews urban planning conditions and trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is one of eight regional studies that will serve as inputs into the various chapters of the 2009 Global Report on Human Settlements. The report is organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1 identifies recent fundamental challenges faced by urban areas in the region. Chapter 2 describes the varying nature of the urban context within which planning takes place, with emphasis on the socio-spatial issues which are of concern to urban planning. Chapter 3 reviews the emergence of contemporary or modern urban planning. A discussion of the nature of the institutional and regulatory framework for urban planning is then provided in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 examines the extent to which the planning process is inclusive of relevant stakeholders and communities (participatory/collaborative planning). Chapter 6 considers the role of urban planning in promoting sustainable urban development. An assessment of planning responses to informality in cities including the emergence of related processes (peri-urbanization, urban sprawl, metropolitanization and rural densification) is undertaken in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8, the effects of infrastructure provision on the spatial structure of cities and the implications for planning are reviewed. Chapter 9 discusses the extent to which monitoring and evaluation of urban plans is an integral part of planning processes. Lastly, the final Chapter focuses on the trends in planning education within the region.Item Transnational meanings of La Virgen de Guadalupe: Religiosity, space and culture at Plaza Mexico(Taylor & Francis, 2009) Gomez-Barris, Macarena; Irazabal, ClaraIn this paper, we examine Plaza Mexico in Lynwood, California, a magnet for Latino communities from throughout the greater Los Angeles region, to show immigrants’ use of space to produce transnational communities as coherent. One of the key ways that immigrant identity is formed in this space is through cultural religiosity. Despite the fact that Plaza Mexico is a shopping mall, the place gathers participation from Mexican immigrants and Latinos of other national origins at key times of religious expression during the year. Following what Holloway calls ‘enchanted space’, we analyse the Day of the Dead celebration (2 November) and the Virgen de Guadalupe celebration (during and after 12 December) to discuss the transformation of the mall into a multidimensional place that encompasses secular, religious, cultural and political expressions. We show how Plaza Mexico provides a rich location from which to understand transnational cultural connections and familial transmissions of culture between different generations of immigrants which we term ‘affective connectivity’.Item Immigration and Integration in Urban Communities: Renegotiating the City(Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg, 2010) Irazabal, ClaraItem Planning by Transnational Institutions: Can Big Be Beautiful?(Planner's Network, 2010) Irazabal, ClaraItem Golden geese or white elephants? The paradoxes of world heritage sites and community-based tourism development in Agra, India(Taylor & Francis, 2011) Chakravarty, Surajit; Irazabal, ClaraThis study examines the relationship between World Heritage Sites (WHSs) and local community development in Agra, India. We investigate two interrelated themes: the role of planning in developing the tourism potential of the Taj Mahal and other WHSs in Agra, and the impact of the WHS framework on the development of the city. We analyze the weaknesses of the institutions and agencies responsible for Agra’s inability to convert the development potential created by its three WHSs into significant economic, community and infrastructure improvements. The Agra case reveals a set of developmental paradoxes, whereby the restructuring of the tourist industry induced by the designation of WHSs does not lead to proportionate advances in local community development. Several factors were found to be systemic problems, but some recent schemes are worth supporting and expanding. The paradoxes and potential of economic, tourism, and community development in Agra echo those of other developing localities which host WHSs around the world. Following an assessment of problems and challenges, a set of recommendations is directed toward the development of pro-poor, community-based heritage tourism with the aim of informing integrated planning for the community and for heritage and tourism resources in the future.Item Espacio, revolución y resistencia: Lugares ordinarios y eventos extraordinarios en Caracas(Organización Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Centros Históricas, 2012) Irazabal, Clara; Foley, JohnItem El Movimiento Ocupa Wall Street: Lecciones de Movimientos Latinoamericanos y de Derechos de los Inmigrantes en EEUU(Departamento de Urbanística y Ordenación del Territorio, 2012) Irazabal, Clara; Fumero, GabrielEste ensayo indica la importancia de situar el movimiento estadounidense Ocupa Wall Street (OWS) en un contexto global de precedentes de movimientos sociales en protesta contra condiciones opresoras de determinados grupos sociales. En par- ticular, señala la oportunidad que tiene el OWS de reflexionar y aprender de movimientos de protestas y proyectos políticos en contextos latinoamericanos en contra del neoliberalismo y en el contexto de luchas en favor de los derechos de latina/os e inmigrantes en los Estados Unidos. Mientras que en algunos casos latinoamericanos los repertorios de protesta pública, y en particular las ocupaciones de espacios públicos, han ayudado a la elección de representantes políticos que apoyan las agendas populares, en el caso de las recientes luchas pro-inmigrante en los Estados Unidos las demostraciones públicas han estado seguidas de una reacción gubernamental represiva que ha empeorado tanto el riesgo y las condiciones de los inmigrantes sin autorización como la capacidad movilizadora del movimiento que los apoya. El artículo argumenta que, al igual que en estos precedentes, el OWS en EEUU pudiera resultar en la elección de políticos más afines a las demandas del movimiento, o por el contrario, agudizar los aparatos de control y represión en contra de la disensión pública. This essay shows the importance of placing Occupy Wall Street (OWS) in a global context of preceding social movements protesting against oppressive conditions from certain social groups. In particular, it suggests the opportunity that OWS has for thinking on and learning from Latin-American contestation and political projects against neoliberalism and in struggle for the rights of latina/os and immigrants in the United States. While in some Latin-American cases public protests, and in particular the occupation of public spaces, have helped in the election of political representatives who support popular agendas, in the case of recent pro-immigrant struggles in the United States the public demonstrations have been followed by a repressive governmental reaction that has seriously worsened both the conditions of non-authorized immigrants and the capacities of the movement that supports them. The article argues that, as in these precedents, OWS could result in the election of politicians that recognize the demands of the movement, or, on the contrary, reinforce the devices of control and repression against public disagreement.Item Beyond ‘Latino New Urbanism’: advocating ethnurbanisms(Taylor & Francis, 2012) Irazabal, ClaraThis paper discusses the notion of Latino New Urbanism (LNU) and reflects on the significance of ethnic-based reformulations of urban practices and living preferences in Los Angeles and the potential these have for the transformation of policy making and development practices in the region and beyond. Can LNU truly avoid the pitfalls of New Urbanism and represent a new way of conceiving urbanism – one that is explicit and inclusive in its ways of recognizing and addressing ethnoracial and class diversity? Can LNU instead be intentionally or unintentionally used to mask some structural social problems that Latina/os face in the US? All of this poses questions related to the assessment of LNU in the context of tensions between structure vs. agency, diluting vs. celebrating ethnoracial differences, and oppressive vs. liberating urban design and community-building practices. Based on those considerations, I offer an alternate notion of multiple and evolving ethnurbanisms.Item Emerging issues in planning: ethno-racial intersections(Taylor & Francis, 2015) Gonzalez, Erualdo R.; Irazabal, ClaraItem Enabling community-higher education partnerships: common challenges, multiple perspectives(Elsevier Science Direct, 2015) Irazabal, Clara; Mendoza-Arroyo, Carmen; Oritz Arciniegas, Catalina; Oritz Sanchez, Rubyselen; Maya, JairoSince planning is an applied discipline that deals with real places and communities and has urban environmental sustainability as one of its primary raison deter, we believe cooperation between communities and higher education helps realize planning principles and strengthen social responsibility and ‘service-learning’ ethics in young professionals. This paper offers an open reflection from local community representatives, students, and professors from diverse institutional and geographic settings on a joint experience in an international, community-higher education planning studio. It focused on analyzing and proposing alternatives to a greenbelt project conceived as a mechanism to contain urban growth while controversially causing the relocation of dwellers of the selfbuilt ‘Commune 8’ located in Medellı´n, Colombia. We stress the relevance of community-higher education partnerships when developing action-oriented research and contextually relevant solutions. We also examine critical factors for these partnerships, such as motivations, approaches to community engagement, protocols for knowledge transfer, challenges, and future visions and directions.