<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><xml><records><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>164</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">164</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ackerman, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesler, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Listera cordata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">820-824</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1733</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Listera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#RMBL</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of northern California populations of Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. is presented. The flowers are allogamous, self-compatible, and protandrous. At anthesis, access to the stigma is blocked by the flap-like rostellum. When an insect contacts the touch-sensitive trigger hairs of the rostellum, the pollinia are suddenly released and become cemented to the insect&apos;s body. One to two days after the pollinia are removed, the rostellum rises and exposes the receptive stigma. Visitors are attracted to the flowers by their foul odor and minute quantities of nectar presented on the surface of the labellum. Pollination efficiency is high with 61-78% of flowers from several localities setting fruit. The most important and abundant pollinators of L. cordata at our study sites are fungus gnats (Sciaridae and Mycetophylidae). Other less frequently encountered pollinators are members of these families: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Tipulidae. At present, there is no compelling evidence that the floral characteristics of L. cordata have evolved as a result of an evolutionary interaction with any specific group of insects. Nor is there any indication that the flowers are sapromyophilous, despite their putrid odor.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>235</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">235</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Affre, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debussche, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive biology of the Mediterranean endemic </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cyclamen balearicum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Willk. (Primulaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-330</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4776</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyclamen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herkogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primulaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>247</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">247</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnew, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case of myiophily involving Drosophilidae (Diptera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Meve and Liede</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27439</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ajerrar, Abdelhadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akroud, Houda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ait Aabd, Naima</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qessaoui, Redouan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amarraque, Abderrahim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lahmyd, Hind</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaafrani, Mina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chebli, Bouchra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayad, El Hassan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouharroud, Rachid</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination system and effective pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Argania spinosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L. Skeels)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Argania</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapotaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/05/15/</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1658-077X</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work deals with Argania spinosa breeding system and its associated pollinators in two different sites located in Souss valley. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of three pollination treatments on the percentage of fruit set of argan tree as well as to determine its potential pollinators. To study the breeding system, three treatments were applied for flower buds. The first treatment is an open pollination for insects and wind, the second one concerns only wind pollination, and the third one is a self-pollination. On the other hand, flower visitors were assessed to evaluate their frequency (F) and their activity rate (AR) which were exploited to calculate the index of visitation rate (IVR = F × AR) for each visitor. Pollen loads were also counted for the main pollinators as well as their foraging behavior. A highly significant fruit set was obtained from insect open pollination compared to the other treatments (p &lt; 0.001), which ensures up to 88.05% of fruit set. However, 7.94% and 4.01% of fruit set were obtained from wind pollination and self pollination respectively. Forty three species visit argan flowers at both sites (43 insects visitors in Belfaa vs 38 in Azrarag). Highly significant frequency for Hymenoptera was recorded in Azrarag 53.2% than Belfaa (25.4%). On the other hand, a highly significant frequency for Diptera was recorded in Belfaa (61.9%) than Azrarag (36%). However, no significant difference was recorded for Coleoptera frequency in both sites (P = 0.08). Based on pollen loads and IVR, Apis mellifera, Halictidae bees, and Syrphidae species were the most pollinators for the argan tree. IVR computed for A. mellifera and their pollen loads were highly significant compared with other visitors. Breeding system of argan tree is closely dependent on insect pollination. Management of argan forest and orchards should be designed to increase and preserve insects community.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658077X20300266</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2020.04.002</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>393</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">393</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albre, Jerome</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibernau, Marc</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arum italicum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae) in the south of France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-49</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit abortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator abundance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychoda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive success of Arum italicum in south-western France showed a positive relationship with plant vigour at both the plant (number of inflorescences) and inflorescence (number of seeds) levels. However, the infructescence and berry numbers were not related to the number of inflorescences, and two-fold more seeds were produced by individuals flowering several times than by those flowering just once. Moreover, the reproductive success of this species appeared to be limited by the high abortion rate (50%), strong predation pressure on the inflorescences (34%), and low seed set rate of nonpredated inflorescences (36%), suggesting pollination limitation. Nevertheless, a positive relationship was found between the mean number of Psychoda trapped per inflorescence and the number of maturing infructescences, particularly for the most abundant species, Psychoda crassipenis. Therefore, pollinator availability appeared to be an important limiting factor for fructification in the studied population, by contrast with other studies in which the fruit set appeared to be related more strongly to the density of inflorescences. Such different results may have been caused by the relatively low abundance of Psychoda in the present study. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00737.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00737.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>569</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">569</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anburaja, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nandagopalan, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prakash, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly as pollinator in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Caralluma umbellata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haw. (Asclepiadaceae) found in the Pachamalai hills, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Research in Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-407</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caralluma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">India</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination studies have been done in the Caralluma umbellata , a member of Asclepiadaceae found in the Pachamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. The hills lie between latitudes 11°09&apos;00&quot; to 11°27&apos;00&quot; N and longitudes 78°28&apos;00&quot; to 78°49&apos;00&quot; E. The studies were carried out between April 2006 and April 2008. The main scope of the work was to investigate the pollination of the C. umbellata . Pollinator captures were carried out by (1) stalking near plants visually searching for arrival of probable pollinators and (2) random captures in the sampling area. The phenology of flowering is starting in the month of February and extended up to April. The fruit set is starting in the month of June onwards. The pollination in the C. umbellata is mainly done by house fly. A fleshy odour is produced during the peak flowering season. This odouring attracts the pollinator towards the flowers. The activity of the pollinator is almost peak during 14:15 hrs to 17:30 hrs. The time duration of the fly retaining in the flower is varied from few minutes to 25 minutes. The average time of the fly visiting the flower is 8.29 ± 7.98 minutes. </style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>594</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">594</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Bruce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Steven D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbutt, Clinton</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exploitation of a specialized mutualism by a deceptive orchid</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Bot.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1342-1349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-tongued fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosoeca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zaluzianskya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August 1, 2005</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants that lack floral rewards may nevertheless attract pollinators through mimetic resemblance to the flowers of co-occurring rewarding plants. We show how a deceptive orchid (Disa nivea) successfully exploits a reciprocally specialized mutualism between a nectar-producing plant (Zaluzianskya microsiphon) and its long-proboscid fly pollinator (Prosoeca ganglbaueri). Disa nivea is a rare southern African orchid known only from habitats that support large populations of Z. microsiphon, which it closely resembles in both general morphology and floral spectral reflectance. Significant covariation in floral traits of Z. microsiphon and D. nivea was detected among populations. Where mimics are uncommon, flies do not appear to discriminate between the flowers of the two species. Pollination success in D. nivea was much higher at a site with abundant Z. microsiphon plants than at a site where Z. microsiphon was rare. Exploitation of a highly specialized mutualism appears to demand a high degree of phenotypic resemblance to a rewarding model by a deceptive mimic, as exemplified by D. nivea. The majority of deceptive orchids, on the other hand, exploit relatively generalized pollination systems and thus require only a vague resemblance to rewarding plants in the community in order to attract pollinators.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/8/1342</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>601</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">601</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, DL</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedgley,M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short, JRT</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allwood, AJ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollination of mango in northern Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Agricultural Research</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">541-548</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mango</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5120</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large native insect species were shown to pollinate mango (Mangifera indica L.) in northern Australia. The pollinators, in decreasing order of efficiency, were wasps, bees, large ants and large flies. It was found that the most efficient pollinators were those that carried large numbers of pollen grains on their thoraces and used a short proboscis or short mouth parts to feed on nectar. Large Diptera and the native bee, Trigona sp., frequently moved from tree to tree and thus were probably the most effective cross pollinators. Of randomly selected hermaphrodite mango flowers, 36% were pollinated. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Heard et al. 1990</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>605</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">605</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, G. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tilia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1203-1212</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4903</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tilia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>608</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">608</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Gregory J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many to flower, few to fruit: the reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hamamelis virginiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hamamelidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamelis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamelidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamelis virginiana flowers from late September to late November. In 1977, we began studying the reproductive biology of this eastern North American arborescent shrub by examining floral phenology and rewards, pollen-ovule ratios, breeding system, pollination, pollinator and resource limitation, and seed dispersal. The homogamous, self-incompatible flowers emit a faint odor, bear nectar with sucrose ratios typical of bee- and fly-pollinated flowers, and produce abundant sticky pollen. Flowers were visited infrequently by insects representing six orders. Flies were the most common floral visitors, specifically members of the genus Bradysia, but small bees also carried high percentages of Hamamelis pollen. Despite high pollen/ovule ratios (11 445 grains/ovule), bees and flies are likely pollinators, as experiments indicate wind pollination is less likely. Pollen quantity and resource availability did not appear to limit reproductive output, but pollen quality did. Tests of .40 000 flowers showed natural fruit set to be ,1%. The flowering time, breeding system, and clumped distribution of plants, likely due in part to limited seed dispersal, combine to yield this remarkably low fruit set. Because all other species of Hamamelis flower from late winter to early summer, it may be that H. virginiana evolved a fall flowering phenology to avoid competition for pollinators with the closely related H. vernalis.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>645</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">645</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andersson, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral display and pollination success in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Achillea ptarmica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Asteraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holarctic Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holarctic Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3658</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achillea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many-headed inflorescences attracted most pollinators (flies), and each pollinator visited more heads on large inflorescences than on smaller ones. Visitation rate did not increase disproportionately with inflorescence size. Both calculated visitation rate per head and % seed set increased slightly as a function of head number. Removal of rays reduced approach rate by 51%, but had only a small negative effect on seed set (12%).</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>751</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">751</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araki, Kiwako</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yamada, Etsuko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohara, Masashi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding system and floral visitors of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Convallaria keiskei</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-153</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Convallaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25838</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25838</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aranguren, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Płachno, B. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stpiczyńska, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, V. F. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology and pollination of the carnivorous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Genlisea violacea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lentibulariaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">591-601</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genlisea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carnivorous plant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lentibulariaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasioglossum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratina</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genlisea violacea is a Brazilian endemic carnivorous plant species distributed in the cerrado biome, mainly in humid environments, on sandy and oligotrophic soil or wet rocks. Studies on reproductive biology or pollination in the Lentibulariaceae are notably scarce; regarding the genus Genlisea, the current study is the first to show systematic and standardised research on reproductive biology from field studies to describe the foraging of visiting insects and determine the effective pollinators of Genlisea. We studied two populations of G. violacea through the observation of flower visitors for 4 months of the rainy and dry seasons. Stigmatic receptivity, pollen viability, and breeding system were evaluated together with histochemistry and morphological analyses of flowers. The flowers showed stigmatic receptivity of 100% in open buds and mature flowers, reducing to 80% for senescent flowers. Nearly 80% of pollen grains are viable, decreasing to 40–45% after 48 h. Nectar is produced by glandular trichomes inside the spur. Two bee species are effective pollinators: one of the genus Lasioglossum (subgenus Dialictus: Halictidae) and the other of the genus Ceratina (subgenus Ceratinula: family Apidae). Moreover, bee‐like flies of the Syrphidae family may also be additional pollinators. Genlisea violacea is an allogamous and self‐compatible species. The differences in flower‐visiting fauna for both populations can be attributed to factors such as climate, anthropogenic effect, seasonal factors related to insects and plants, as well as the morphological variation of flowers in both populations.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plb.12683</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/plb.12683</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>785</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">785</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arista, Montserrat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortiz, Pedro L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talavera, Salvador</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apical pattern of fruit production in the racemes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceratonia siliqua</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae): Role of pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1708-1716</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leguminosae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">raceme</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruit production and arrangement within the raceme were studied in two dioecious populations of Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), an arboreal species that produces caulogenous racemes (emerging only from the old branches) with numerous flowers. Fruit production per raceme was low and similar between years and populations and even between individuals. During flowering, there were considerable flower losses from predation and lack of pollination. A mean of nine flowers per raceme began the transformation into fruits, of which 77% aborted. The final fruit production per raceme increased significantly following hand pollination, but was always very much lower than the availability of flowers in the raceme. The results suggest that fruit production of each raceme is limited by both availability of resources and a deficient pollination. In racemes setting fruit arrangement follows a definite pattern that remains constant between years and populations: fruit production was significantly higher in the apical zone of the raceme and lower in the basal zone. The pollinators of C. siliqua (flies and wasps) showed a clear preference for beginning their visits at the apex of a raceme. As a result, the pollen load deposited on the stigmas decreased from apex to base of the raceme. In most of the flowers situated in the central and basal zone of the raceme, the number of pollen grains deposited on their stigmas was lower than the number of their ovules. The high number of seeds in developed fruits suggests that the plant selectively aborts flowers that receive a smaller pollen load. The results indicate that the final pattern of fruit arrangement within the raceme is a direct result of pollinator activity.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>822</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">822</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armbruster, W. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debevec, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral character displacement generates assemblage structure of Western Australian triggerplants (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stylidium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-329</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character displacement</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">niche</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stylidiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stylidium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studied 31 species at 25 sites, with 2-5 species/site. Pollinators include a variety of nectar-seeking solitary bees and bombyliid flies. Within and among species there is significant variation in nectar-tube length and in pollen placement on pollinators. Pollen is placed &quot;explosively.&quot; When discrete pollination niches were defined for all species, only one niche overlap was observed across the 86 interacting pairs of species at the 25 sites. Comparison with null models suggests this is a nonrandom occurrence. This is one of the clearest demonstrations to date of reproductive interactions generating assemblage structure and character displacement in plants.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">200</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>837</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">837</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armbruster,W. Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Barrales,Rocio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo,Juan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards,Mary E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vargas,Pablo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three-dimensional reciprocity of floral morphs in wild flax (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Linum suffruticosum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">): a new twist on heterostyly</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">581-590</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral development</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disassortative pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stigma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Here, we studied the floral morphology and pollination of the distylous plant Linum suffruticosum (Linaceae) in southern Spain. &#xD;We observed a previously unreported form of distyly that involved twisting and bending of styles and stamens during floral development to achieve three-dimensional reciprocity of anthers and stigmas in the long-styled (pin) and short-styled (thrum) morphs. This developmental pattern causes pin pollen to be placed on the underside of pollinating Usia flies (Bombyliidae), and thrum pollen to be placed on the top of the thorax and abdomen. The pin stigmas contact the flies on the dorsum, apparently picking up predominantly thrum pollen, and the thrum stigmas contact the flies on the ventral surface, apparently picking up predominantly pin pollen. . This form of heterostyly would appear on morphological grounds to be far more efficient in dispersing pollen between compatible morphs than the typical pin-thrum system. If so, this plant fits Darwin&apos;s prediction of efficient pollen flow between heterostylous morphs more closely than anything Darwin himself reported. &#xD;Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that this form of heterostyly evolved in a lineage that already had typical heterostyly. The analyses also indicate that there have been several independent origins of heterostyly in Linum and at least one reversal to stylar monomorphism.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01749.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>851</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">851</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armstrong, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotic pollination mechanisms in the Australian flora - a review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467-508</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>874</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">874</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aronne, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcock, C. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive lability in pre-dispersal biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnus alaternus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Rhamnaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4825</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zoophily</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">222</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>875</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">875</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aronne, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilcock, C. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pizzolongo, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology and sexual differentiation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Osyris alba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Santalaceae) in the Mediterranean region</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-16</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4548</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osyris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santalaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osyris alba L. is a widespread dioecious hemiparasitic shrub of S Europe, N Africa, and SW Asia. Male inflorescences are multiflowered whereas each female inflorescence is reduced to a single flower with persistent enlarged bracts. Pollination is a prerequisite for fruit and seed development and wind is unlikely to be an effective means of pollen spread. In southern Italy pollen is transported by small unspecialized flies and beetles. Both male and female flowers produce an indistinguishable sweet odour. Male flowers are produced in large numbers and over a larger period than the females and provide pollen, nectar, and staminal hairs as rewards for pollinators. The presence and function of staminal hairs with tip cells inOsyris alba has been reported for the first time. Female flowers are rewardless, producing neither mature pollen, nectar nor staminal hairs, but possess three modified yellow indehiscent anthers containing no viable pollen which may provide a strong visual feeding stimulus for pollinators. It is suggested that pollinators are attracted by deceit to female flowers by mimicry of the males and the floral mimicry is, therefore, intraspecific and intersexual. The floral characteristics and flowering phenology of male and female plants are consistent with this kind of mimicry. The female flower possesses a tricarpellary ovary with three ovules of which only one develops. The single seed, containing a small embryo and a large, rich endosperm, is borne in a red fleshy bird-dispersed fruit. The reduction in seed number per flower to one highly nutrient-invested seed, together with a reduction of the multiflowered inflorescence to a solitary flower and the sequential production of ripe fruits over an extended fruiting season, suggest that the female function is markedly resource-limited. It is suggested that, although all the reproductive characteristics present inOsyris alba, as well as hemiparasitism, had probably evolved before the end of the tropical Tertiary, they are of adaptive advantage in the nutrient and water-limited environment of the Mediterranean maquis.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>890</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">890</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo, Mary T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muñoz, Maria S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henríquez, Carolina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Till-Bottraud, Irène</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez, Fernánda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erratic pollination, high selfing levels and their correlates and consequences in an altitudinally widespread above-tree-line species in the high Andes of Chile</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-257</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing rates</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chaetanthera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weather</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unfavorable temperatures and weather conditions for biotic pollination in above-tree-line alpine habitats predict self-compatibility, high levels of autogamy and small flower size (“autogamy reproductive assurance hypothesis”), or alternatively, compensatory measures such as greater flower longevity and larger display size so as to capture scarce visits and maintain outcrossing (“increased pollination probability hypothesis”). We assess these possibilities in a fine-tuned study of Chaetanthera euphrasioides (Asteraceae) populations located above-tree-line in the Andes of central Chile, where prior, independently obtained information on community flower visitation rates is available. Visitation by flies and Andrenid bees was highly erratic in all populations and among years, and the rates well below the community averages. We found evidence for high levels of self-compatibility, equally high autogamous potential, low genetic diversity and high and similar FIS in all populations studied, associated with no clear trends in floral morphology. Strong decoupling of C. euphrasioides reproductive biology with community-level pollinator availability in the alpine fails to support either of the above-mentioned hypotheses and suggests early acquisition of autogamy with present-day pollinator conditions being adequate to maintain low visitation rates at all elevations. Our study provides the only instance where alternative hypotheses on alpine breeding systems have been tested with prior access to independently quantified community-level flower visitation rates.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>891</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">891</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo, M. T. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armesto, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of Central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-97</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2862</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitude</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Primack</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination mechanisms and pollinators are reported for a total of 137 species (75% of the non-abiotically pollinated flora) as they occur at three altitudinal levels (subandean scrub: 2,200-2,600 m; cushion-plant zone: 2,700-3,100 m; subnival feldfield: 3,200-3,600 m) in the Andean (alpine) zone on the Cordon del Cepo (33⚬17′S) in central Chile as part of community oriented research in reproductive biology in the high temperate Andes of South America. Only around 4% of the species studied failed to be visited by potential pollinators. Hymenopterans (principally bees) are important pollinators of 50% of the biotically pollinated flora, butterflies of 24% and flies of 46%. Other vectors include beetles, moths, and hummingbirds. An estimated 17% of the flora is anemophilous. Bee species-richness, specialist feeding, and melittophily reach maxima in the subandean scrub; thereafter, bees diminish rapidly in number, with bees pollinating only 13% of the subnival flora as contrasted with 68% of the subandean flora. Although fly and butterfly species-richness also decline with increasing altitude, the proportions of species pollinated by these vectors actually increases. High-altitude populations of melittophilous species with broad altitudinal ranges are invariably serviced by fewer bee species as compared with lower populations. The rich bee fauna at the lower end of the Andean zone in central Chile appears to have resulted from upward colonization from that of the subtending lowland Mediterranean sclerophyllous woodland vegetation. Altitudinal variation in pollination spectra is discussed in relation to contrasting life history characteristics and different modes of thermoregulation in the insect groups involved. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination mechanisms and pollinators reported for 137 species at 3 altitudes. Rich bee fauna at lower end. Although fly and butterfly species richness also decline with increasing altitude, the proportions of species pollinated by these vectors increases. Secondarily important groups are beetles, hummingbirds, moths.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ashman, Tia-Lynn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator selectivity and its implications for the evolution of dioecy and sexual dimorphism</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2577-2591</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gynodioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">petal length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator selectivity is thought to influence the evolution of separate sexes in plants because of its potential to limit plant reproductive success. Selective visitation could also constrain or promote the phenotypic divergence of the sexes. In this study, I explored the causes and consequences of selectivity by generalist pollinators of a gynodioecious wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana ) and thus provide insight into potential pollinator-mediated selection for dioecy and sexual dimorphism. I found that flowers of F. virginiana  show pronounced sexual dimorphism in petal length, stamen length, nectar and pollen production, and that this results in dramatic and consistent levels of sex-differential visitation by ants, bees, and flies. I performed manipulations of hermaphrodite flowers to understand the basis of selectivity and found that much of bee and fly preference for hermaphrodite flowers derived from their strong preference for longer petals, but also from a more subtle preference for pollen-filled anthers. These studies also revealed that other traits contribute to the observed discrimination against females. A stronger relationship existed between bee visitation and pollen receipt in females than between bee visitation and pollen removal from hermaphrodites. An analysis of natural variation in petal and stamen length confirmed the central role of petal length and also showed a lack of an effect of vestigial stamen length in pollination success of females. It also revealed a significant effect of stamen length, but not of petal length, on pollen removal. The data suggest that pollinator selectivity may affect the evolution of floral sexual dimorphism, both by exerting selection that could lead to the maintenance of stamens in females and by exerting selection to increase petal length in females.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>964</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">964</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrom, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haeggstrom, C.A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generative reproduction in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Allium oleraceum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Alliaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annales Botanici Fennici</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annales Botanici Fennici</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-14</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">germination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0003-3847</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">804WL</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Astrom H/Univ Helsinki/Dept Systemat &amp; Ecol/POB 65/FIN 00014 Helsinki/FINLAND&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>981</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">981</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atwood, J. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Paphiopedilum rothschildianum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Brood-site deception</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Geographic Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natl. geogr. res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">247-254</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring 1985</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5705</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paphiopedilum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinated by a syrphid fly.  Flowers mimic brood sites and eggs are found on them.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bänziger, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stench and fragrance: Unique pollination lure of Thailand&apos;s largest flower, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rafflesia kerrii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Meijer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4802</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rafflesia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">294</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28134</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28134</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barragán-Fonseca, Katherine Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Loon, Joop J.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dicke, Marcel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucas-Barbosa, Dani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Use of visual and olfactory cues of flowers of two brassicaceous species by insect pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pieris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hand pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emasculation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0307-6946</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Pollinating insects exploit visual and olfactory cues associated with flower traits indicative of flower location and reward quality. Pollination can induce changes in these flower-associated cues, thereby influencing the behaviour of flower visitors. &#xD;2. This study investigated the main cues exploited by the syrphid fly Episyrphus balteatus and the butterfly Pieris brassicae when visiting flowers of Brassica nigra and Raphanus sativus plants. Whether pollen is used as a cue and whether pollination-induced changes affect flower volatile emission and the behavioural responses of the two pollinator species were also studied. &#xD;3. Pollinator preference was investigated by offering visual and olfactory cues individually as well as simultaneously in two-choice bioassays. Plant treatments included emasculation, hand-pollination and untreated control plants. The composition of flower volatiles from pollinated and unpollinated control plants was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. &#xD;4. Both pollinators exhibited a strong bias for visual cues over olfactory cues. Neither pollinator used pollen as a cue. However, E. balteatus discriminated between newly opened and long-open flowers at short distance only when pollen was available. Flower visits by pollinators were influenced by pollination-induced changes in B. nigra but not R. sativus flowers. Pieris brassicae only responded to pollination-induced changes when visual and olfactory cues were offered simultaneously. The blend of volatiles emitted by B. nigra, but not R. sativus inflorescences was affected by pollination. &#xD;5. Collectively, the findings of this study show that different pollinators exploit different visual and olfactory traits when searching for flowers of two brassicaceous plant species.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/een.12775</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12775</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1335</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1335</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartareau, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bulbophyllum macphersonii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Rupp by a midge fly (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Forcipomyia sauteri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Orchadian</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Orchadian</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulbophyllum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">384</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1340</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1340</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartareau, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jackes, B. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some observations on the flowering and pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis procera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> M. Clements and D. Jones in north-east Queensland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Orchadian</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Orchadian</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">198-201</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4815</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1442</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1442</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumann, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rennfliegen (Diptera: Phoridae) als Blütenbesucher. Kritische Sichtung der Literatur</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301-314</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4912</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1443</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1443</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baumann, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae (Phoridae/Diptera, Rennfliegen) as Blütenbesucher auf Dodengewächsen (Umbelliferae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apiaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">requested ILL 4/27/02</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1483</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1483</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beaman, R. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decker, P. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beaman, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rafflesia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rafflesiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1148-1162</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rafflesia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The genus Rafflesia includes about 13 species of parasitic flowering plants, among which are the largest known flowers. The flower with subtending scales is the only part of the plant external to the host and is produced solitary on roots (rarely stems) of the genus Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Field studies were made of the pollination process in R. pricei, a species endemic to the Crocker Range in the Malaysian state of Sabah (northern Borneo). Pollination is mediated by carrion (bluebottle) flies of the genera Lucilia and Chrysomya. Experimental data indicate that both visual and olfactory cues are important in attracting flies to flowers. Flies (mostly female L. papuensis) obtain loads of the viscous liquid pollen matrix by visiting male flowers and entering anther grooves on the central column of the flower, precisely guided by ridges armed with hairs that force the fly into a position in which the pollen is positioned on the dorsal part of the thorax. &quot;Windows&quot; on the inside of the perigone diaphragm apparently help orient their flight inside flowers. Pollen-loaded flies visiting female flowers may enter the infradiscoidal sulcus formed by a broad ring of stigmatic tissue above and the expanded base of the column below. On entering the sulcus the fly is wedged in so tightly that pollen is rubbed off the thorax onto the stigma. Only large flies could be effective in picking up pollen from male flowers and transferring it to female flowers. The pollination syndrome is sapromyophily, in which the flower closely parallels trap flowers of several other plant families, although it is not a trap. The flower provides no reward for pollinators but deceives them by an apparent offering of food and possibly brood place. Rafflesia plants are extremely rare, perhaps in part because of infrequency of pollination, which requires neighboring male and female flowers simultaneously in bloom. &#xD;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">439</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 species of parasitic plants, including largest known flowers. Studied a species in Borneo, pollinated by carrion flies of 2 genera. Mostly female flies, attracted by viscous liquid pollen matrix.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1493</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1493</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beattie, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Itinerant pollinators in a forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madro¤o</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3541</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Beattie</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viola</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">443</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1496</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1496</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beattie, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral evolution in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Viola</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">781-793</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Beattie</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viola</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">444</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benelli, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canale, Angelo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romano, Donato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flamini, Guido</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavarini, Silvia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martini, Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ascrizzi, Roberta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conte, Giuseppe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mele, Marcello</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angelini, Luciana G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower scent bouquet variation and bee pollinator visits in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stevia rebaudiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Bertoni (Asteraceae), a source of natural sweeteners</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-388</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrhuidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1872-8847</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinators provide a key service to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Little is reported on the pollination chemoecology of Stevia rebaudiana (Asteraceae), a hermaphroditic species producing self-incompatible florets in small corymbs. We investigated the chemistry of volatiles potentially involved in its pollination system. The VOCs emitted by the corymbs of 27 F1 open-pollinated genotypes were collected by solid-phase micro-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), as well as morphometric data of the genotypes were recorded. Finally, we quantified the abundance of pollinators for each genotype. S. rebaudiana flowers were mainly visited by bees (Apidae and Halictidae), followed by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). GC–MS indicated that S. rebaudiana was characterized by a complex scent profile with large variability among F1 plants. Discriminant analysis showed that limonene, δ-elemene and bicyclogermacrene were the compounds explaining most of the scent bouquet difference between high attractive (&gt;40 pollinators/plant) from low attractive pollinator power (&lt;40 pollinators/plant). Limonene was the most representative VOC among plants that are more attractive to pollinators, while high emissions of δ-elemene and bicyclogermacrene were linked to plants that are less attractive to pollinators. S. rebaudiana morphometric data highlighted that, besides floral VOCs, corymb abundance and size, as well as plant height, may route pollinator visits. Overall, this study adds knowledge on floral phenology and pollinator ecological traits of S. rebaudiana, allowing a deeper understanding of its chemical ecology and pollination.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benelli2017</style></label><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9488-y</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11829-016-9488-y</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernal, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ervik, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and pollination of the dioecious palm </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phytelephas seemannii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Colombia: An adaptation to staphylinid beetles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">682-696</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28, Iss 4, Part B</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5032</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHYTELEPHAS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7077</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1745</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1745</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hepatica acutiloba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> DC (Ranunculaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hepatica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1752</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1752</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, Peter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Notes on the anthecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis curta</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunninghamia</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geophyte</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5355</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berry, P. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calvo, R. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator limitation and position dependent fruit set in the high Andean orchid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myrosmodes cochleare</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3700</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrosmodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">546</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasps and a calliphorid fly visit flowers, but rarely</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>1813</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">1813</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhaskar, V</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology and fertilization in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Santalum album</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Santalaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santalum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santalaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5707</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">has data on fly pollination</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25711</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25711</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BogarÍn, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, Melania</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, Art</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heemskerk, Anton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pupulin, Franco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RamÍrez, Santiago</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smets, Erik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gravendeel, Barbara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trichosalpinx </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) by biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">box087-box087</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tichosalpinx</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-4074</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pleurothallidinae (Epidendreae) are a megadiverse Neotropical orchid subtribe comprising &gt; 5100 species, most of which are probably pollinated by Diptera. The role of pollinators as drivers of species diversity is largely unknown because knowledge of pollination systems in Pleurothallidinae is still scarce. Here, we addressed the pollination of Trichosalpinx s.s. through study of floral anatomy, pollinator behaviour and floral traits shared with other angiosperms to elucidate its pollination mechanisms. We identified midge specimens with DNA barcoding and morphology, documented pollination with video recordings, studied the anatomy of flowers by combining microscopy (light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy) and histochemistry and analysed floral scents with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. We found that two Trichosalpinx spp. are pollinated exclusively by female biting midges of a Forcipomyia (Euprojoannisia) sp. (Ceratopogonidae). The midges land on the motile lip and appear to suck substances from its papillose surface. We detected secretion of carbohydrates and proteins on the lip and sepals, and thus, Trichosalpinx might stimulate a protein collection instinct in female biting midges. The well-developed mandibles and poorly developed laciniae of the pollinators indicate that they mainly feed on invertebrate hosts from which they draw haemolymph. Thus, Trichosalpinx flowers offer small quantities of proteins and carbohydrates that may act as flavour teases and together with the colour, fragrances, trichomes and movement of the lip, they probably form part of a complex deceptive system. Some other angiosperms that are also pollinated by biting midges possess similar dark purple flowers with ciliate ornamentation and use myophily, sapromyophily or kleptomyiophily as strategies to exploit different families of Diptera as pollinators. One Forcipomyia sp. (Euprojoannisia) is kleptoparasitic, suggesting that kleptomyiophily may have evolved in Trichosalpinx. The similar floral morphology among members of Trichosalpinx and some species of the closely related genera Anathallis and Lankesteriana suggests that they are also pollinated by biting midges.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/botlinnean/box087</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box087</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/botlinnean/box087</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2054</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2054</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohart, George E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nye, William P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators of carrots in Utah</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-16</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carrot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5117</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multitude</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1960</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6658</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited in a paper I reviewed 1/97</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2055</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2055</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohart, G. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nye, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hawthorn, L. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onion pollination as affected by different levels of pollinator activity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-57</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">482</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5118</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multitude</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6659</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hauser, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepard, W. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropods visiting flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia californica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Torr. (Aristolochiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pan-Pacific Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pan-Pacific Entomologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-89, 11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myceophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophila</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey of arthropods visiting flowers of California pipevine, Aristolochia californica Torr. (Aristolochiaceae), was conducted during 2017 and 2018. Collecting produced 1725 individuals in 75 terminal taxa. Over the two years, a residential backyard produced more terminal taxa (70) and individuals (1539) than flowers in an upland grassland (27 terminal taxa, 186 individuals). Diptera: Mycetophilidae were the dominate arthropod group attracted to the flowers, accounting for 77.8% of visitors and represented by 17 genera and 28 morphospecies, with Mycetophila Meigen, 1803 being most diverse with 12 morphospecies. The superfamily Sciaroidea (Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae) had 33 morphospecies and 1505 specimens representing 87.2% of the total arthropods. The arthropods could be grouped into the following guilds: potential pollinators, fluid feeders, predators, parasites, scavengers and temporary residents.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.3956/2020-96.2.79</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23213</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23213</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, Christopher J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harder, Lawrence D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flies (Diptera) as pollinators of two dioecious plants: behaviour and implications for plant mating</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Canadian Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Canadian Entomologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">02</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clematis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shepherdia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elaeagnaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culicidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empididae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1918-3240</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We consider the role of generalist Diptera in the pollination of two dioecious plant species, Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. (Ranunculaceae) and Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. (Elaeagnaceae). In particular, we assess (i) whether or not generalist pollinators are unable to distinguish between the sexes of dioecious species and so visit the sexes at equivalent rates, and (ii) the number of flowers that generalist flies visit and revisit during a foraging bout, which would affect self-pollination if plants were hermaphroditic. We determined the visitation rate to each plant species during 10 min periods and recorded the number of flowers that individual pollinators visited and revisited per foraging bout. Diptera were the main pollinators, visiting both sexes at similar rates for both plant species. The main visitors to C. ligusticifolia were muscoid flies (small and large), Culicidae, and halictid bees. The number of flowers visited in this species varied with pollinator group, but groups did not differ in the frequency of revisits. Visitors to S. canadensis were primarily Syrphidae and Empididae. Neither the number of flowers visited nor the number of revisits differed between these two pollinator groups. The results for each plant species are discussed and contrasted, particularly with other studies of the behaviour of generalist and specialist pollinators. We compare the observed pollinator behaviours, and their implications for plant mating, with the various theories of the role of pollinators in the evolution of the dioecious breeding system in plants.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-087</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.4039/n05-087</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2141</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2141</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlinger, E. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower-visiting and mating behaviour of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eulonchus sapphirinus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Acroceridae) </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eulonchus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acroceridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geranium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acrocerid flies are often considered to be rare and their role in pollination is poorly understood. In this study, adult Eulonchus sapphirinus Osten Sacken were common on flowers of Geranium robertianum L. (Geraniaceae) in Olympic National Park, Washington, and have morphological and behavioural characteristics that indicate a dependence on floral nectar. Both males and females of this species are good potential pollinators from a behavioural standpoint. They make few revisits to individual flowers, remain highly constant to one flowering species in each nectar-foraging bout, and carry pollen on their bodies. Individuals were abundant and formed the majority of insect visitors to G. robertianum flowers. Males and females differed in their flower-visiting behaviour, with females visiting more individual flowers and doing so more slowly than males. This difference between the sexes appears to relate to mating behaviour, which takes place within the flower patches. The ramifications of the observed flower-visiting and mating behaviour for flower pollination are discussed. This study shows that based on both their abundance and their behaviour, these flies are potentially important pollinators in certain habitats.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2142</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2142</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlinger, E. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen loads and pollen diversity on bodies of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eulonchus tristis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Acroceridae): implications for pollination and flower visitation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257-264</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acroceridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eulonchus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brodiaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acroceridae is a family of spider-parasitic flies that often visit flowers as adults, although little is known about their possible role as pollinators. Eulonchus tristis Loew visiting flowers of Brodiaea elegans Hoover (Liliaceae s.l.) and Iris douglasiana Herbert (Iridaceae) were collected in California. Individuals carried large pollen loads, although visitors to B. elegans carried significantly more pollen grains than visitors to I. douglasiana. Visitors to B. elegans also carried a higher percentage of focal-plant pollen (91%) than visitors to I. douglasiana (38%). There was no difference in the diversity of pollen species (approximately nine) carried by visitors to either plant species. For visitors to B. elegans, no difference was seen in the amount or diversity of pollen carried with respect to the sex of the visitor. The behaviour potentially resulting in the acquisition of these pollen loads is discussed. These results show that E. tristis has the potential to be an important pollinator for these plant species, particularly B. elegans.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2155</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosch, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and pollinators of three co-occurring </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cistus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Cistaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3916</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cistaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cistus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers of one species produce more pollen and nectar than the other two species, and attract more insects, especially those with higher nutritional requirements. It also apparently receives higher levels of cross-pollination.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">634</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22770</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22770</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bower, Colin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Towle, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bickel, Dan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive success and pollination of the Tuncurry Midge Orchid (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Genoplesium littorale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) (Orchidaceae) by Chloropid flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telopea</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Telopea</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-55</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genoplesium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Midge Orchids (Genoplesium R.Br.) (Orchidaceae) are thought to attract pollinators by nectar reward. All verified records of Genoplesium pollinators are small flies of the families Chloropidae and Milichiidae, suggesting pollinator specificity. We investigated pollination of the Critically Endangered Tuncurry Midge Orchid, Genoplesium littorale D.L.Jones. In common with other Genoplesium species, G. littorale is pollinated exclusively by chloropid flies. Althoughthere is specificity at the pollinator family level, G. littorale is oligophilous, being pollinated by five putative chloropid species in two genera, Conioscinella and Cadrema. Most visitors were female with females greatly predominating among flies bearing pollinaria. Examination of flowers on ten inflorescences showed G. littorale is outcrossing with high pollen vector activity; pollinaria had been removed from 71% of post anthesis flowers. A set of criteria for distinguishing outcrossed, autogamous and apomictic flowers based on observations of pollinaria removal, pollination of stigmas and fruit set on individual flowers ruled out the occurrence of autogamy and apomixis in G. littorale. Fruit set on inflorescences averaged 44% prior to seed dispersal and varied significantly among sub-populations. Nectar is produced in the groove of the labellum callus, although flowers emitted no odour detectable by humans. Detailed examination of 29 flowers revealed no chloropid eggs, indicating the pollination syndrome is not brood site mimicry. The absence of strong dung or carrion-like odours also makes sapromyophily unlikely. The Genoplesium pollination syndrome is nectar reward, but may also represent an example of ‘kleptomyiophily’, recently described in Aristolochia rotunda . Herbivory reduced reproductive capacity by half overall, varied significantly among sub-populations and may be a significant threatening process for G. littorale. Strategies to reduce herbivory in this critically endangered species should be investigated</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2263</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2263</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyle, R. M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philogène, B. J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The native pollinators of an apple orchard: variations and significance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Horticultural Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. hort. Sci.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Horticultural Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-363</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">apple</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978-1980 study in Ontario.  Anthomyiide were second most common (behind Apis) in 2 of 3 years.  Syrphids carried the most pollen.  &#xD;Observations on native and domestic insect pollinators were carried out during the blossom period from 1978 to 1980 in a semi-dwarf apple orchard in Ontario. Weather conditions and numbers of blossoms per tree were also recorded. Apis mellifera was the most frequent pollinator for all years. The Anthomyiidae (Diptera) ranked second for 1978 and 1979, but in 1980 the Andrenidae and Halictidae were of greater importance than the Diptera. The efficiency of the pollinators was determined by analysis of the pollen carried on their bodies. Hymenoptera had more pollen on their bodies than the Diptera. Among the Hymenoptera, the Andrenidae and the pollen-gathering Large Andrenidae had the greatest amount of fruit pollen on their bodies. Among the Diptera, the Syrphidae had the greatest amount of fruit pollen. The effectiveness of the pollinators was evaluated by measuring fruit set, seed set and the effective pollination period. There was no significant difference in fruit set between years inspite of adverse weather in 1979. Native insects were important pollinators, particularly in unfavourable weather.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8013</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">copy in reprint directory</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2303</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2303</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantjes, N. B. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower morphology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species and the consequence for pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Botanica Neerlandica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Bot. Neerl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4787</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">673</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994 p. 236; Chloropidae, Milichiidae</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25009</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25009</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braunschmid, Herbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mükisch, Bernadette</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rupp, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schäffler, Irmgard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zito, Pietro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birtele, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dötterl, Stefan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpopulation variation in pollinators and floral scent of the lady’s-slipper orchid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium calceolus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">363-379</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasioglossum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andena</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nomada</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1872-8847</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral scent is a key mediator in many plant–pollinator interactions. It is known to vary not only among plant species, but also within species among populations. However, there is a big gap in our knowledge of whether such variability is the result of divergent selective pressures exerted by a variable pollinator climate or alternative scenarios (e.g., genetic drift). Cypripedium calceolus is a Eurasian deceptive lady’s-slipper orchid pollinated by bees. It is found from near sea level to altitudes of 2500 m. We asked whether pollinator climate and floral scents vary in a concerted manner among different altitudes. Floral scents of four populations in the Limestone Alps were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Flower visitors and pollinators (the subset of visitors with pollen loads) were collected and identified. Preliminary coupled gas chromatographic and electroantennographic measurements with floral scents and pollinators revealed biologically active components. More than 70 compounds were detected in the scent samples, mainly aliphatics, terpenoids, and aromatics. Although several compounds were found in all samples, and all samples were dominated by linalool and octyl acetate, scents differed among populations. Similarly, there were strong differences in flower visitor spectra among populations with most abundant flower visitors being bees and syrphid flies at low and high altitudes, respectively. Pollinator climate differed also among populations; however, independent of altitude, most pollinators were bees of Lasioglossum, Andrena, and Nomada. Only few syrphids acted as pollinators and this is the first record of flies as pollinators in C. calceolus. The electrophysiological tests showed that bees and syrphid flies sensed many of the compounds released by the flowers, among them linalool and octyl acetate. Overall, we found that both floral scent and visitor/pollinator climate differ among populations. We discuss whether interpopulation variation in scent is a result of pollinator-mediated selection.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braunschmid2017</style></label><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-017-9512-x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11829-017-9512-x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2528</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2528</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brues, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some Cuban Phoridae which visit the flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia elegans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160-161</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1928</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">745</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994 p. 236</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2545</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2545</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunel, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesquida, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renard, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanguy, X.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distribution of pollinating entomofauna on rapeseed (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brassica napus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L) and turnip rape (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brassica campestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L) flowers - The effect of the turnip rapes apetalous character</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidologie</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidologie</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidologie</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidologie</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-20</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5210</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">749</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in French</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2559</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2559</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruyns, P. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some observations on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pectinaria breviloba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. A. Dyer</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-9</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PECTINARIA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">753</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Meve and Liede; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2618</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2618</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buide, M.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Silene acutifolia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Caryophyllaceae): floral traits variation and pollinator attraction</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silene</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caryophyllaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator limitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The floral display influences the composition of pollinators interacting with a plant species. Geographic and temporal variation in pollinator composition complicates the understanding of the evolutionary consequences of floral display variation. This paper analyses the relationships between Silene acutifolia, a hermaphroditic perennial herb, and its pollinators, based on field studies in the north-west of Spain. &#xD;METHODS: Studies were conducted over three years (1997-1999). Firstly, the main pollinators of this species were determined for two years in one population. Secondly, pollen limitation in fruit and seed production was analysed by supplementary hand pollinations, and counting the pollen grains and tubes growing in styles for two different-sized populations. Finally, the effect of flower size and number on the rate of visitation and total seed number was examined for 15 marked plants. &#xD;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The primary pollinators were long-tongued insects, including Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, but the composition and visitation frequencies differed between years. Pollen limitation occurred in one of the years of study. There was between-population variation in the number of pollen grains and pollen tubes found in styles, suggesting pollen limitation in one population. Overall, pollinators visited plants with more open flowers more frequently, and pollinated more flowers within these plants. Conversely, petal and calyx sizes had no effect on insect visitation. Plants with higher rates of visits produced higher number of seeds, suggesting that pollinator-mediated limitation of seed and fruit production may be important in some years.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2675</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2675</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, K.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singfield, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melendez, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P.G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia grandiflora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Aristolochiaceae) in Veracruz, Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">346-356</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protogyny</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sapromyiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staphylinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5909</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0026-6493</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">838HP</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The flowers of Aristolochia grandiflora are sapromyiophilous trap blossoms that deceive their visitors with optical and olfactory promise of hidden protein-rich substrate. The most effective pollinators are large Diptera, mostly Calliphoridae, which become trapped in the protogynous flowers on the first day of anthesis. Although the flowers are protogynous and subsequently release pollen, a variety of floral changes occur that discourage further insect visitation after pollination and allow the pollinators to escape on the second day of anthesis. On the first day of anthesis the flowers’ strong carrion odor and color gradients draw pollinators toward the receptive gynostemium deep within the flower. Constricting floral tubes with trichomes oriented toward the gynostemium aid in capturing and holding the insects. On the next day, the flowers change to male phase and pollen is deposited on the pollinator. Flower structure and function then change to release the pollen-dusted pollinator. To aid in pollinator release, the floral odor disappears, color cues change, hairs relax, and the constricting areas of the tube are opened. Pollination appears to be a two-day process for any given flower with floral senescence by the third day. Floral visitors do oviposit in the flowers, but we suggest that this is not relevant to pollination. Comparisons are made with other Aristolochiaceae.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Burgess KS/Univ Guelph/Dept Bot/Guelph/ON N1G 2W1/CANADA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2686</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2686</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burk, J. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, C. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wheeler, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New information on the rare Santa Ana River wooly-star</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fremontia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fremontia</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4922</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rare</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7615</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2727</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2727</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Búrquez, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarukhán, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedroza, A. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology of a primary rain forest palm, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Astrocaryum mexicanum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Liebm.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-419</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3642</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Burquez</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrocaryum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cantharophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen theft</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A detailed account of the changes in visitor numbers and behaviour, inflorescence phenology, and breeding systems is presented. Inflorescences open early in the morning (05.00 hours). Stigmas remain receptive for 15 h, while anther dehiscence occurs 20 h after inflorescence opening. Maximum pollen viability occurs the next day at 05.00 hours. This combination of features largely precludes self-pollination. Controlled pollinations show that apomixis and auto-pollination are absent, and indicate strong incompatibility. In contrast, cross-pollinations do not differ in fruit set from open-pollinated controls. The fruit set in inflorescences exposed to pollinators for different periods after opening (and later stopping pollinator activity by fumigation), indicates that pollination occurs soon after inflorescence opening.&#xD;&#xD;The visitors comprise a numerous and diverse fauna (15 families; 34 species). Features such as pollen loads, abundance, behaviour, and diet patterns, segregate them into: herbivores and predators (Aves, Orthoplera), pollen thieves (Apidae), and true pollinators (most Coleoptera and Diptera). The elevation in inflorescence temperature during opening, and 24 h later, is discussed in relation to cantharophily.&#xD;&#xD;Astrocaryum mexicanum is an example of a highly diverse pollination system in which many animals can coexist. It represents an important resource during the dry season, and provides food and space for refuge and mating. The genetic consequences of having a host of pollinators with different dispersal capabilities are explored.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">811</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2730</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2730</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burrows, C. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pimelea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. I - The breeding system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-45</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4860</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pimelea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thymelaeaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1960</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">812</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2747</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2747</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bush, M. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neotropical plant reproductive strategies and fossil pollen representation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">594-609</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palynology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">816</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2870</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2870</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cammerloher, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zur Biologie der Blüte von </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia grandiflora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Swartz</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oesterr. Bot. Z.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4706</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1923</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">851</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994 p. 232; gall midges pollinate</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25841</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25841</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Alistair John</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalheiro, Luísa Gigante</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maués, Marcia Motta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaffé, Rodolfo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giannini, Tereza Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Madson Antonio Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coelho, Beatriz Woiski Texeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Menezes, Cristiano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthropogenic disturbance of tropical forests threatens pollination services to açaí palm in the Amazon river delta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1725-1736</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euterpe</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">açaí</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The açaí palm Euterpe oleracea Mart. in the Amazon river delta has seen rapid expansion to meet increased demand for its fruit. This has been achieved by transforming lowland forest habitats (floodplains) into simplified agroforests and intensive plantation in upland areas. As açaí palm makes an important contribution to the economy and food security of local communities, identifying management approaches that support biodiversity and ecosystem processes that underpin fruit production on açaí farms is essential. We compared flower‐visitor communities and açaí fruit production in floodplain forests and upland plantations, across gradients of local management intensity (i.e. açaí density per ha) and surrounding forest cover. The relative contribution of biotic pollination and degree of pollen limitation were assessed using insect exclusion and hand‐pollination experiments. We found that açaí flower visitors are highly diverse (c. 200 distinct taxa) and had variable responses to disturbance. Bee visitation was higher in floodplains and positively related to surrounding forest cover, but other flower visitors, including specialised curculionid beetles, were unresponsive to changes in surrounding forest cover. However, intensive management practices (i.e. high açaí palm densities) in floodplains and uplands had contrasting effects on flower‐visitor communities, with flower‐visitor richness being lower on intensively managed floodplain farms and ant densities being higher on intensive upland farms. Pollination experiments revealed açaí palm to be highly dependent on biotic pollination. Fruit set in open‐pollinated inflorescences was positively related to flower‐visitor richness and specialised curculionid beetle visitation, whereas the presence of ants on inflorescences had a negative effect. &#xD;Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that pollinators are essential for açaí fruit production, but that intensive farming practices have eroded the relationship between surrounding forest cover and ecosystem function in floodplains (i.e. conversion of native forest into simplified agroforests) and increased the frequency of antagonistic interactions in uplands (e.g. high ant densities). These findings underline the value of extensive management practices, such as the maintenance of other tree species within farms and adjacent unmanaged forest patches, to ensure the long‐term sustainability of açaí fruit production in the Amazon river delta.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.13086</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13086</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2874</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2874</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen and gene dispersal: the influences of competition for pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418-431</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Campbell</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claytonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">853</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators that forage indiscriminately may reduce amount of pollen reaching conspecifics. can also reduce pollen dispersal distances and outcrossing. combination of lab and field experiments with Claytonia and Stellaria.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2875</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2875</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator sharing and seed set of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stellaria pubera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: competition for pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544-553</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Campbell</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claytonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I used field experiments to examine the effect of pollinator sharing on seed set in the understory herb Stellaria pubera. In piedmont North Carolina the solitary bee and fly pollinators of this species are also frequent visitors to Claytonia virginica. Removals of nearby flowers of C. virginica increased seed set of S. pubera. Examination of seed set in populations of potted plants indicated that the effect was due to change in species composition rather than plant density. Variation in seed production was high, however, and even when flowers were provided with excess pollen through supplemental hand pollinations, only 20% of ovules produced seeds. Competition for pollination appears to be one of several selective forces that act on blooming time of S. pubera. Stellaria pubera blooms slightly later than C. virginica. Whereas the seeds set of early flowers was increased 13% by removal of C. virginica and 19% by hand pollination, seed set of late flowers was unaffected. Plants forced to bloom early also tended to be more pollinator—limited than control plants. Removal of C. virginica did not, however, increase the seed set of S. pubera plants forced to bloom early significantly more than that of control plants. Other forces are probably also involved in the maintenance of blooming time.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">854</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">removal of Claytonia flowers and hand pollination both increased seed set, but even so, only 20% of ovules produced seeds. Phenological differences too; early plants are more pollinator-limited than later ones.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2877</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2877</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpopulational variation in fruit production: the role of pollination-limitation in the Olympic Mountains</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-273</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">855</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, Diane R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motten, Alexander F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mechanism of competition for pollination between two forest herbs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">554-563</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stellaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claytonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The primary mechanism of competition for pollination between the two forest herbs Stellaria pubera and Claytonia virginica in piedmont North Carolina is interspecific pollen movement. The most common visitor, the bee fly Bombylius major, forages indiscriminately among flowers of the two species. In only one of five experiments did the presence of C. virginica reduce the pollinator visit rate per S. pubera flower, and in other experiments addition of C. virginica enhanced visit rate. Thus these plant species exhibit little or no competition through pollinator preference. In some natural populations, however, visits to S. pubera are frequently immediately preceded by a visit to C. virginica, and a flower receives less conspecific pollen and produces fewer seeds following such an interspecific visit than if the visitor has arrived directly from a conspecific flower. Interspecific pollen movement is responsible for most, if not all, of the reductions in seed set of S. pubera due to pollinator sharing. Although insects deposit a substantial amount of S. pubera pollen on stigmas of C. virginica, little C. virginica pollen is found on S. pubera stigmas. Moreover, application of foreign pollen to the stigma does not influence seed production of S. pubera. The effect of interspecific pollen movement is due to loss of conspecific pollen, not stigmatic interference.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1940404</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.2307/1940404</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22912</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22912</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campos-Jiménez, Jaqueline</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martínez, Armando J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Golubov, Jordan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Franco, José </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Montiel, César </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foraging behavior of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Apis mellifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lycastrirhyncha nitens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Syrphidae) on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pontederia sagittata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Commelinales: Pontederiaceae) on a disturbed site</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Entomologist</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pontederia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis mellifera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lycastrirhyncha</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">video</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">By influencing the exchange of pollen, floral visitor behavior largely promotes the reproductive success of the plants. Pontederia sagittata (C. Presl) (Commelinales: Pontederiaceae) is a tristylous species whose morphs (long-styled L, mid-styled M and short-styled S) differ in the arrangement of reproductive organs and the amounts and accessibility for food for pollinating insects. We evaluated the behavior of 2 common contemporary visitors to inflorescences, the exotic bee Apis mellifera (L.) (Apidae), a not historical pollinator, and the flower fly Lycastrirhyncha nitens (Bigot) (Syrphidae), a frequent visitor already reported on this aquatic plant, based on HD video records of the number of individuals and the frequency and duration of their visits to 300 inflorescences. Both species of insects preferred to visit S-morph inflorescences. Pollen collection and nectar feeding were the most important activities of the bees, whereas flower flies were observed fed only on nectar. Thus, these behaviors could play an important role in reproduction in the study population of P. sagittata.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>2997</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">2997</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capperino, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, E. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaea mexicana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Zucc. (Nymphaeaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquatic Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquatic Botany</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-93</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">886</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3149</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3149</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Casper, B. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Pine, T. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in corolla color and other floral characteristics in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cryptantha humilis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Boraginaceae): cues to discourage pollinators?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boraginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">color change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptantha</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">928</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowers change odor, nectar production and color about 3 days after anthesis, flies visit only younger flowers.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22052</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22052</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catling, P. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spicer, K. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen vectors in an American ginseng (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Panax quinquefolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) crop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-102</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panax</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ginseng</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3212</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3212</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cazier, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A generic review of the family Apioceratidae with a revision of the North American species (Diptera, Brachycera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Midl. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">589-631</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5087</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1941</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">944</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">look for reference to flower feeding by R. parkeri, cited in Toft and Kimsey 1982 - p. 626</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23614</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23614</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celep, Ferhat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atalay, Zeynep</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dikmen, Fatih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doğan, Musa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classen-Bockhoff, Regıne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flies as pollinators of melittophilous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salvia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Lamiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2148-2159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salvia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nemestrinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 1, 2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">• Premise of the study: Floral adaptation to a functional pollinator group does not necessarily mean close specialization to a few pollinator species. For the more than 950 species of Salvia, only bee and bird pollinations are known. Restriction to these pollinators is mainly due to the specific flower construction (lever mechanism). Nevertheless, it has been repeatedly suggested that Salvia flowers might also be pollinated by flies. Are flies able to handle the lever mechanism? Are they functionally equivalent pollinators? In this study, we compared and quantified pollen transfer by bees and flies to test whether flies are true pollinators in Salvia.&#xD;• Methods: We identified pollinators using field observations and photos. Video documentation of the visitation rate and the site of pollen placement on the pollinator body, morphometric measurements, quantification of pollen placement, pollen load, handling time, and stigma contact ratio were analyzed.&#xD;• Key results: Field investigations revealed that 19 insect species pollinated S. virgata and four pollinated S. verticillata, including 16 bee species from seven genera of the Apidae and three fly species from three genera of the Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae.&#xD;• Conclusions: Flies have been found to be pollinators in primarily bee-pollinated Salvia species. This result demonstrates the potential of a given “melittoid” flower construction to broaden the range of pollinators to guarantee successful pollination and seed production. Though bees, particularly Bombus terrestris, were more efficient than flies, the study shows that flies significantly contribute to pollen transfer in Salvia.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amjbot.org/content/101/12/2148.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3732/ajb.1400422</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3323</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3323</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chase, M. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peacor, D. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crystals of calcium oxalate hydrate on the perianth of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stelis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Sw.&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindleyana</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindleyana</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-94</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4694</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STELIS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Based on a citation about one other species, they suggest it&apos;s pollinated by flies.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">975</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28062</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chisausky, Jacob L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soley, Nathan M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kassim, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bryan, C. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, G. F. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gage, K. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sipes, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Biological Sciences, Carbondale, IL, United States of America Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Biological Sciences Carbondale, IL United States of America.&#xD;Iowa State University, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Ames, IA, United States of America Iowa State University, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Ames, IA United States of America.&#xD;Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Canada Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes Ottawa Canada.&#xD;Southern Illinois University Carbondale, College of Agricultural Sciences, Carbondale, IL, United States of America Southern Illinois University Carbondale, College of Agricultural Sciences Carbondale, IL United States of America.</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae of southern Illinois: Diversity, floral associations, and preliminary assessment of their efficacy as pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodivers Data J</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodivers Data J</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e57331</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/11/18</style></edition><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">museum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1314-2828 (Print)&#xD;1314-2828</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33199967</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a cosmopolitan group of flower-visiting insects, though their diversity and importance as pollinators is understudied and often unappreciated. Data on 1,477 Syrphid occurrences and floral associations from three years of pollinator collection (2017-2019) in the Southern Illinois region of Illinois, United States, are here compiled and analyzed. We collected 69 species in 36 genera off of the flowers of 157 plant species. While a richness of 69 species is greater than most other families of flower-visiting insects in our region, a species accumulation curve and regional species pool estimators suggest that at least 33 species are yet uncollected. In order to further the understanding of Syrphidae as pollinators in the Southern Illinois region, we produced a NMDS ordination of floral associations for the most common syrphid species. The NMDS did not sort syrphid species into discrete ecological guilds, and syrphid floral associations generally fit those predicted by traditional pollination syndromes. We also conducted a preliminary analysis of the pollen-carrying capacity of different syrphid taxa, which found several Eristalis species to carry pollen loads comparable to the European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, and showed significant differences in the pollen-carrying capacity of various syrphid species. Notably, the extremely common genus Toxomerus and other small Syrphinae species carried very little pollen, while large and pilose Eristalinae species carried large pollen loads.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1314-2828&#xD;Chisausky, Jacob L&#xD;Soley, Nathan M&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0002-7820-5079&#xD;Kassim, Leila&#xD;Bryan, Casey J&#xD;Miranda, Gil Felipe Gonçalves&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0001-7919-2639&#xD;Gage, Karla L&#xD;Sipes, Sedonia D&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0002-2149-8800&#xD;Journal Article&#xD;Biodivers Data J. 2020 Oct 29;8:e57331. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e57331. eCollection 2020.</style></notes><urls></urls><custom2><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMC7644652</style></custom2><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3897/BDJ.8.e57331</style></electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NLM</style></remote-database-provider><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chisausky, Jacob L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soley, Nathan M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kassim, Leila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bryan, Casey J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, Gil Felipe Gonçalves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gage, Karla L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sipes, Sedonia D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae of Southern Illinois: Diversity, floral associations, and preliminary assessment of their efficacy as pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity Data Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity Data Journal</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are a cosmopolitan group of flower-visiting insects, though their diversity and importance as pollinators is understudied and often unappreciated. Data on 1,477 Syrphid occurrences and floral associations from three years of pollinator collection (2017-2019) in the Southern Illinois region of Illinois, United States, are here compiled and analyzed. We collected 69 species in 36 genera off of the flowers of 157 plant species. While a richness of 69 species is greater than most other families of flower-visiting insects in our region, a species accumulation curve and regional species pool estimators suggest that at least 33 species are yet uncollected. In order to further the understanding of Syrphidae as pollinators in the Southern Illinois region, we produced a NMDS ordination of floral associations for the most common syrphid species. The NMDS did not sort syrphid species into discrete ecological guilds, and syrphid floral associations generally fit those predicted by traditional pollination syndromes. We also conducted a preliminary analysis of the pollen-carrying capacity of different syrphid taxa, which found several Eristalis species to carry pollen loads comparable to the European Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, and showed significant differences in the pollen-carrying capacity of various syrphid species. Notably, the extremely common genus Toxomerus and other small Syrphinae species carried very little pollen, while large and pilose Eristalinae species carried large pollen loads.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e57331</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3897/BDJ.8.e57331</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christensen, D. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly pollination in the Orchidaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchid Biology, Reviews and Perspectives</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415 -454</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5134</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">estimates that 25% of [20-25,000] species of orchids are pollinated primarily by flies</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">995</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27438</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27438</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chua, Kek Shen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borkent, Art</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, Sin Yeng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and pollination strategy of seven </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tacca </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Taccaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tacca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taccaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P/O ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forcipomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culicoides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0107-055X</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the floral characteristics, floral biology and floral visitors of the six Bornean Tacca species: T. bibracteata (only floral characteristics), T. borneensis, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides, T. palmata and T. reducta, and T. cristata from Peninsular Malaysia. All species are protogynous with pollen strings extruded post flower opening. Blooming of all species started from dawn except for T. leontopetaloides which flowered from dusk. While T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii, T. leontopetaloides and T. reducta are facultatively autogamic as the pollen/ovule ratios (P/O ratios) were low, T. bibracteata is facultatively xenogamic as its P/O ratio was higher. Four species (T. borneensis, T. cristata, T. havilandii and T. reducta) were tested for autonomous self-pollination but all failed to set fruit. Manual self- and cross-pollination treatments of T. borneensis, T. cristata and T. havilandii showed reduced fruit set and seed set. In contrast, T. reducta was highly self-compatible. The showy bracts and bracteoles of T. borneensis are needed to guarantee pollination success but is not so in the other species investigated. Tacca are pollinated by two pollination guilds of female midges: two species of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) and Culicoides hinnoi. The floral biology and mating system of Tacca species indicate that most fruits and seeds were produced in samples resulting from natural pollination.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/njb.02594</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/njb.02594</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22210</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22210</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clement, S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellier, B. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elberson, L. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Staska, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USDA-ARS, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research Unit, 59 Johnson, Hall, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6402, USA. slclement@wsu.edu</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flies (Diptera: Muscidae: Calliphoridae) are efficient pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Allium ampeloprasum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Alliaceae) in field cages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Econ Entomol</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of economic entomology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Econ Entomol</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Economic Entomology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-5</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/03/21</style></edition><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Musca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leek</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feb</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-0493 (Print)&#xD;0022-0493</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17370820</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In conjunction with efforts to identify efficient insect pollinators for seed multiplication of cross-pollinated plant species stored and maintained by USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS), experiments were conducted to assess and compare the efficiency of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and different densities of each fly species, to pollinate leek, Allium ampeloprasum L., plant inventory (PI) accessions in field cages for seed yield maximization and high germination. Cages with flowering plants were exposed to 0 flies or stocked with 100, 250, and 500 M. domestica or C. vicina pupae per week for 6 (2002) and 7 (2004) wk. Seed yield (weight per cage) increased linearly as fly densities (C. vicina or M. domestica) increased from 0 to 500 pupae per week, with 500 fly cages averaging 340.7 g (C. vicina) and 70.5 g (M. domestica) of seed in 2002 (PI 368343) and 615.3 g (PI 168977) and 357.5 g (PI 368343) in 2004 when only the C. vicina was used. For 0, 100, and 250 fly cages, seed yields averaged between 2.3 and 175.3 g in 2002 and 10.7 and 273.1 g in 2004. Mean 100-seed weights between treatments ranged narrowly between 0.4 and 0.5 g in 2002 and 0.3 and 0.4 g in 2004, and germination rates of seed lots from &quot;fly cages&quot; were mostly &gt; or =80% in both years. The C. vicina is an efficient and cost-effective pollinator ($388.97 for pupae and shipping, compared with $2,400 for honey bee, Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidae], nuclei) for caged leek accessions, with 250 and 500 C. vicina pupae per week required to produce sufficient seed (130 g) to fill an accession storage bag in the WRPIS gene bank.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clement, Stephen L&#xD;Hellier, Barbara C&#xD;Elberson, Leslie R&#xD;Staska, Russell T&#xD;Evans, Marc A&#xD;Journal Article&#xD;United States&#xD;J Econ Entomol. 2007 Feb;100(1):131-5.</style></notes><urls></urls><remote-database-provider><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NLM</style></remote-database-provider><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3649</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3649</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colley, M.R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luna, J.M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative attractiveness of potential beneficial insectary plants to aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera : Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1054-1059</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological control</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0046-225X</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366YW</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Colley MR/Seeds Change/Box 118/RR 2/San Juan Pueblo,NM 87566 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comba, Livio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbet, Sarah A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hunt, Lynn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warren, Ben</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers, nectar and insect visits: evaluating British plant species for pollinator-friendly gardens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">369-383</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5201</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">garden</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3717</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3717</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conner, J. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neumeier, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of black mustard population size on the taxonomic composition of pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">218-224</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4879</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In plant species that are pollinated by a variety of animal species, spatial and temporal variability in the taxonomic composition of those pollinators may cause spatial and temporal variability in selection on floral traits. While temporal variation in pollinator composition has been widely reported, spatial variability, particularly on a local scale, has been studied less frequently; nevertheless, available evidence suggests that local spatial variability may be a widespread feature of plant-pollinator interactions. In addition, the causes of this spatial variability are poorly known. This study was undertaken to quantify variability in the taxonomic composition of pollinators visiting local populations of black mustard, Brassica nigra, and to determine some of the causes of this variability. Simultaneous observations were conducted in seven pairs of black mustard populations. The members of each pair were in close spatial proximity but differed in number of plants. Larger plant populations were visited by significantly greater numbers of honey bees and significantly fewer small bees than small populations on a per-plant basis. There was also a trend toward greater syrphid fly visitation in small populations. The increased numbers of honey bees at large plant populations is probably due to their ability to recruit long distances to the most rewarding plant populations. The lower number of small bees at large plant populations may be due to competition from honey bees and/or spreading a constant number of small bees over the larger number of plants in large populations.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1076</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3772</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3772</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coombs, Gareth</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dold, Anthony</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter, Craig</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalized fly-pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia ampliata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae): the role of trapping hairs in pollen export and receipt</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-148</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apocynaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Wien</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0378-2697</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers of most species in genus Ceropegia have elaborate adaptations to trap pollinating flies. Flies are trapped within a bulbous base of the flower after moving through an elongated corolla tube that is frequently lined with stiff hairs. When these hairs wilt after several days, insects held in the bulbous chamber at the base of the corolla tube are released. Despite such complex adaptations for trapping pollinators, key aspects of the pollination ecology including the identity of pollinators, presence or absence of nectar rewards, duration of pollinator trapping, and pollination success remain undescribed for most Ceropegia species. Importantly, no studies have empirically tested the role that trapping hairs may have on pollen export and receipt. We documented the pollination biology of Ceropegia ampliata in two natural populations and found that C. ampliata can be regarded as a generalist, being pollinated by flies from at least four families (Tachinidae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, and Lauxaniidae). The duration of the trapping phase lasted 2–5 days and flowers produce small quantities of nectar. Pollination success was highly variable but generally low with occasional peaks suggesting that flies are likely to visit this species sporadically. Flowers that had already proceeded beyond the trapping phase generally had a significantly greater number of pollinaria removed than flowers that were still in the trapping phase, probably reflecting the longer exposure to pollinators. In contrast we found no differences in pollinarium removal between flowers with trapping hairs present and flowers with hairs experimentally disabled. The role of trapping hairs in the pollination success of C. ampliata therefore remains uncertain although we propose, on the basis of this experiment, that trapping may be an adaptation to enhance female success through pollen deposition rather than pollen export. Given the low rates of natural pollen deposition, an experiment with a large number of replicates is required to test this hypothesis in Ceropegia .</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0483-6</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00606-011-0483-6</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3813</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3813</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbet, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unwin, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prŷs-Jones, O. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humidity, nectar and insect visits to flowers, with special reference to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Crataegus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tilia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Echium</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol. entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1655</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Corbet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1113</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">describes diel changes in nectar in relation to microclimate and insect visits. nectar concentration is highly correlated with ambient relative humidity. bee visitation pattern related to changing conc. of sugar in nectar.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3854</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3854</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, E. de L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hime, N. da C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biologia floral de </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia gigantea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mart. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae) I</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguesia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguesia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguésia</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodriguésia</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1128</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994; Phorid flies; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3855</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3855</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, E. de L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hime, N. da C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observações sobre a biologia floral de</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Aristolochia macroura</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gomez (Aristolochiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ATAS de Sociedade Botanica do Brasil secção Rio de Janeiro</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atas Soc. Bot. Bras. RJ</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIBRARY13</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1129</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994; Sarcophagidae and 5 other families; ILL can&apos;t track it down, 5/97</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>3910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">3910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cowgill, S. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wratten, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sotherton, N. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The selective use of floral resources by the hoverfly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus balteatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera, Syrphidae) on farmland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-231</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4681</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of flowers of non-crop plants by the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus in margins of cereal fields was assessed quantitatively. G-tests and the ‘C’ index of Murdoch (1969) were used to compare the use and abundance of twenty-seven plant species by adult flies from June to August in the UK. The flowers of several plant species were used selectively by hoverflies throughout the season while the relative importance of others changed with date. The prospects for managing the field-margin flora to enhance biocontrol by hoverflies is discussed.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1145</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4077</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4077</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruden, R. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, K. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cullinan, T. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disbrow, K. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Douglas, K. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erb, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirsten, K. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malik, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turner, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weier, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilmot, S. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mating system and pollination biology of three species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Verbena </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Verbenaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178-183</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3973</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thrips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verbena</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verbenaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facultatively xenogamous species. Pollinators were required for typical fruit set. Flowers attracted a diverse array of hymenopteran, lepidopteran and dipteran pollinators. Self-pollination was low due to spatial separation of anthers and stigmas and/or an angled corolla that decreased the likelihood of pollen dropping from anthers onto the stigma. Thrips did move some pollen within flowers though. They suggest a protocol for distinguishing between self-pollination and intrafloral movement of pollen by thrips; use insecticide and tanglefoot.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1209</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4139</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4139</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currah, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ockendon, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onion pollination by blowflies and honeybees in large cages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">497-506</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blowfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeybee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5119</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;The results obtained show little overall difference in the efficiency of blowflies and honeybees as onion pollinators.&quot;&#xD;&#xD;Three experiments to investigate the effect of pollination by blowflies (Calliphora and Lucilia spp.) and honeybees (Apis mellifera) on seed yield and crossing level were made using a mixture of plants from two open-pollinated cultivars of onions (Allium cepa) in breeders&apos; cages.&#xD;&#xD;No consistent differences were found between pollinators. In two experiments, fly pollination gave significantly higher yields than bee pollination but in the third, bee pollination gave slightly more seed. Crossing between cultivars, assessed by progeny testing on one cultivar, varied between 22-7 and 55-9%. Differences in crossing level attributable to the pollinators were not consistent and were not or only just statistically significant, but there were significant and substantial differences between the experiments themselves. Where more umbels were produced by the red-bulbed cultivar than by the yellow, higher crossing levels were found in the yellow cultivar. The highest crossing levels were found in the only experiment where insects were not introduced until peak flowering time, but where seed yield was comparatively low. Crossing levels were lowest where the umbel numbers were approximately equal.&#xD;&#xD;Individual umbels studied showed that while seed set was usually heaviest at and just before the mid-flowering date, this period could correspond with the lowest levels of crossing during the flowering period, particularly if flowering of the two cultivars was not completely synchronous.&#xD;&#xD;In field plots, approximately 75% of crossed seeds sown survived to give harvestable bulbs, but fewer than 50% of selfed seeds did so. In an experiment in which crossing levels from different pollinators were similar but survival levels differed significantly, it was deduced that bees performed more crossing within a cultivar than flies.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1229</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4140</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4140</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currah, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ockendon, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination activity by blowflies and honeybees on onions in breeders&apos; cages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Applied Biology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-176</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blowfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeybee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5136</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Honeybees (Apis mellifera) and three species of blowflies (Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia caesar and L. sericata) were observed on mass-pollinated populations of onions (Allium cepa) in 4·4 × 3·6 m × 2-2·5 m cages in June-August 1977. Pollination activity at temperatures from 14° to 28°C was compared on the basis of mean time per flower touched on each umbel visit.&#xD;&#xD;Honeybees did not forage below 16°C. Above 16°C their mean time per flower was short (1·4 s) and varied little with temperature. For blowflies, it decreased markedly from 12·1 s at 14–15·5°C to 2·7 s at 26°C and above, largely because at low temperatures flies spent long periods quiescent or grooming rather than actively feeding.&#xD;&#xD;When flowering was not completely synchronous between cultivars, honeybees were more selective than blowflies, but where flowering was synchronous, both types of pollinator visited the two cultivars at random.&#xD;&#xD;For the size of cage used, neither type of insect had a distinct advantage as a pollinator of onions, despite their different behaviour patterns.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1230</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24714</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24714</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Brito, Vinícius L. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rech, André R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerton, Jeff</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sazima, Marlies</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar production, reproductive success and the evolution of generalised pollination within a specialised pollen-rewarding plant family: a case study using </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Miconia theizans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">709-718</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">303</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miconia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melastomatceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">procidal anther</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buzz pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diiptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2199-6881</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist plant–pollinator interactions are prevalent in nature. Here, we untangle the role of nectar production in the visitation and pollen release/deposition in Miconia theizans, a nectar-rewarding plant within the specialised pollen-rewarding plant family Melastomataceae. We described the visitation rate, nectar dynamics and pollen release from the poricidal anthers and deposition onto stigmas during flower anthesis. Afterwards, we used a linear mixed model selection approach to understand the relationship between pollen and nectar availability and insect visitation rate and the relationship between visitation rate and reproductive success. Miconia theizans was visited by 86 insect species, including buzzing and non-buzzing bees, wasps, flies, hoverflies, ants, beetles, hemipterans, cockroaches and butterflies. The nectar produced explained the visitation rate, and the pollen release from the anthers was best explained by the visitation rate of pollinivorous species. However, the visitation rates could not predict pollen deposition onto stigmas. Nectar production may explain the high insect diversity and led to an increase in reproductive success, even with unpredictable pollen deposition, indicating the adaptive value of a generalised pollination system.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Brito2017</style></label><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1405-z</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00606-017-1405-z</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4417</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4417</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Figueiredo,R.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sazima,M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenology and pollination biology of eight </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Peperomia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Piperaceae) in semideciduous forests in southeastern Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136-141</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piperaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peperomia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ambophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agamospermy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007/// VO  - 9</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data on flowering phenology and pollination of Peperomia species are virtually non-existent. This study presents data on the pollination biology of eight Peperomia species from south-eastern Brazil, including the flowering phenology, pollination system, and reproductive success. Data on flowering phenology were recorded weekly and exclusion experiments on inflorescences provided data on autonomous self- and wind pollination. Direct visual observations were made and insect visits were recorded. Four Peperomia species showed continuous flowering, while the others were seasonal and flowered in the wet season. Pollination by wind and Syrphidae was confirmed for two self-incompatible Peperomia species. The remaining species are self-compatible and their high fruit set may be accounted for by autonomous self-pollination and perhaps agamospermy. Although the floral morphology of Peperomia species suggests wind- and/or insect pollination, most of the species studied exhibit autogamy and perhaps agamospermy as the main method of reproduction.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101055S2006924543</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TY  - JOUR</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4458</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4458</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Oliveira, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pion, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paradis, R. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agents pollinisateurs et productivit‚ du framboisier &apos;Newburgh&apos; (Rubus idaeus L.), au Quebec</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cinquieme Symposium International sur la Pollinisation. Versailles, 27-30 Septembre 1983. Les Colloques de l&apos;INRA No. 21. INRA Publ</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cinquieme Symposium International sur la Pollinisation. Versailles, 27-30 Septembre 1983. Les Colloques de l&apos;INRA No. 21. INRA Publ</style></full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1374</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4459</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Oliveira, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pion, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paradis, R. O.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincent, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bostanian, N. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La pollinisation et la production de pommes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La phytoprotection des vergers de pommiers au Québec</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin technique (Canada. Agriculture Canada. Station de recherches (Saint-Jean, Québec))</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-20?</style></pages><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3335</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saint-Jean, Québec</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture Canada</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1375</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4460</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Oliveira, Domingos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Savoie, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinators of cultivated strawberry in Québec</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta hortic.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">420-424</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">288</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Native fauna may play a significant role in commercial strawberries. In 1987 32 species were collected, compared to 19 species in 1978 and 1979. Honeybees were most important, followed by syrphids, then halictids. Species richness in Quebec was low compared to that reported in a study from Utah (Nye and Anderson 1974).</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1376</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the 6th International Pollination Symposium; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25919</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25919</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Descamps, Charlotte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moquet, Laura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migon, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacquemart, Anne-Laure</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity of the Insect Visitors on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Calluna vulgaris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Ericaceae) in Southern France Heathlands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Insect Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Insect Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calluna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heathland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">09/21&#xD;04/10/received&#xD;08/31/accepted</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford University Press</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1536-2442</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMC4626672</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As part of an ongoing research project on the pollination networks in European heathlands, the objective of this study was to assess the insect visitor guild on Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Ericaceae). We focused the study on a region renowned for its largely well-preserved heathlands, the Cévennes National Park, Southern France. In 2013, flower visitors were observed over 3 d per site, in four heathland sites at mont Lozère. Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were the main visitors (62–88% of total visitors). Besides honeybees, a high diversity of visitors was detected with 57 different species identified (42 Diptera and 15 Hymenoptera). Hoverflies (Syrphidae, Diptera) visitors were abundant and diverse, especially individuals belonging to the genera Eristalis and Episyrphus. The reported diversity of visitors was probably due to the preservation of large heathland areas at mont Lozère and to the generalist pollination system of C. vulgaris. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iev116[PII]&#xD;26392575[pmid]&#xD;J Insect Sci</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4626672/</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/jisesa/iev116</style></electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PMC</style></remote-database-name></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4689</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4689</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deyrup, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deyrup, Leif</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower visitation by adult shore flies at an inland site in Florida (Diptera: Ephydridae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Entomologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504-507</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ephydridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4691</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4691</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deyrup, Mark A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen-feeding in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Poecilognathus punctipennis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Bombyliidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Florida Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">597-605</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poecilognathus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beefly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollenivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Commelina</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tradescantia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florida Entomological Society</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00154040</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Females of the bombyliid fly Poecilognathus punctipennis (Walker) feed avidly on pollen of Commelina erecta L. and Tradescantia roseolens Small (Commelinaceae). The front tarsi rapidly rake pollen from slits in the sides of the anther and transfer the pollen to the tip of the proboscis. Specialized tarsal hairs may assist in pollen collection. Pollen appears to be mixed with a liquid as it is transported the length of the proboscis. The stomach of pollen-collecting flies is distended with pollen. Pollen was also found in stomachs of females of Geron sp. Several types of evidence suggest that P. punctipennis females are specialized to exploit pollen of Commelinaceae, especially T. roseolens. There is no evidence that the plants have a coevolved symbiosis with the flies.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3495019</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22712</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22712</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diallo, Boukary Ousmane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ouedraogo, Moussa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chevallier, Marie-Helene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joly, Helene Irene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hossaert-McKey, Martine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKey, Doyle</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tamarindus indica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Caesalpinioideae) in Sudanian region of Burkina Faso</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Journal of Plant Science</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Journal of Plant Science</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">528-536</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tarmarindus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xylocopa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megachile</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamarindus indica (Tamarind) is a socio-economically important tree species in the Sudanian and Sahelian zone of Africa. Few studies have shown that the species is pollinated by bees. In this article, first we studied the impact of the wind pollination. Secondly, we determined the visitors insect of the flowers of tamarind, studied the production of nectar and pollen. Thirdly, we established relation between nectar production and visit time of insect. The study was undertaken in Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. The insects were captured using a net on the flowers. The determination of the insects visiting flowers is made using the Chenery key. The results show that wind pollination of tamarind is very low. We determined two long distance pollinators of Hymenoptera group (Xylocopa olivacea and Megachille sp.) and five short distance pollinators represented by Apis mellifera and Trigona sp. (Hymenoptera group), Syrphida sp. and Bombylius sp. (Diptera group). The wasp visitor, Polistes fastidiosus (Hymenoptera group)’s role in pollination is badly established. Production of nectar and pollen at the flower level occurs over short periods. We identified two major guilds of plants: one guild of plant for A. mellifera and one for Xylocopa violacae.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4798</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4798</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dilley, James D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The radiation of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Calochortus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: generalist flowers moving through a mosaic of pollinator assemblages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calochortus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Northridge, CA</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California State University, Northridge</style></publisher><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Could add data on beetle visits to database. See copy of thesis (DilleyThesis 4e, in Eudora attach directory) 9/19/00</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4812</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4812</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disney, R. H. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Records of flower visiting by scuttle flies (Diptera: Phoridae) in the British Isles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naturalist</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5827</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1427</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4856</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4856</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodd, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linhart, Y. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive consequences of interactions between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Yucca glauca </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Agavaceae) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tegeticula yuccasella </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Lepidoptera) in Colorado</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">815-825</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agavaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tegeticula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yucca</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1440</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodson, C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of pollination in the evolution of orchids of tropical America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Orchid Society Bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-34,641-9,731-5</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1962</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1441</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4861</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4861</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodson, C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies in orchid pollination. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phragmipedium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and allied genera</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Orchid Society Bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-128</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1966</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Have a copy of page 1 in Diptera folder.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4964</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4964</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The food habits and distribution of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Atrichopogon pollinivorous</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp. n. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">439-453</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratopogonidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5133</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1955</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drink nectar and pierce pollen grains</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1465</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4965</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4965</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The feeding habits of biting flies and their significance in classification</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectarivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollenivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5354</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratopogonidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1958</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1466</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4967</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4967</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Downes, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, S. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New or little known feeding habits in Empididae (Diptera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Entomologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. Ent.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">404-408</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMPIDIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5356</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1969</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1468</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4972</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4972</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drabble, E. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Syrphid visitors to certain flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-109</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5233</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1917</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1471</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>4973</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">4973</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drabble, E. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some flowers and their dipteran visitors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5051</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1927</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1472</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5006</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5006</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Du, Wei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Lan-Jie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Xiao-Fan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deceit pollination and the effect of deforestation on reproduction in dioecious </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Schisandra sphenanthera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Schisandraceae) in central China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceit pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gall midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resseliella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cecidomyiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thrips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">male-biased population</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schisandra sphenanthera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schisandraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Inc</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1759-6831</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fruits of Schisandra sphenanthera (dioecious) are used to produce ‘Nan-Wuweizi’, an important Chinese medicine. However, long-term exploitation and habitat destruction have threatened these plants in nature. Knowledge of the reproductive biology of S. sphenanthera is essential to help formulate a conservation strategy for these plants. Field studies were conducted at Jigong Mountain (JGM) and Jinji Valley (JJV) in Henan and Hubei Provinces, China. The reproductive biology of S. sphenanthera was analyzed at these sites, including population structure, pollination, floral morphology, and natural fruit set. The 11 populations at two sites were male biased. The primary floral visitors were gall midges (Resseliella sp., Cecidomyiidae; Diptera) and thrips (Thrips flavidulus; Thysanoptera). Floral visitor exclusion experiments and pollen load analysis indicate that gall midges are the primary pollinators. Pollen was the only floral reward for the gall midges. Female flowers attracted pollinators using deceit. The natural fruit set ratio in the cut forest site (JJV) was significantly lower than that at the JGM site, where habitats of S. sphenanthera were well preserved. This indicates that the life cycles of S. sphenanthera and the pollinating insects are vulnerable in disturbed (or cut) habitats.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2011.00171.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1759-6831.2011.00171.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5025</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5025</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dudash, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in pollen limitation among individuals of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sabatia angularis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Gentianaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">959-962</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gentianaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabatia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1486</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5063</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dukas, Reuven</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shmida, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlation between the color, size and shape of Israeli crucifer flowers and relationships to pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-286</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3198</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruciferae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1503</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89 species, close connection between flower color and several other traits. Violet flowers are large, have a tube, are mostly visited by large long-tongued bees. Yellow flowers are smaller and open without a tube, and white flowers are similar but smaller. Yellow and white flowers visited by small short-tongued bees and flies.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21968</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21968</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duque-Buitrago, Carol Andrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzate-Quintero, Néstor Fabio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Otero, J. Tupac</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nocturnal pollination by fungus gnats of the Colombian endemic species, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pleurothallis marthae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lankesteriana</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-417</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pleurothallis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bradysia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sciaridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contemporary patterns of plant biodiversity result from the ecological and evolutionary processes generated by species interactions. Understanding these interactions is key for effective biodiversity conservation &#xD;at the species and the ecosystem level. Orchid species often have highly specialised pollinator interactions, and the preservation of these is critical for in situ orchid conservation. The majority of orchid species occur in tropical regions, and information regarding their interactions is limited. We present data on pollinator identities, pollination mechanisms and flowering phenology of the Colombian endemic orchid, Pleurothallis marthae. We evaluated the mechanisms of attraction, the presence of osmophores, and the reproductive system of the species. Pleurothallis marthae is self-compatible with nocturnal anthesis pollinated by Mycetophila sp. (Mycetophilidae), probably attracted by a string fungus like smell liberated by the flower and Bradysia sp. (Sciaridae) that feed on nectar in the labellum. Osmophores and nectaries were detected in the epidermis of the sepals and petals. We present new evidence that the genus Pleurothallis is adapted to Diptera pollination. Our study indicates that the pollination mechanism of P. marthae is based on the nocturnal attraction of two species of fungus gnats, probably combining food attraction and brood place deception.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5178</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5178</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eberle, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabelfliegen (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhingia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) als leistungsfahige Bestäubungsvermittler hochentwickelter Nektarblüten (Diptera, Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Z.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Z.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5260</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1525</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5200</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eckhart, V. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of floral display on pollinator visitation vary among populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phacelia linearis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Hydrophyllaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evol. ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary Ecology</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evol Ecol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370-384</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3793</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrenidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colletidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrophyllaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Megachilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phacelia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individual plants in gynodioecious populations ofPhacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae) vary in flower gender, flower size, and flower number. This paper reports the effects of variation in floral display on the visitation behaviour of this species&apos; pollinators (mainly pollen-collecting solitary bees) in several natural and three experimental plant populations, and discusses the results in terms of the consequences for plant fitness. The working hypotheses were: (1) that because female plants do not produce pollen, pollen-collecting insects would visit hermaphrodite plants at a higher rate than female plants and would visit more flowers per hermaphrodite than per female; and (2) that pollinator arrival rate would increase with flower size and flower number, the two main components of visual display. These hypotheses were generally supported, but the effects of floral display on pollinator visitation varied substantially among plant populations. Hermaphrodites received significantly higher rates of pollinator arrivals and significantly higher rates of visits to flowers than did females in all experimental populations. Flower size affected arrival rate and flower visit rate positively in natural populations and in two of the three experimental populations. The flower size effect was significant only among female plants in one experimental population, and only among hermaphrodites in another. The effect of flower number on arrival rate was positive and highly significant in natural populations and in all experimental populations. In two out of three experimental populations, insects visited significantly more flowers per hermaphrodite than per female and visited more flowers on many-flowered plants than on few-flowered plants, but neither effect was detected in the third experimental population. Because seed production is not pollen-limited in this species, variation in pollinator visitation behaviour should mainly affect the male reproductive success of hermaphrodite plants. These findings suggest that pollinator-mediated natural selection for floral display inP. linearis varies in space and time.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1534</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There was substantial variation among years in pollinator pool (mostly pollen-collecting solitary bees). Hermaphrodites received significantly higher rates of pollinator arrivals and significantly higher rates of visits to flowers than did females. Flower size affected arrival rate and flower visit rate positively in natural populations and 2 of 3 experimental populations. The effect of flower number on arrival rate was positive and highly significant in all populations.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El-Wahab, Abd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebadah, I. M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impact of honeybee and other insect pollinators on the seed setting and yield production of black cumin </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nigella sativa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">622-626</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nigella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&#xD;</style></orig-pub><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evaluation of Seasonal fluctuation ofinsect pollinators and the efficiency of honeybees for black cumin plants Nigella sativa pollination were carried out during the flowering periods stage of 2008 and 2009 seasons at Assiut Governorate. Four Orders of visitor insects were captured by the insect sweep net technique on black cumin plants. These Orders were Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Orders Diptera and Hymenoptera were ranked as the most abundant species. Daily peak activity was detected at 12 noon and 2 pm in both experimental seasons. Honeybee that visits the black cumin plants leads to the increase of the number of seeds set and then yield production. Thus strategies to promote pollination  by  honeybee  may  be  helpful  in  enhancing  seed  yield  in N.  sativa and  other  cultivated species.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23831</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23831</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elberling, Heidi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, Jens M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structure of a high latitude plant-flower visitor system: the dominance of flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-323</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species richness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subarctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sweden</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lepidoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empididae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connectance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1600-0587</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The species richness of insect flower visitors to all angiosperms at a subarctic-alpine site in northern Sweden was described and the plant-flower visitor matrix was analysed and compared to other high latitude systems and with systems from lower latitudes. In the habitat, 23 plant species had a total of 242 interactions with 388 flower-visiting insects, belonging to 118 taxa. Connectance of the plant-flower visitor matrix was 8.9. Comparing our findings with other studies, we get that the proportion of dipteran species of the total pollinator fauna increases with latitude but that the proportions of species of Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera do not vary significantly among high latitude systems. Muscidae and Empididae were more abundant and generalised than other dipteran families visiting flowers in the arctic, their proportions of the total Diptera fauna increase with latitude and they are the most widespread families of flower-visiting insects in the arctic. Several Muscidae species are typical to alpine habitats in the arctic-subarctic zone. These species have special pollen feeding behaviour and an elongated proboscis, which improves access to closed flowers. Compared to other published pollination system studies, the connectance of low latitude systems ranges between 3.4 and 28.1, whereas high latitude and high altitude systems vary between 8.6 and 19 (-60).</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00507.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00507.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5411</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5411</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elton, C. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pattern of animal communities</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">432</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1966</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Wiley &amp; Sons</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1615</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5434</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emms, S. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andromonoecy in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Zigadenus paniculatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Liliaceae): spatial and temporal patterns of sex allocation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">914-923</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">andromonoecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fertilizer</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inflorescence size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protandry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sex allocation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zigadenus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inflorescence size was positively correlated with bulb size, and larger inflorescences had a higher proportion of male flowers. Fertilizing increased proportion of hermaphrodite flowers, but not inflorescence size. Flowers with pistils less than 3/4 stamen length almost never produced fruits, and smaller pistils had fewer mature ovules. Hermaphrodite flowers were concentrated on the terminal raceme, males on the lower racemes. Individual flowers were protandrous.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1621</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21546</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21546</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endara, Lorena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimaldi, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roy, Bitty A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lord of the flies:  Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dracula </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchids</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lankesteriana</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-11</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dracula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mushroom</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecuador</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zygothrica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The labellum of Dracula orchids looks and smells like mushrooms, and biologists have long hypothesized mushroom mimicry in which mushroom-associated (mycophilous) flies accidentally pollinate these flowers while laying their eggs. In the cloud forest of Ecuador, we observed flower morphology, pollinators and the mechanisms of pollination in two species, Dracula lafleurii Luer &amp; Dalström and D. felix (Luer) Luer. The orchids are visited and pollinated by drosophilid mycophilous flies of the genus Zygothrica, which normally complete part of their life cycles on mushrooms. While these flies court and mate in the flowers, and in the process, pollinate them, they apparently do not lay their eggs in the flowers. The pollination mechanism of Dracula occurs when pollinators’ thoraces are trapped by the incurved flaps of the rostellum which creates an angle between the scutellum and the abdomen for the removal and deposition of the pollinia, a novel feature previously not describe in orchids. </style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5443</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5443</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive structures and systematic position of the Austrobaileyaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanische Jahrbucher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">393-433</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4704</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austrobaileya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austrobaileyaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attract carrion flies; citation from Endress 1994</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1624</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5444</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ontogeny, function and evolution of extreme floral construction in Monimiaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monimiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1625</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5445</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of inner staminodes in the floral display of some relic Magnoliales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-282</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austrobaileyaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophilid eggs found in the ventral furrows of the inner staminodes and in the floral base (from Endress 1994)</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1626</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5446</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5446</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of reproductive structures and functions in primitive angiosperms (Magnoliidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mem. New York Bot. Gard.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mem. New York Bot. Gard.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-34</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiosperm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnoliidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1627</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5456</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5456</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Endress, P. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorence, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral structure of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tambourissa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Monimiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-81</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">143</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monimiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tambourissa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1630</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5497</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5497</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erhardt, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of the edelweiss, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leontopodium alpinum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4277</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leontopodium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers are frequently visited by insects from 29 families, but in 2 populations studied, Muscid flies were the most common visitors. Pollen grains were concentrated on their legs but were also distributed all over their bodies. More than 60% of all </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leontopodium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> pollen grains found on the insects were carried by only 12% of the specimens collected. Number of grains increased significantly with increasing body size. Only minute amounts of nectar are secreted. Nectar, scent and shape of flowers all fit the syndrome of fly pollination.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1646</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ervik, Finn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernal, Rodrigo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and insect visitation of the monoecious palm </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prestoea decurrens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> on the Pacific coast of Colombia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principes</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-92</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prestoea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palmae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5557</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5527</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5527</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ervik, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feil, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of the monoecious understory palm </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prestoea schultzeana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Amazonian Ecuador</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-317</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecuador</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5138</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESTOEA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainforest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproduction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7466</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5528</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5528</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ervik, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, S. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johanson, K. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding system and pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar luteum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Smith (Nymphaeaceae) in Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-113</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4701</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aquatic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norway</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1656</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Used styrofoam blocks to help support bagged flowers.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5534</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5534</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escaravage, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination effectiveness and pollen dispersal in a </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron ferrugineum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Ericaceae) population</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">606-615</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1435-8603</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">858TZ</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many alpine plants are predominantly outcrossing, thus plant reproductive success is highly dependent on effectiveness of pollinators. How pollinators transfer pollen from one flower to another is of great interest in understanding the genetic structure in plant populations. We studied (1) the role and effectiveness of insect visitors for pollination, and (2) their contribution as pollen vectors for gene dispersal in a Rhododendron ferrugineum population. Various insect visitors were recorded, including Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. The most frequent and effective insects were honey bees and bumblebees. Muscid flies were considered as important pollinators, particularly due to their relatively high visitation rate. Syrphid flies, Formicidae, and Coleoptera were ineffective in transporting pollen, while the effectiveness of Lepidoptera and Empididae was negligible. A fluorescence labelling experiment revealed that pollen dispersal was restricted (0 - 2 m) in a dense R. ferrugineum stand and decreased in a leptokurtic fashion. This might lead to geitonogamous self-pollination that could explain the close relationship between individuals found in genetic studies of R. ferrugineum. However, some pollen grains may travel 40 - 45 m, which implies the occurrence of cross-pollination through the foraging activities of bumblebees and honey bees.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">requested a reprint 1/3/06&#xD;&#xD;(03)  Escaravage N/CNRS/UMR 5471/UPS/118 Route Narbonne/Bat 4R3/F 31062 Toulouse 4/FRANCE&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5597</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5597</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evenhuis, N. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the territoriality of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Oligodranes mitis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Cresson (Diptera: Bombyliidae) on flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erigeron neomexicanus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Asteraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erigeron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5127</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">territoriality</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1672</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5608</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5608</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyde, R. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan, J. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral structure and evolution in Lopezieae (Onagraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">771-787</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onagraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5420</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopezia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5791</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5791</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, Juan D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosch, Jordi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieto-Ariza, Beatriz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez, José</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen limitation in a narrow endemic plant: geographical variation and driving factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421-431</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erysimum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beefly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Berlin / Heidelberg</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0029-8549</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen limitation may have important consequences for the reproduction and abundance of plant species. It may be especially harmful to endangered and endemic plants with small populations. In this study, we quantify the effect of pollen limitation on seed production and seedling emergence in an endangered narrow endemic crucifer, Erysimum popovii . We conducted a pollen addition experiment across the entire geographic distribution of the species, and explored the effect of pollinator assemblage, plant population size and density, and other habitat variables on pollen limitation intensity in 13 populations. We supplemented flowers in 20 plants per population with allogamous pollen. To account for potential resource reallocation, we used two types of control untreated flowers: internal control flowers from the same individual as the supplemented flowers, and external control flowers from other individuals. Our results indicate that E. popovii is pollen-limited in most of the populations studied, but only through seed production, since pollen supplementation did not enhance seedling emergence. Beefly abundance was associated with among-population differences in pollen limitation intensity. Populations in which beeflies were more abundant were less pollen-limited. In contrast, the abundance of other flower visitors, such as large bees or butterflies, was not associated with pollen limitation. Annual rainfall and bare soil cover were associated with the intensity of pollen limitation across populations.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2312-1</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00442-012-2312-1</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23429</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23429</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, Juande D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorite, Juan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosch, Jordi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez, José M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in the reproductive success of a narrow endemic plant: Effects of geographical distribution, abiotic conditions and pollinator community composition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic and Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic and Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-385</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erysimum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8//</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1439-1791</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographic variation in reproductive output determines plant distribution. In this study, we investigate the geographic structure and the factors affecting reproductive success throughout the life cycle of the near-threatened crucifer Erysimum popovii across its entire distribution range. We worked in 21 populations, in which we measured fruit set, seed set, seed weight, seed germination in the laboratory, germination time, seedling emergence in the field, seedling survival and fecundity. We also sampled the pollinator assemblages visiting E. popovii at each site, as well as some population characteristics (population size and density, flower density of E. popovii and other co-occurring species, and rainfall). Germination success in the laboratory was very high (range: 0.56–0.98), but seedling emergence in the field was low (0.005–0.32). Beefly visitation rate was positively related to seedling emergence, whereas visitation rate by ants, beetles and other minor pollinator groups was negatively related to fruit set and positively related to germination time. Populations in sites with high density of co-occurring flowers produced fewer fruits. Most variables related to reproductive output varied widely across populations, but this variation did not show a clear regional structure. The low seedling survival may constitute a bottleneck for the recruitment of this species. Overall, less than 0.2% of the ovules produced developed into reproductive individuals. Our results suggest a metapopulation structure for E. popovii.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439179115000250</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.02.006</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5816</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5816</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferrero, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Vega, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stafford, G. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Staden, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heterostyly and pollinators in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plumbago auriculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Plumbaginaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">778-784</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterostyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plumbago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plumbaginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0254-6299</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants with hermaphrodite flowers risk conflict between male and female sexual function due to close proximity of sexual organs. Heterostyly, a genetic floral polymorphism characterized mainly by reciprocal herkogamy, may reduce this sexual conflict by increasing the precision of pollen transfer between morphs. This sexual organ reciprocity is often associated with various ancillary characters and a heteromorphic incompatibility system. Here we describe the morphometrics associated with heterostyly and ancillary characters in Plumbago auriculata. Using controlled pollination experiments, we show that this species has a heteromorphic incompatibility system. We also document the fauna of long-proboscid fly and butterfly pollinators in a P. auriculata population in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629909002336</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.014</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5850</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5850</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Figueroa-Castro, D.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cano-Santana, Z.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral visitor guilds of five allochronic flowering Asteraceous species in a xeric community in Central Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-309</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">similarity indexes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupatorium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senecio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahlia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagetes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verbesina</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0046-225X</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">812RL</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this research, we determined: 1) the insect guilds visiting the flower heads of five Asteraceae species (Eupatorium petiolare Mociño ex De Candolle, Senecio praecox [Cavanilles] De Candolle, Dahlia coccinea Cavanilles, Tagetes lunulata Ortega, and Verbesina virgata Cavanilles); 2) the role of floral phenology and floral morphology on species composition and frequency of visits of different insect order; and 3) the diurnal schedules of anthophilous visitors and their relationship to temperature and relative humidity. Collections and observations of floral visitors for each species were made over 24 h per day. The five Asteraceae were visited by 137 Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera species. Tagetes lunulata had the highest species richness of floral visitors (41 species), while V. virgata had the lowest (23 species). Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera) was the only visitor found visiting all five species. Species composition of insect visitors was closely related to plant phenology. Order-level frequency of visits was closely related to floral morphology. Two separate principal component analyses based on frequency of visits and floral morphology showed similar plant species groupings. Two groups of insects (Formicidae and Coleoptera) and two floral traits (ligulae length and presence of a cylindrical-campanulate involucre), respectively, were the variables determining these groupings. The highest frequency of anthophilous visitors coincided with the highest temperatures and the lowest relative humidity levels on flowers of all species, except S. praecox. The combination of diurnal activity and guild visitor analyses in this study showed the importance of including both characteristics in pollination studies.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Figueroa Castro DM/Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico/Fac Ciencias/Dept Ecol &amp; Recursos Nat/Mexico City 04510/DF/MEXICO&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>5867</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">5867</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finnamore, A. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neary, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blueberry pollinators of Nova Scotia, with a checklist of the blueberry pollinators in eastern Canada and northeastern United States</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Soc. Entomol. Quebec</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-181</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blueberry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5131</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccinium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93 species of pollinators and sporadic polinators were collected including 72 new records on blueberry in Nova Scotia.  Lists in total 192 species of blueberry pollinators known from eastern Canada and the northeastern USA.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1764</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6043</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6043</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forster, P. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects associated with the flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Marsdenia cymulosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Benth. (Asclepiadaceae) and their possible role in pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Entomological Magazine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aust. ent. Mag.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-47</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4480</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARSDENIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two fly species were found capable of effecting cross-pollination.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1805</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6060</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6060</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foster, W. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito sugar feeding and reproductive energetics</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">443-474</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4597</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeydew</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugar feeding is a fundamental characteristic of mosquito life. Most evidence indicates frequent ingestion by both sexes and all ages of mosquitoes of plant sugar, usually as floral and extrafloral nectar and honeydew. Energetically, sugar and blood are interchangeable; females of some species have evolved independence from one or the other, but most need blood to develop eggs and sugar to survive, to fly, and to enhance reproduction. Mosquitoes&apos; commitment to sugar is further illustrated by a wealth of behavioral, structural, and physiological specializations for finding, feeding on, and processing it. Blood and sugar feeding activities are antagonistic and mutually exclusive, owing to conflicting demands, yet they support the same goals and often share the same activity period. The rules by which females make food-choice decisions have been inadequately explored, and we still lack convincing evidence that sugar availability in nature varies sufficiently to affect mosquito populations.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1811</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6181</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6181</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Free, J. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, I. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The foraging behaviour of honeybees (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Apis mellifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) on Brussels sprout (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brassica oleracea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. appl. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">489-499</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">860</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#FREE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1841</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21642</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21642</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fulkerson, Justin R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whittall, Justen B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlson, Matthew L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive ecology and severe pollen limitation in the polychromic tundra plant, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Parrya nudicaulis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Brassicaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e32790</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tundra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parrya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hand pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen limitation is predicted to be particularly severe in tundra habitats. Numerous reproductive patterns associated with alpine and arctic species, particularly mechanisms associated with reproductive assurance, are suggested to be driven by high levels of pollen limitation. We studied the reproductive ecology of Parrya nudicaulis, a species with relatively large sexual reproductive investment and a wide range of floral pigmentation, in tundra habitats in interior montane Alaska to estimate the degree of pollen limitation. The plants are self-compatible and strongly protandrous, setting almost no seed in the absence of pollinators. Supplemental hand pollinations within pollinator exclusion cages indicated no cage effect on seed production. Floral visitation rates were low in both years of study and particularly infrequent in 2010. A diversity of insects visited P. nudicaulis, though syrphid and muscid flies composed the majority of all visits. Pollen-ovule ratios and levels of heterozygosity are consistent with a mixed mating system. Pollen limitation was severe; hand pollinations increased seed production per plant five-fold. Seed-to-ovule ratios remained low following hand pollinations, indicating resource limitation is likely to also be responsible for curtailing seed set. We suggest that pollen limitation in P. nudicaulis may be the result of selection favoring an overproduction of ovules as a bet-hedging strategy in this environmental context of highly variable pollen receipt.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0032790</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1371/journal.pone.0032790</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6334</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6334</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadawski, Randy M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, Stephen M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar sources and age structure in a population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes provocans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Culicidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Med. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">879-886</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5115</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonotrophic-age structure of a population of Aedes provocans (Walker) and nectar sources used by adults were studied for 2 yr at a field site near Belleville, Ontario, Canada. Females emerged during a short period, and aging of the population was highly synchronous. Complete parity of the population was achieved within about 17 d in 1978 and 27 d in 1979. Some females completed as many as four gonotrophic cycles. This synchronous pattern of population aging is compared with patterns in other species of snow-melt Aedes, which typically age much more gradually. The pattern of synchronous aging permitted estimation of daily mortality rates from an index of population size derived from human-bait catches; peaks in the biting index were related to each gonotrophic cycle in the population. Nectar sources for adults were ranked according to abundance and the extent to which they were used by Ae. provocans, permitting a coarse, semiquantitative estimate of preferences. Ae. provocans obtained nectar from the extrafloral nectaries of one species and the floral nectaries of 19 species of angiosperms. Shrubs and trees, especially of the Rosaceae (primarily species of Prunus), were particularly important as nectar sources and bloomed concurrently with the appearance of nulliparous females. Sharp declines in the population of Ae. provocans were associated with the cessation of blooming of these plant species. It is hypothesized that the highly synchronous pattern of gonotrophic aging in Ae. provocans was attributable, in part, to the ready availability of nectar sources and bloodmeal hosts near breeding sites.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1884</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27459</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaffney, Ann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohman, Björn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quarrell, Stephen R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Philip H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, Geoff R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frequent insect visitors are not always pollen carriers in hybrid carrot pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis mellifera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daucus carota</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carrot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybrid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symosyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comptosia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MDPI</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2075-4450</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29880773</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect crop visitations do not necessarily translate to carriage or transfer of pollen. To evaluate the potential of the various insects visiting hybrid carrot flowers to facilitate pollen transfer, this study examines insect visitation rates to hybrid carrot seed crops in relation to weather, time of day and season, pollen carrying capacity, inter-row movement, and visitation frequency to male-fertile and male-sterile umbels. The highest pollen loads were carried by nectar scarabs, honey bees, and the hover fly Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus). Honey bees and muscoid flies were observed to forage mostly within the male fertile carrot row while nectar scarabs and E. tenax foraged across rows, carrying equal pollen loads regardless of their distance from the pollen source. All observed insect taxa were more frequently seen visiting male-fertile than male-sterile umbels. In contrast to other visiting insects, honey bees were abundant and frequent visitors and were observed carrying high pollen loads. Consequently, we suggest both optimizing honey bee management and improving the attraction of carrot lines to honey bees to improve pollination rates for hybrid carrot seed crops.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29880773[pmid]&#xD;PMC6023358[pmcid]&#xD;insects9020061[PII]</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880773</style></url><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023358/</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3390/insects9020061</style></electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></remote-database-name><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, Juan Domindo Delgado</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of insect flower visitation in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lavandula buchii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Webb (Lamiaceae), an endemic shrub of Tenerife (Canary Islands)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2145-2155</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amegilla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastoechus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canary islands</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavandula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5703</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-2933</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">374CC</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The foraging ecology of insect visitors of the endemic lavender Lavandula buchii (Lamiaceae) was studied in a relict population of the plant in north-west Tenerife (Canary Islands). Timed observations were used to describe this pollination system in terms of the structure of the visitor assemblage, foraging patterns and efficiencies of the main insect species. The visitor pool was dominated by anthophorid solitary bees. Furthermore, it was characterized by a high level of endemicity and a small number of species compared with continental relatives of Lavandula. The main visitors, two anthophorids and a bombyliid fly, clearly differed in their foraging behaviour, i.e. visitation frequency, visit duration, rate of flower probing, and in anatomical traits (body size and proboscis length). In these terms, the bees were by far more efficient foragers than the fly. These results are discussed in the context of insect-flower interactions in insular pollination systems.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Garcia JDD/Univ La Laguna/Fac Biol/Dept Zool/E 38206 Tenerife/Canary Isl/SPAIN&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6459</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, M. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antor, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espadaler, X.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ant pollination of the palaeoendemic dioecious </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Borderea pyrenaica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Dioscoreaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-27</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">198</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borderea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dioscoriaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5111</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator effectiveness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1932</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27552</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27552</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardner, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagne, R. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kendra, P. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montgomery, W. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raguso, R. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McNeil, T. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zerega, N. J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">[Gardner, Elliot M.; Zerega, Nyree J. C.] Chicago Bot Garden, Plant Sci &amp; Conservat, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL 60022 USA. [Gardner, Elliot M.; Zerega, Nyree J. C.] Northwestern Univ, Plant Biol &amp; Conservat Program, 2205 Tech Dr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Gagne, Raymond J.] ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Smithsonian Inst, MRC-168,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. [Kendra, Paul E.; Montgomery, Wayne S.] ARS, USDA, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. [Raguso, Robert A.] Cornell Univ, Dept Neurobiol &amp; Behav, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. [McNeil, Tashina T.] Lake Forest Coll, Dept Environm Studies, 555 North Sheridan Rd, Lake Forest, IL 60045 USA.&#xD;Gardner, EM (corresponding author), Chicago Bot Garden, Plant Sci &amp; Conservat, 1000 Lake Cook Rd, Glencoe, IL 60022 USA.; Gardner, EM (corresponding author), Northwestern Univ, Plant Biol &amp; Conservat Program, 2205 Tech Dr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.&#xD;egardner@u.northwestern.edu</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A flower in fruit&apos;s clothing: Pollination of jackfruit (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Artocarpus heterophyllus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, Moraceae) by a new species of gall midge, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Clinodiplosis ultracrepidata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> sp nov (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Int. J. Plant Sci.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">350-367</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">jackfruit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artocarpus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cecidomyiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clinodiplosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jun</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1058-5893</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WOS:000433464300002</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premise of research.Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae) is an emerging but underutilized crop whose pollination is poorly understood. We present a multidisciplinary investigation of the reproductive biology and chemical ecology of jackfruit and a putative pollinator, Clinodiplosis ultracrepidata Gagne new species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)newly described herewhich likely originated in Asia.&#xD;&#xD;Methodology.We employed observations, insect trapping, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of floral volatiles, behavioral bioassays, and quantitative electroantennography to investigate the relationship between jackfruit and C. ultracrepidata in Miami, Florida.Pivotal results.&#xD;Results indicated that C. ultracrepidata female gall midges visit both male and female jackfruit inflorescences. They oviposit in fungus-infected male inflorescences, and their larvae feed on the fungus; female inflorescences provide no apparent reward. Behavioral assays indicated that the gall midges are attracted to both male and female inflorescences by scent. The main components of jackfruit floral volatiles in both inflorescences are aliphatic esters, primarily methyl 2-methylbutyrate, methyl isovalerate, and methyl tiglate, all of which elicited strong antennal elecrophysiological responses in C. ultracrepidata females. Most of the esters in jackfruit floral volatiles also exist in jackfruit fruit volatiles, suggesting a link between adaptation to pollinators and adaptation to seed-dispersing mammals, which are sensitive to aliphatic esters.&#xD;Conclusions.We have documented a tripartite pollination mutualism involving gall midges and a fungus in an understudied crop, a result that may inform proper pollinator management. While male inflorescences provide a brood site and nutritional resources, attraction of gall midges to female inflorescences is the result of deceit by scent. Our results support the existence of insect pollination in jackfruit but do not negate the possibility of wind pollination, which warrants further study.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISI Document Delivery No.: GH5LF&#xD;Times Cited: 7&#xD;Cited Reference Count: 89&#xD;Gardner, Elliot M. Gagne, Raymond J. Kendra, Paul E. Montgomery, Wayne S. Raguso, Robert A. McNeil, Tashina T. Zerega, Nyree J. C.&#xD;Zerega, Nyree/AAG-2713-2020&#xD;Zerega, Nyree/0000-0003-1132-4943&#xD;Northwestern University; National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-0919119, DEB-1501373]; Chicago Botanic Garden Program in Plant Biology and Conservation&#xD;We thank the USDA Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (T. Ayala-Silva, M. Winterstein) and the Kampong of the National Tropical Botanical Garden (M. Maunder) for the use of living collections; Elena Schnell (USDA) for assistance with volatile chemistry; Micah Gill (USDA) for assistance with insect collection; Rick Overson for initial insect identifications; Mike Althaus, Silver Spring, Maryland, for the final arrangement and labeling of the plates for the new insect species; Timothy L. McCabe, New York State Museum, Albany, for searching the pinned felt collection for specimens of &quot;Cecidomyia&quot; artocarpi; Betty Strack for assistance with the SEM at the Field Museum of Natural History; Emily Warschefsky and Lauren Audi for assistance in the field; and Nurhayat Tabanca, David Owens, and Alan Meerow for their helpful comments on the manuscript. The research was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0919119 and DEB-1501373) and the Northwestern University and Chicago Botanic Garden Program in Plant Biology and Conservation. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.&#xD;7&#xD;5&#xD;18&#xD;Univ chicago press&#xD;Chicago&#xD;1537-5315</style></notes><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="underline" font="default" size="100%">&lt;Go to ISI&gt;://WOS:000433464300002</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1086/697115</style></electronic-resource-num><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6508</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garside, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Satyrium bicallosum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Thunb</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bolus Herb.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bolus Herb.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-154</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SATYRIUM</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIARIDAE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1922</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1939</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation in letter from Whitehead, 1/7/91; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24702</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24702</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gélvez-Zúñiga, Irene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neves, Ana Carolina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixido, Alberto L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, G. Wilson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology and floral visitors of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Collaea cipoensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Fabaceae), an endemic shrub of the rupestrian grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colibri</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hummingbird</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toxomerus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0367-2530</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant interactions with flower visitors are essential to understand the reproductive biology, evolution and distribution of flowering plants. Morphological convergences of flower traits have allowed flowers to maximize their attraction to pollinator agents leading to the concept of pollination syndromes. Due to habitat heterogeneity, low water retention and resource availability in the soil, as well as broad altitudinal range of the system, plants often show restricted distributions in rupestrian grasslands. The present study aimed to describe the floral biology and reproductive aspects of Collaea cipoensis, a shrub restricted to small patches alongside watercourses in rupestrian grasslands of Serra do Cipó, Brazil. Specifically, we examined the dependence on pollinators to set fruits and the functional role of floral visitors (i.e. pollinators, nectar-robbers, nectar-thieves, and florivores). Collaea cipoensis is a strictly xenogamous species and two hummingbirds (Colibri serrirostris and Eupetomena macroura) are its potential pollinators. Although C. serrirostris also behaves as illegitimate visitor, it represents 90% of legitimate visits, thus being the most important pollinator. However, the most common flower visitors are two important nectar-robbers, the bee Trigona spinipes and the syrphid Toxomerus musicus. The species is self-incompatible and pollen-limited, as hand-pollination increased fruit production more than 50%. Still, hand-pollination set only 20% of fruits and 48% of seeds. Overall, the dependence on cross-pollination, the stressful environmental conditions and the high floral visitation rates by illegitimate visitors may limit reproduction of this species, leading to a fitness reduction. Our results reinforce the idea that rupestrian grasslands conform a complex scenario that restricts the species distribution.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367253017331754</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2017.03.012</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6834</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6834</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godley, E. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding systems in New Zealand plants 5. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudowintera colorata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Winteraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-156</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4826</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PSEUDOWINTERA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winteraceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2042</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6882</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6882</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nivenia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Iridaceae) and the presence of heterostylous self-compatibility</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4688</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterostyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nivenia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2055</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6883</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6883</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Moraea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Iridaceae) with a staminal column</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-56</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moraea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5366</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0026-6493</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Goldblatt P/Missouri Bot Gardens/BA Krukoff Ctr African Bot/POB 299/St Louis,MO 63166 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  187NX</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6886</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6886</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, Peter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, John C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ixia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Iridaceae: Crocoideae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">564-577</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ixia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nemestrinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buzz pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5711</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6892</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6892</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The long proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-170</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long proboscis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5710</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6897</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6897</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lapeirousia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subgenus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lapeirousia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Iridaceae) in Southern Africa; floral divergence and adaptation for long-tongued fly pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">517-534</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4890</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lapeirousia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2057</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Notes on the pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gladiolus brevifolius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Iridaceae) by bees (Anthophoridae) and bee mimicking flies (Psilodera: Acroceridae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Kansas Entomol. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acroceridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GLADIOLUS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8154</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6939</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotypic selection on flowering synchrony in a high mountain plant, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hormathophylla spinosa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Cruciferae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">605-613</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4391</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruciferae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frasera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hormathophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering synchrony</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1) In this paper, the effect of flowering synchrony on the reproductive success of Hormathophylla spinosa, a plant living in the Mediterranean high-mountains of the Sierra Nevada (SE Spain), is demonstrated. Eighty plants belonging to three populations were permanently labelled during the period 1988-91, and in each plant the duration and date of flowering as well as the estimated flowering synchrony, were noted. The composition and abundance of the pollinator assemblage, the abundance of the floral herbivores and the effect of the seed and fruit consumers were also recorded. 2) In 1989, 1990 and 1991, the relationship between the flowering synchrony and the three rate-based components of reproductive success (fruit set, brood size and female fertility) were studied&#xD;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2068</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Looked at the effect of flowering synchrony on reproductive success. 80 plants were tagged and followed for 4 years. Duration, date, and synchrony of flowering were recorded, as were pollinators, floral herbivores, and seed and fruit consumers. In two years there was a significant relationship between flowering synchrony and brood size. Phenological traits did not affect female fertility. Suggests that flowering synchrony of this species is not regulated by selective pressure of pollinators or herbivores.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>6958</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">6958</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez, José María</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zamora, Regina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalization vs. specialization in the pollination system of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hormathophylla spinosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Cruciferae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">796-805</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generalization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specialization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hormathophylla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruciferae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A very long list of flower visitors to this species.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23117</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23117</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gong, Xi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gruan, Bi-Cai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhou, Shi-Liang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ge, Gang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of the rare plant, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dysoma pleiantha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Berberidaceae): Breeding system, pollination and implications for conservation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pakistan Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pakistan Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">951-957</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dysoma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berberidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7058</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7058</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorham, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchid pollination by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> mosquitoes in Alaska</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Midl. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">208-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aedes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5187</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of orchids (Platanthera obtusata) by mosquitoes was first reported in 1913. Since that time the phenomenon has been reported from Michigan, Wisconsin, Alaska, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The Alaskan record was based on observations of male Aedes communes. It was found during recent investigations in central and northern Alaska that female Ae. communis and five other kinds of mosquitoes, all females, also carry pollinia: Ae. hexodontus (new record), Ae. intrudens (new record). Ae. nigripes (new state record), Ae. punctor (new state record) and an undescribed population called Ae. sp. A (new record). </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2095</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7082</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7082</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gottsberger, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ehrendorfer, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology in the primitive relic angiosperm </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Drimys brasiliensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Winteraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-39</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRIMYS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winteraceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2105</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7155</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graenicher, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wisconsin flowers and their pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-77</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1059</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1909</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2118</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graenicher, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The bee-flies (Bombyliidae) in their relations to flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5815</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1910</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2119</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grant, K. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower pollination in the Phlox family</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1965</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Columbia University Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2143</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7238</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7238</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Note on the use of flies for onion pollination under arid conditions in Nigeria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical Agriculture</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trop. Agric.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical Agriculture</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-167</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5364</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2157</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7245</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7245</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green, T. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohart, G. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Astragalus cibarius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Astragalus utahensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Leguminosae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">379-386</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">977</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astragalus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fabaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leguminosae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2158</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7272</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7272</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grensted, L. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera in the spathes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arum maculatum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5126</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1947</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2166</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7284</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7284</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Griffin, A. Rod</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hingston, Andrew B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohmart, Clifford P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus regnans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Myrtaceae), the world’s tallest flowering plant species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-25</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eucalyptus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tachinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sepsidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect visitors to the flowers of Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. in a remnant natural stand were classified into 33 functional pollinator groups according to taxonomic affinity and body size. In total, 92% of insects caught were dipterans; however, most of these were small and did not contribute significantly to pollination. For the majority of taxa, which have short mouthparts and therefore need to intrude themselves into the flower while feeding on nectar, there was a highly significant relationship between body length and the number of E. regnans pollen grains carried on the body. Mean pollen loads ranged from 20 grains per insect for sepsid flies to 84 000 for large tachinid flies. An index of pollen-deposition potential, which is based on population size and pollen load, suggested that the larger tachinid, calliphorid and syrphid flies were the most important pollen vectors and that larger sphecid wasps also played a significant role. Many taxa appeared to contribute little to pollination because they were uncommon and/or did not carry large quantities of pollen. A convention is proposed whereby groups are weighted according to their contribution to total pollen-deposition potential. For E. regnans, a ratio of 5 Diptera/1 Hymenoptera + (Coleoptera/Lepidoptera) is described, with the taxa in parentheses contributing less than 10% of the total.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimaldi, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bee flies and bluets: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera: Bombyliidae) flower-constant on the distylous species</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Hedyotis caerulea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rubiaceae), and the manner of foraging</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedyotis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5364</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2175</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7308</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7308</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimaldi, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ervik, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernal, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two new neotropical genera of Drosophilidae (Diptera) visiting palm flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-124</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inflorescences</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-8567</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">664XR</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Grimaldi D/Amer Museum Nat Hist/Div Invertebrate Zool/Cent Pk W &amp; 79th St/New York,NY 10024 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimstad, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeFoliart, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito nectar feeding in Wisconsin in relation to twilight and microclimate</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Med. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">691-698</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5050</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2179</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7315</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7315</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimstad, P. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DeFoliart, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar sources of Wisconsin mosquitoes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Med. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331-341</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5130</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8012</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25270</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25270</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gross, Caroline L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, Joshua D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silveira de Souza, Camila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mackay, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unsuccessful introduced biocontrol agents can act as pollinators of invasive weeds: Bitou Bush (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chrysanthemoides monilifera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ssp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">rotundata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) as an example</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8643-8656</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alien pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biocontrol agent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bitou Seedfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nursery pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weed pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2045-7758</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The extent of self-compatibility and reliance on pollinators for seed set are critical determinants of reproductive success in invasive plant species. Seed herbivores are commonly used as biocontrol agents but may also act as flower visitors, potentially resulting in pollination. However, such contrasting or potentially counterproductive interaction effects are rarely considered or evaluated for biological control programs. We investigated the breeding system and pollinators of Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), an invasive species in Australia that has been the subject of biocontrol programs since 1987. We found the species to be obligate outcrossing in all six populations tested. From 150 video hours, we found 21 species of potential pollinators, including Mesoclanis polana, the Bitou Seedfly, native to South Africa and released in Australia as a biocontrol agent in 1996. Mesoclanis polana transferred pollen to stigmas and was the most common pollinator (52% of pollinator visits), followed by the syrphid fly Simosyrphus grandicornis (9%) and introduced honeybee, Apis mellifera (6.5%). Fruit-to-flower ratios ranged from 0.12 to 0.45 and were highest in the population with the greatest proportion of Mesoclanis polana visits. In an experimental trial, outside the naturalized range, the native bee Homalictus sphecodoides and the native syrphid Melangyna viridiceps were the primary pollinators, and fruit-to-flower ratios were 0.35, indicating that Bitou Bush would have ready pollinators if its range expanded inland. &#xD;Synthesis. Invasive Bitou Bush requires pollinators, and this is effected by a range of generalist pollinators in eastern Australia including the Bitou Seedfly, introduced as a biocontrol agent, and the major pollinator detected in this study. Fruit-to-flower ratios were highest when the Bitou Seedfly was in high abundance. This study underscores the importance of evaluating the pollination biology of invasive species in their native ranges and prior to the introduction of biocontrol agents.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3441</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ece3.3441</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7422</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guitián, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prunus mahaleb</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1305-1309</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXCESS FLOWERS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit abortion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inflorescence size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prunus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The results of insect exclusion, supplementary pollination, and flower removal experiments indicate that the ovary reserve hypothesis (a reserve supply of ovaries in case of high mortality during flowering period) and the selective abortion hypothesis (abortion of poor quality fruits) seem to be the most likely explanations for the production of excess flowers.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2205</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7428</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guitian, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guitian, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatio-temporal variation in the interactions between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cornus sanguinea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and its pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-295</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cornus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specialization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6699</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">copy in reprint directory</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7435</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7435</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guitián, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanchez, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guitián, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Petrocoptis grandiflora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Rothm (Caryophyllaceae); a species endemic to the north-west part of the Iberian Peninsula</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-27</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4478</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caryophyllaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrocoptis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xylocopa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nectar is moderately rich in saccharose and is largely consumed by long-tongued bees (Anthophoridae). The incidence of nectar robbing by Xylocopa different among 4 populations and had significant effects on fruit set when the population was simultaneously considered. Supplementary pollination did not improve fruit set significantly.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2208</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7544</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7544</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hagerup, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination in the Faroes - in spite of rain and poverty in insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Medd.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Biol. Medd.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faroes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">island</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1951</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2251</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation second-hand from Larson&apos;s biblio, from Brantjes and Leemans 1976; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7661</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7661</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hannan, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prucher, H. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Caulophyllum thalictroides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Berberidaceae), an early flowering perennial of eastern North America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-277</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caulophyllum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berberidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7684</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7684</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, R. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osgood, E. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects visiting flowers of wild red raspberry in spruce-fir forested areas of eastern Maine</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-151</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5053</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Has a long list of species collected on flowers.  Use as an example of how many wild pollinators can be important.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2296</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28013</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28013</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasegawa, Yoichi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suyama, Yoshihisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seiwa, Kenji</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation in pollen-donor composition among pollinators in an entomophilous tree species, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Castanea crenata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, revealed by single-pollen genotyping</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLOS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e0120393</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castanea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen carryover</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paternity analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">single pollen grain genotyping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background In plants, reproductive success is largely determined by the composition of pollen (i.e., self-pollen and outcross-pollen from near and distant pollen-donors) transported as a result of pollinator foraging behavior (e.g., pollen carryover). However, little evidence is available on how and to what extent the pollen carryover affects the pollen-donor composition and on which insect taxa are effective outcross-pollen transporters under field conditions. In this study, we explored roles of foraging behavior of insect pollinators on pollen-donor composition and subsequent reproductive success in a woody plant.&#xD;Methods We performed paternity analyses based on microsatellite genotyping of individual pollen grains found on diurnal pollinators (i.e., bumblebee, small bee, fly, small beetle, and honeybee) visiting Castanea crenata trees. &#xD;Results The outcross-pollen rate was highest in bumblebees (66%), followed by small bees (35%), flies (31%), and small beetles (18%). The effective number of pollen donors, representing pollen carryover, was greater in bumblebees (9.71) than in flies (3.40), small bees (3.32), and small beetles (3.06). The high percentages of pollen from outside the plot on bumblebees (65.4%) and flies (71.2%) compared to small bees (35.3%) and small beetles (13.5%) demonstrated their longer pollen dispersal distances. &#xD;Conclusions All of the diurnal insects carried outcross-pollen grains for long distances via pollen carryover. This fact suggests that a wide range of insect taxa are potential outcross-pollen transporters for the self-incompatible C. crenata.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120393</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1371/journal.pone.0120393</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A photographic account of pollen digestion by adult hoverflies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-171</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3496</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2356</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">No mechanical grinding observed, but an exudation of the pollen grain contents through one of the pores in the exine, possibly starting as a growing pollen tube. Suggests that nectar sugar in gut may provide stimulation for this.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7843</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7843</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interpreting patterns of resource utilization: randomness and selectivity in pollen feeding by adult hoverflies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">433-442</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3194</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource partitioning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gut</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Adult syrphid flies feed primarily on pollen and nectar from flowers and may be regarded as suitable models for the investigation of resource partitioning in a plant/pollinator system. The present study examines the extent to which a small group of six species are selective in their diets and investigates the role of flower colour as a means by which such selectivity may occur. Flower feeding preferences were determined by pollen analyses of gut contents and an extensive flower sampling programme was undertaken to provide information on the relative abundances of the food resources available to the insects. Flower colours were defined by their reflectance spectra, and the inherent colour preferences of the flies were determined by field experiments in which natural flowers were simulated using painted plastic discs. The results reveal that some hoverfly species are highly selective in their pollen diets, while others have a more generalist approach to their foraging. The division of flower resources by the more selective species is shown to be dependent, at least partially, on the colours of the flowers. The findings are discussed in relation to the theories of Competition and Optimal Foraging and the &apos;mechanistic approach&apos; to ecology. The use of learning models is suggested as an alternative means of investigating patterns of resource use in future research. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2357</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">looked at 6 species, using gut analyses of pollen and extensive sampling of flower abundances. Some species are highly selective in pollen diets, others are more selective.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7847</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7847</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haslett, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entwistle, P. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Further notes on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eriozona syrphoides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Fall.) (Diptera, Syrphidae) in Hafren Forest, mid-Wales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriozona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5353</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2359</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7862</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7862</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hattingh, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giliomee, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of certain </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leucadendron </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Proteaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Afr. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-393</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4719</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leucadendron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2361</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Healy, T. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jepson, P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The location of floral nectar sources by mosquitoes: the long-range responses of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Anopheles arabiensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Achillea millefolium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> flowers and isolated floral odour</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of Entomological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull. Entomol. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">651-657</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5052</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achillea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anopheles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2385</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>7938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">7938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heard, T. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vithanage, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chacko, E. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of cashew in the Northern Territory of Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Agricultural Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aust. J. Agric. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1101-1114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cashew</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5317</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aspects of the pollination biology of cashew Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) were investigated at a site of potential commercial production. A mean of 442.9 flowers were produced per panicle of which 32.1 (7.3%) were hermaphrodite, the remainder being male. Mean initial fruit set was 5.0 per panicle, representing a percentage fruit set of 15.5%. The absence of either male or hermaphrodite flowers at any particular stage of flowering did not limit fruit set. Diversity of insect flower visitors, attracted by nectar rewards, was great, but only a few species were common. Three species of potentially efficient pollinators were tested for their pollinator efficiency which was found to be high for honey bees, Apis mellifera, and a native fly, Ligyra sp. Only 25% of flowers were pollinated in 1987, but this increased to 98% owing to a corresponding increase in the natural populations of insect visitors. Wind and night flying insects played no role in pollination. Although 98% of flowers were pollinated, initial fruit set averaged only 15.5%. This suggests that factors other than pollination limit fruit set. However, pollination is important and the insect pollinators will need protection from insecticide applications and destruction of breeding sites. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2389</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heine, E. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the pollination of New Zealand flowering plants</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N. Z.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trans. Proc. R. Soc. N. Z.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-148</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIBRARY</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1937</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2404</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21664</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21664</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hermansen, TygeD</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Britton, DavidR</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayre, DavidJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minchinton, ToddE</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying the real pollinators? Exotic honeybees are the dominant flower visitors and only effective pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Avicennia marina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Australian Temperate Mangroves</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estuaries and Coasts</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estuaries and Coasts</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-15</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avicennia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhizophoraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013/10/02</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer US</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1559-2723</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The literature suggests that, in the tropics, mangroves are typically pollinated by a range of generalist pollinators, whereas in temperate populations, pollination biology is largely unstudied. We predicted that, for the mangrove Avicennia marina in temperate southeast Australia, pollinator diversity would be low and its pollination system modified by the exotic honeybee Apis mellifera. Multiyear surveys and experiments were used to test these hypotheses by determining the identity and frequency of flower visitors, quantifying pollinator foraging behaviour, determining the species composition of pollen loads, and demonstrating pollen removal and deposition. We identified 38 species that visited flowers, but only A. mellifera was a significant pollinator. It was the only species to carry large amounts of pollen and forage in a manner permitting transfer of pollen to stigmas. Moreover, A. mellifera was the numerically dominant flower visitor and was effective in both pollen removal and deposition. This study demonstrates the importance of distinguishing flower visitors from pollinators and emphasises the surprisingly widespread influence of the exotic A. mellifera. Finally, our study and a worldwide review of the literature on the pollination of mangroves reveal that the pollination biology of other mangrove systems requires similar scrutiny.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9711-3</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s12237-013-9711-3</style></electronic-resource-num><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8151</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8151</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrera, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Components of pollinator &quot;quality&quot;: comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5345</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavandula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Labiatae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2453</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8154</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8154</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrera, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator abundance, morphology, and flower visitation rate: analysis of the &quot;quantity&quot; component in a plant-pollinator system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-248</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5346</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavandula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Labiatae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abundance and flower visitation rate of the pollinators of Lavandula latifolia (Labiatae), an insect-pollinated shrub, were studied over a 6-year period. The objective was to elucidate interspecific patterns in the &quot;quantity&quot; component of the plant-pollinator interaction. A total of 54 insect taxa are considered in the analyses, including hynenopterans, dipterans and lepidopterans. Most pollinators were comparatively scarce, with a few taxa acounting collectively for the majority of individuals. Pollinators differed broadly in flower visitation rate (0.2–30 flowers/min). Most of this variation was explained by differences in flower handling time (HT). Regardless of proboscis length, hymenopterans had intrinsically shorter handling times than lepidopterans. Within each group, HT decreased exponentially with increasing proboscis length. Abundance and visitation rate were uncorrelated across pollinator taxa. The total number of visits that each pollinator contributed to the plant (NFV) was estimated as the product of abundance x visitation rate. NFV values spanned four orders of magnirade. A small, taxonomically diverse group of species (1 moth, 1 butterfly, 4 bees) accounted for most visits and thus could effectively exert some selection on floral features. Nevertheless, the morphological diversity represented in this group of dominant pollinators probably constrains plant specialization, as they will most likely select for different floral features or in opposing directions on the same traits.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2456</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8164</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8164</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrera, C. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal biology and foraging responses of insect pollinators to the forest floor irradiance mosaic</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">601-611</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavandula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5296</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> This paper examines the responses of the insect pollinators of the summer-flowering, understorey shrub, Lavandula latifolia (Labiatae) to the irradiance mosaic of the forest floor in a southeastern Spanish locality, and assesses the relationship between these responses and interspecific variation in thermal biology. Pollinators differed significantly in the mean irradiance at capture points (MICP), and a large percentage of species (59%) preferentially selected plants in either shaded or sunlit conditions. Taxonomic affiliation (at the order level) and body size explained 78% of interspecific variance in MICP. Dipterans tended to be restricted to situations of relatively low irradiance, whereas hymenopterans foraged over the entire irradiance gradient. MICP was inversely related to body size. Pollinators differed significantly in mean thoracic temperature (T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;), thoracic temperature excess (T&lt;sub&gt; exc&lt;/sub&gt;=T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;-T&lt;sub&gt; a&lt;/sub&gt; [air temperature]), and slope of the T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;/T&lt;sub&gt; a&lt;/sub&gt; regression (which may be taken as a rough index of thermoregulatory ability). Hymenopterans had higher T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt; and T&lt;sub&gt; exc&lt;/sub&gt;, and smaller T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;/T&lt;sub&gt; a&lt;/sub&gt; slopes, than dipterans. After accounting for this taxonomic effect, T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt; and T&lt;sub&gt; exc&lt;/sub&gt;, but not T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;/T&lt;sub&gt; a&lt;/sub&gt; slope, increased with body size. MICP depended significantly on T&lt;sub&gt; exc&lt;/sub&gt; and, to a lesser degree, on T&lt;sub&gt; th&lt;/sub&gt;, and species characterised by high T&lt;sub&gt; exc&lt;/sub&gt; tended to select low-irradiance conditions. The relationship between MICP and body size was thus mediated by the correlations between the latter variable and thermal biology parameters. In the hot Mediterranean summer, as in other thermally stressing environments, thermal constraints of the kind reported in this study may generate within- and between-habitat variation in the composition and size structure of pollinator assemblages, which may be consequential for plant reproduction. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7119</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">See News and Views commentary by Peter Moore, Nature 387:759-760.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8198</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8198</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrera, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination relationships in southern Spanish Mediterranean shrublands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">274-287</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4722</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2465</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8262</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8262</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hickman, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lövei, G. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wratten, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen feeding by adults of the hoverfly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma fasciatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-392</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4915</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hoverfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gut</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen feeding by adult hoverflies of Melanostoma fasciatum, collected from organic paddocks at Flock House, Bulls, North Island, New Zealand, were studied by dissection. Up to six different pollen types were found in one hoverfly. On average, they fed only on 2.71 pollen species. 71% of gravid females but only 13% of males reached the maximum score (scale 0–5) for pollen content in the gut. Very few hoverflies had no pollen. Of the 15 identified pollen groups, plantain, phacelia, coriander, and graminaceous pollen were consumed in large quantities by gravid females. Differences in feeding spectra between sexes probably reflected the need for energy in males and for the protein required for egg maturation in females. Earlier views of strict preference for anemophilous pollen by M. fasciatum cannot be upheld.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2490</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8340</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8340</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hippa, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koponen, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osmonen, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen transport and pollinating efficiency of flower visitors to the cloudberry (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rubus chamaemorus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) in northern Fennoscandia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rep. Kevo Subactic Res. Stat.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rep. Kevo Subactic Res. Stat.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIBRARY</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2508</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8383</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8383</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hobby, B. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, K. G. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The bionomics of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Empis tessellata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> F. (Diptera: Empididae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4909</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMPIDIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1961</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2520</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hocking, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intrinsic range and flight speed of insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-345</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flight</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1953</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Includes data on flower visitation by Tabanidae, Culicidae, Simuliidae, a summary of papers about nectar production.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2525</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lots of references on insect flight.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hocking, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect-flower associations in the high Arctic with special reference to nectar</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-387</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5049</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1968</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">665 measurements of nectar concentration and 983 of nectar volume per day, distributed among 37 out of 43 species of flowering plants examined, are recorded and analysed. Nectar production per unit area per season was substantially less at Lake Hazen, 82° N, than at Churchill, 58°N. Nectar yield in mg sugar/flower/day was higher at Lake Hazen than at Churchill in eight of the ten species for which data were obtained at both localities. There is competition between flowers for pollinators rather than among pollinators for nectar. Heliotropic flowers, notably Dryas and Papaver, focus sunlight falling on them in the region of the germ cells; it is shown that the thermal increments obtainable by black insects resting in these flowers can be important. 184 different plant species - insect species associations are reported, based on about 350 observations and 760 insect specimens; these associations fall into 9 activity categories (some into more than one), as follows: ambush (6), basking (4), flying over (20), hidden in (20), courtship behaviour (1), nectar feeding (23), ovipositing (2), pollen feeding or collecting (12), resting on or uncertain (96). It is concluded that flowers and floral groups are important as aggregation centres for insect populations in this environment.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2526</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8404</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8404</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hocking, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twinn, C. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the bionomics of some northern mosquito species (Culicidae: Diptera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. J. Res.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. J. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-80</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28D</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5047</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1950</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2527</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8405</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8405</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hocking, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharplin, C. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower basking by Arctic insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5048</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basking</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1965</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2528</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25685</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25685</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hodgkiss, Dylan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Mark J.F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fountain, Michelle T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphine hoverflies are effective pollinators of commercial strawberry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphine hoverflies are effective pollinators of commercial strawberry</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strawberry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupeodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yield</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent declines in wild pollinators represent a significant threat to the sustained provision of pollination services. Insect pollinators are responsible for an estimated 45% of strawberry crop yields, which equates to a market value of approximately £99 million per year in the UK alone. As an aggregate flower with unconcealed nectaries, strawberries are attractive to a diverse array of flower-visiting insects. Syrphine hoverflies, which offer the added benefit of consuming aphids during their predatory larval stage, represent one such group of flower visitor, but the extent to which aphidophagous hoverflies are capable of pollinating strawberry flowers remains largely untested. In replicated cage experiments we tested the effectiveness of strawberry pollination by the aphidophagous hoverflies Episyrphus balteatus and Eupeodes latifasciatus , and a mix of four hoverfly taxa, when compared to hand pollination and insect pollinator exclusion. Hoverflies were released into cages, and the strawberry fruits that resulted from pollinated flowers were assessed for quality measures. Hoverfly visitation increased strawberry yields by over 70% and doubled the proportion of marketable fruit, highlighting the importance of hoverflies for strawberry pollination.  A comparison between two hoverfly species showed that Eupeodes latifasciatus visits to flowers produced marketable fruit at nearly double the rate of Episyrphus balteatus , demonstrating that species may differ in their pollination efficacy even within a subfamily. Thus, this study offers compelling evidence that aphidophagous syrphine hoverflies are effective pollinators of commercial strawberry and, as such, may be capable of providing growers with the dual benefit of pollination and aphid control. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=470</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8508</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8508</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holloway, Beverley A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen-feeding in hover-flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-350</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3649</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gut</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses of the pollen contents of the crop and intestine of 11 species of New Zealand Syrphidae showed that small, sparsely haired hover-flies with unbranched hairs, short, simple bristles, and a short proboscis had ingested at least 99% anemophilous pollens, and that larger, more hairy hover-flies with pollen-collecting hairs, long, spirally grooved bristles, and elongate mouthparts had ingested pollens almost exclusively from nectar-bearing flowers. Pollen-feeding behaviour was studied in one hairy species, the drone-fly Eristalis tenax, and in one sparsely-haired species, Melanostoma fasciatum. Using granulated charcoal as a substitute for pollen, it was found that in E. tenax particles trapped among the body hairs are combed off by the front and hind tibiae and transferred to pollen-retaining bristles on the front and hind tarsi respectively. Particles retained among the front tarsal bristles are ingested directly from the bristles. Those retained by the hind tarsi are transferred in flight by leg-scraping movements to the front tarsi, from which they are subsequently eaten. E. tenax also eats pollen directly from anthers. In M. fasciatum apparently all the pollen ingested is taken directly from anther lobes or stigmas. The few pollen grains that adhere to the body of this species are combed off by the front and hind tibiae and transferred to the front and hind tarsi, but are not retained there because the bristles are short and simple. The mouthparts, hairs, and bristles of E. tenax and M. fasciatum are illustrated. Drawings of leg movements associated with pollen collection and ingestion, and photographs showing leg scraping in E. tenax are included. Morphological similarities between drone-flies and honey-bees, previously regarded as the result of mimicry, can be explained by convergent evolution in response to similar food-gathering behaviour. Probably the majority of Syrphidae, and also the related Acroceridae, collect pollen by means of branched or curly-tipped hairs. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2545</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23676</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23676</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holt, Jocelyn R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigham, Christy A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A test of density-dependent pollination within three populations of endangered </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pentachaeta lyonii</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A test of density-dependent pollination within three populations of endangered Pentachaeta lyonii</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pentachaeta</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A major concern with endangered plants is that they might attract insufficient numbers of pollinators, produce low numbers of seeds, and decline towards extinction. We examined effects of density as it varied within populations on the pollination of Pentachaeta lyonii , an endangered species that requires pollinators for seed set. Generalist bee-flies and bees were abundant pollinators at three sites for two years. Per-capita visitation rates did not decline at sparse points or for plants placed on the order of 10 m away from other flowering individuals. Seed production was not pollinator-limited within patches, but seed set was low beyond 10 m from neighbours. Considering prior findings, factors such as habitat loss, competition with alien plants, and poor establishment of new populations likely contribute to the rarity of P. lyonii more than pollination failure.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=228</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8639</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8639</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">House, S. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen movement to flowering canopies of pistillate individuals of three rain forest tree species in tropical Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aust. J. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-94</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4025</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecious</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diospyros</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litsea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neolitsea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study measured the quantities of effective pollen vectors and their pollen loads arriving at the canopies of dioecious tropical rain forest trees. Population flowering synchrony, effective pollinator populations and pollen loads transferred between staminate and pistillate trees were compared among three insect-pollinated species. Diptera were the most abundant flower visitors. Anthophilous Coleoptera were more numerous at staminate than pistillate trees in all three tree species.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2589</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8647</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8647</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hövemeyer, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seasonal and diurnal activity patterns in the hoverfly species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cheilosia fasciata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologia Generalis</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Gener.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologia Generalis</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Gener.</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-102</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4910</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheilosia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During 2 spring periods [1992 / 93], the seasonal and diurnal activity patterns of the imagines of 2 successive generations of Cheilosia fasciata Schiner &amp; Egger 1853 were studied in a beech forest of Lower Saxony, Germany. MM achieved flight ability at lower temperatures than FF. Female resting decreased with increasing T. On favourable days, ovipositing on the leaves of Allium ursinum Linnaeus 1753 started around 10.(oo)h GET. Maximum female feeding activity (mainly pollen-feeding on Anemone ranunculoides Linnaeus 1753) was observed 1-2 h after the period of maximum oviposition. In both study years, FF oviposited more rapidly during the first few days than towards the end of the oviposition period. It is suggested that this change in oviposition speed mainly reflects a change in the &apos;motivational status&apos; of FF induced by decreasing egg-loads.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2597</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8958</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8958</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoue, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washitani, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuramoto, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takenaka, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors controlling the recruitment of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aster kantoensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Asteraceae) I. Breeding system and pollination system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-136</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASTER</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2690</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Also has data on visitation frequency and flight distances of flies. Plant is also visited by butterflies.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>8962</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">8962</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoue, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kakutani, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suka, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Itino, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect-flower relationship in the temperate deciduous forest of Kibune, Kyoto: An overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377-463</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3705</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2691</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9033</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9033</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irvin, N. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wratten, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frampton, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowie, M. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moar, N. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenology and pollen feeding of three hover fly (Diptera : Syrphidae) species in Canterbury, New Zealand</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Zoology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-115</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5716</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gut</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenology and sex ratios of three hover fly species on Canterbury farmland, New Zealand were recorded weekly from five yellow water-traps from October 15, 1993 to January 31, 1997. Gut fullness, egg number and pollen content were recorded weekly from September 8, 1994 to July 25, 1996. Catches of Melanostoma fasciatum (Macquart) and Melangyna novaezelandiae (Macquart) were higher during the summer months, with maximum male M. fasciatum catches at 0.7 per trap/day in January, 1997. Catches of female Eristalis tenax L. peaked at 0.24 in August, 1994. Gut fullness and egg number in M. novaezelandiae and M. fasciatum were low from June to September, 1995, a pattern opposite to that of E. tenax. For all species combined, gut fullness was significantly higher in gravid females compared with non-gravid females, and males. Thirty-nine different pollen types were recorded from all hover fly classes. Male E. tenax (the largest of the three species) consumed the widest range of pollen in summer and autumn whereas females consumed the widest range in winter and spring, a pattern opposite to that of M. novaezelandiae. The value of the work in possible population enhancement programmes for hover flies in crops is discussed.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9105</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9105</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Itino, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hotta, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of the two wild bananas, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Musa acuminata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subsp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">halabanensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">M. salaccensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: chiropterophily and ornithophily</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-158</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3708</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ornithophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2707</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9129</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9129</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivri, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dafni, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis consimilis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Don (Orchidaceae) in Israel</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-177</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2993</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dafni</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2715</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8 species of 5 genera of syrphid flies were pollinators. Suggest that the flower mimics the shape and colour of aphids and this attracts aphidophagous syrphids.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarlan, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deOliveira, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gingras, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of sweet pepper (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Capsicum annuum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) in green-house by the syrphid fly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis tenax</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-339</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">437</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Capsicum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5336</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greenhouse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experiments were carried out in southern Quebec to assess the possibilities of using Eristalis tenax (L.) as a pollinator of sweet pepper under glasshouse conditions. To measure the influence of insects on seed setting and fruit weight, each flower was tagged before blooming and submitted to one of the following conditions: one in which insect visits were prevented, the second where a specific number of visits was attributed and the third in which insects could have an unlimited access to the flower during its receptive period. Fruits were allowed to grow for 30 days and harvested. Higher seed set was observed in both insect-pollinated groups as well as a shift toward a greater percentage of heavier fruits when compared to those produced from unvisited flowers. Furthermore, the duration of insect visits significantly increased both seed set and fruit weight. Results of the present experiments tend to suggest that E. tenax may possess desirable attributes for the pollination of sweet pepper and deserves further needs for investigation. </style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jennersten, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dianthus deltoides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conserv. biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3074</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Jennersten</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">patch size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2784</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly pollinated herb. 2-year study in Sweden, comparing undisturbed and fragmented sites (had lower diversity and abundance of flowering plants and insects). Fewer visits and much lower seed set in fragmented area. Hand-pollination increased seed set 4.1x in fragmented area, not in control area.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9325</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9325</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jepson, P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Healy, T. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The location of floral nectar sources by mosquitoes: an advanced bioassay for volatile plant odours and initial studies with </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes aegypti</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of Entomological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull. Entomol. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">641-650</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aedes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5256</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">odor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2791</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23542</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23542</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jersáková, Jana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spaethe, Johannes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streinzer, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neumayer, Johann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paulus, Hannes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dötterl, Stefan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Steven D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Traunsteinera globosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (the globe orchid) dupe its pollinators through generalized food deception or mimicry?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-294</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knautia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scabiosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeriana</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traunsteinera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-rewarding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-rewarding orchids rely on various ruses to attract their pollinators. One of the most common is for them to resemble flowers sought by insects as food sources. This can range from generalized food deception to the mimicry of specific sympatric food plants. We investigated the basis of pollinator deception in the European food-deceptive orchid Traunsteinera globosa, which has unusually compact flowerheads resembling those of sympatric rewarding species of Knautia and Scabiosa (Dipsacaceae), and Valeriana (Caprifoliaceae). Visual signals of T. globosa are similar in both fly and bee vision models to those of the sympatric food plants used in the choice experiments, but scent signals are divergent. Field experiments conducted in Austria and the Czech Republic showed that both naive and experienced (with respect to visitation of T. globosa) insect species approached the orchids at the same rate as food plants, but direct contact with orchid flowers was taxon specific. Flies were most easily duped into probing the orchid, and, in doing so, frequently received and deposited pollinaria, whereas most bees and butterflies avoided landing on orchid flowers. We conclude that T. globosa is a mimic of a guild of fly-pollinated plants, but the ecological dependence of the orchid on its models remains to be fully tested. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12364</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/boj.12364</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9335</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9335</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jesse, Laura C. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moloney, Kirk A.  </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obrycki, John J. </style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Departments of Entomology and ; Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA and ; Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators of the invasive plant, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rosa multiflora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rosaceae), in Iowa, USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weed Biology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1445-6664</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Invasive species often require mutualistic relationships to successfully invade new environments. Insect pollination is an example of a mutualism that is required for seed-set in the invasive species, Rosa multiflora Thunb. (Rosaceae), an obligate outcrosser. To determine the insect pollinators visiting R. multiflora flowers in Iowa, USA, we collected insects on yellow sticky traps placed on plants during the period of blooming and visually observed insects visiting the flowers. The common insect orders that were collected on the sticky traps included Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, and Thysanoptera. Many of the insects found on the sticky cards were known to feed on pollen. However, we did not collect Apidae (bumble bees and honey bees) on the sticky cards. We observed Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera foraging on the flowers. Syrphid flies were the most commonly observed taxa visiting the flowers. Our results indicate that R. multiflora is utilizing common generalist insect pollinators in Iowa and that pollination is not a limiting factor for this invasive species.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00221.x</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00221.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27498</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27498</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kong, J. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, H. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiang, Z. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han, Z. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liao, P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Y. I.</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare, Endangered &amp; Endemic Forest Plants, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.&#xD;Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, 40453, Taiwan.&#xD;Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 116, Taipei, Taiwan.&#xD;Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science, 40453, Taichung, Taiwan.&#xD;Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium subtropicum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Orchidaceae) employs aphid colony mimicry to attract hoverfly (Syrphidae) pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The New phytologist</style></abbr-1></periodical><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/04/28</style></edition><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pheromones</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidacaeae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr 26</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-646x</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32337728</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Orchidaceae, pollination is mostly animal-mediated, and one-third of species have evolved a deceptive pollination mechanism without rewards. Cypripedium is a representative lineage of nonrewarding orchids restricted to temperate regions. Cypripedium subtropicum flowers are pollinated by hoverflies and have hairy tufts that visually resemble an aphid colony covered with honey dew. We recorded the behavior of hoverflies on the flowers, determined the breeding system of the species and the structure of hairy tufts, and investigated the roles of hairy tufts and floral volatiles in this specialized pollination by using pollination experiments, scanning electron microscopy, bioassays and chemical analyses. The white hairy tufts covering the sidelobes of the labellum provide edible rewards and serve as crucial visual lures for hoverflies. The flowers emit primarily (E)-β-farnesene and a smaller amount of β-pinene that were found to attract hoverflies. Our results suggest that C. subtropicum uses both visual mimicry of an aphid-colonized labellum with a reward and chemical mimicry of aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination. This is the first described example of a rewarding mimicry system in plants, where the models are animals with their secretions and the reward is similar in nutrients to that of the model mimicked.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137&#xD;Jiang, Hong&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0001-6613-8588&#xD;Kong, Ji-Jun&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0003-1142-8910&#xD;Chen, Hsin-Chun&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0002-6076-3611&#xD;Xiang, Zhen-Yong&#xD;Zhang, Wei-Ping&#xD;Han, Zhou-Dong&#xD;Liao, Pei-Chun&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0003-1733-5504&#xD;Lee, Yung-I&#xD;Orcid: 0000-0001-9994-2003&#xD;Journal Article&#xD;England&#xD;New Phytol. 2020 Apr 26. doi: 10.1111/nph.16623.</style></notes><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/nph.16623</style></electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NLM</style></remote-database-provider><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9363</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9363</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiron, L. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedstrom</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of mango (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mangifera indica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropic region</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-277</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5262</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mangifera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mango</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tropical</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations were made of pollinating and other flower-visiting insects on mangoes in Costa Rica and in Panama. The most common visitors to the flowers were Diptera such as Syrphidae, Calliphoridae and Sciaridae (51.6% of all visits made on 29 December 1984 at a site in Costa Rica), Lepidoptera such as Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae (33.0%), Coleoptera such as Cantharidae (11.6%) and Hymenoptera such as Apidae (3.6%). Some of these insects fed on pollen or nectar, while others preyed on other visitors. Syrphids, calliphorids and tachinids had greater amounts of pollen attached to their bodies than did other visiting insects. Mangoes with bagged flowers did not set fruit, indicating that they probably did not have the capacity for autogamy.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2795</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ILL requested 4/1/98</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27090</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27090</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Lea R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breger, Benjamin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drummond, Francis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel plant–insect interactions in an urban environment: enemies, protectors, and pollinators of invasive knotweeds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosphere</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e02885</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fallopia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFN</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ant plant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enemy release</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2150-8925</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationships between invasive plants and other species in their introduced ranges may facilitate or hinder the process of invasion. Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed), Fallopia sachalinensis (giant knotweed), and their hybrid Fallopia × bohemica (Bohemian knotweed) are widespread invasive plants in North America and Europe. These species possess extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract mutualist insect protectors in their native ranges. Popillia japonica Newman, 1841 (Japanese beetle) is a primary herbivore of invasive Fallopia spp. in these species’ native range in Japan. These natural enemies are reunited in North America, where Fallopia spp. have been repeatedly introduced as ornamental plantings of residential and commercial properties since the 1800s, and the Japanese beetle has become a widespread insect pest. Spread of Fallopia spp. and their hybrids along linear features of urban landscapes such as roads, railways, and waterways make their performance in urban environments important to these invasive species’ impact. To test the role of insect interactions in the success of Fallopia japonica and F. × bohemica in urban conditions in their invasive range, we examined ant visitation, Japanese beetle abundance and herbivory, ant–Japanese beetle interactions, pollinator visits, and seed production. All active herbivory observed was by Japanese beetles. Leaf area loss to herbivory was much lower than levels reported in Japan, suggesting partial enemy release. New Fallopia leaves were more frequently visited by ants than mature leaves, while Japanese beetle herbivory was observed on mature but not on new leaves. All ant species observed visiting invasive Fallopia EFN were native to North America. Active physical defense by these ants against Japanese beetles was observed but was rare. Native and non-native insects visited Fallopia flowers, followed by seed production. Our results indicate that both native and non-native species may facilitate invasion of Fallopia through pollination and protection mutualisms.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecs2.2885</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ecs2.2885</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9417</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9417</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecotypes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Satyrium hallackii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae) in South Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-235</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5028</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satyrium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraspecific variation in floral traits may reflect adaptive shifts in the pollination system of a plant. This idea was tested by examining the pollination biology of Satyrium hallackii H. Bolus., an orchid which has spurs varying from 8 to 36 mm among populations in southern Africa. Field observations showed that the short-spurred form (S. hallackii subsp. hallackii) in coastal fynbos habitats is pollinated by bees, while the long-spurred form (S. hallackii subsp. ocellatum) in grassland habitats is pollinated primarily by hawkmoths and, secondarily, by long-tongued flies. The shift between hawkmoths and bees as pollinators may have been promoted by an ecological gradient in South Africa: carpenter bees are common in coastal fynbos habitats, but rare in grassland habitats where there are few available nesting sites. On the other hand, hawkmoths are common in grassland habitats, but rare in fynbos where there are few palatable host-plants. The formation of pollination ecotypes across pollinator gradients has probably been a major factor in the diversification of South African plants with specialized pollination systems.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7122</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9430</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9430</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dafni, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of bee-flies to the shape and pattern of model flowers: implications for floral evolution in a Mediterranean herb</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5243</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sleeping flies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0269-8463</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Johnson SD/Univ Natal/Dept Bot/Private Bag X01/ZA 3209 Pietermaritzburg/SOUTH AFRICA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  ZP909</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9437</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9437</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beauty and the beast:  a Cape orchid pollinated by horseflies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veld &amp; Flora</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veld &amp; Flora</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-39</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6926</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9441</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Midgley, J. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gorteria diffusa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Asteraceae), and a possible mimetic function for dark spots on the capitulum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-436</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5030</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gorteria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the functional significance of raised black spots on the ray florets of Gorteria diffusa (Asteraceae) in South Africa. Field observations showed that G. diffusa is pollinated by a small bee-fly, Megapalpus nitidus (Bombyliidae), which is strikingly similar to the raised spots that occur on some of the ray florets. Removal of the spots resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of fly visits to capitula, but did not significantly affect seed set. Replacement of the spots with simple ink spots also significantly reduced the rate of pollinator visits, suggesting that flies respond to details in the structure of the spots. Investigations using scanning electron microscopy showed that the spots of G. diffusa consist of a complex of different cell types. Differences in epidermal sculpturing may partly explain the UV reflectance pattern of these spots, which is similar to that of the flies. Male flies are strongly attracted to the spots, as well as to other flies sitting in the capitula, although female flies also visit the capitula. We conclude that the spots of G. diffusa mimic resting flies, thereby eliciting mate-seeking and aggregation responses in fly pollinators. Similar dark spots have evolved in unrelated South African Gazania, Dimorphotheca, and Pelargonium species pollinated by bee-flies.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7105</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9443</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9443</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson,Steven D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morita,Shelah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lying to Pinocchio: floral deception in an orchid pollinated by long-proboscid flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271-278</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watsonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philoliche</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants that lack floral rewards may nevertheless attract pollinators if their flowers sufficiently resemble those of rewarding plants. Flowers of the South African terrestrial orchid Disa nervosa are similar in floral dimensions and spectral reflectance to those of a sympatric nectar-producing irid (Watsonia densiflora s.l.). Observations showed that the orchid and Watsonia share the same pollinator, a long-proboscid tabanid fly Philoliche aethiopica. These flies visited inflorescences of both species during their foraging bouts and most (64%) observed or captured on Watsonia inflorescences carried pollinaria of the orchid on their proboscides. They probe an average of 6.3 flowers on Watsonia inflorescences, but just 1.9 flowers on the Disa inflorescences, a behaviour which would strongly promote cross-pollination in the self-compatible orchid. The orchid generally achieves high levels of pollination success, with approximately 50% of flowers receiving or exporting pollen at some sites. Pollination success was also high at one site that lacked Watsonia plants, suggesting that the orchid does not have an obligate dependence on Watsonia. Its pollination system may therefore be characterized as intermediate between generalized food deception and specific floral mimicry.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00571.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27924</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27924</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Steven D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sivechurran, Jadine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doarsamy, Sachin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shuttleworth, Adam</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dung mimicry: the function of volatile emissions and corolla patterning in fly-pollinated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Wurmbea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1662-1673</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wurmbea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colchicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dung</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0028-646X</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It has been suggested that flowers of some angiosperms mimic vertebrate faeces (dung) in order to exploit insect pollinators that utilize faeces as a source of food and/or oviposition sites. We investigated a potential case of mimicry in Wurmbea elatior (Colchicaceae), a lily that exhibits a faecal odour and pattern of dark spots on the corolla. We found that W. elatior is pollinated by a broad assemblage of coprophagous flies and is dependent on pollinator visits for seed production. The flowers emit volatiles that are characteristic of vertebrate faeces, and three of these compounds – skatole, indole, and an unidentified compound – elicited electrophysiological antennal responses from flies. Artificial flowers laced with indole and skatole or skatole alone attracted the same assemblage of flies as was recorded on flowers of W. elatior. Spotted artificial flowers attracted twice as many flies as did those lacking spots. Experimental addition of indole and skatole to flowers of Wurmbea kraussii, a congener with unscented flowers pollinated by hoverflies, induced a shift to an insect visitor assemblage dominated by coprophagous flies. This study clarifies the roles of volatile emissions (particularly skatole) and visual signals in floral dung mimicry.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.16791</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16791</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, K. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efficient pollination of the mass-flowering Cape orchid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Disa obtusa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindl (Orchidaceae) by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bibio turneri</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Edwards (Diptera: Bibionidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African Entomology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bibio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass-flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2822</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9453</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, K. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-proboscid fly pollination of two orchids in the Cape Drakensberg mountains, South Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4905</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownleea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nemestrinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosoeca</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large hovering flies with elongated nectar-feeding mouthparts play an important role in the pollination of South African plants. Here we describe and illustrate the pollination of two long-spurred orchids —Disa oreophila H. Bolus subsp.erecta Linder and Brownleea macroceras Sond. — by the long-proboscid fly Prosoeca ganglbaueri Lichtwardt (Nemestrinidae).</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2823</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9454</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steiner, K. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-tongued fly pollination and evolution of floral spur length in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Disa draconis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> complex (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5029</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecotype</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speciation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nemestrinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field studies in South Africa showed that floral spur length in the Disa draconis complex (Orchidaceae) varies enormously between populations in the southern mountains (means = 32-38 mm), lowland sandplain (mean = 48 mm), and northern mountains (means = 57-72 mm). We tested the hypothesis that divergence in spur length has resulted from selection exerted through pollinator proboscis length. Short-spurred plants in several southern mountain populations, as well as long-spurred plants in one northern mountain population, were pollinated by a horsefly, Philoliche rostrata (Tabanidae), with a proboscis length that varied from 22 to 35 mm among sites. Longspurred plants on the sandplain were pollinated by the tanglewing fly, Moegistorynchus longirostris (Nemestrinidae), which has a very long proboscis (mean = 57 mm). Selection apparently favors long spurs in sandplain plants, as artificial shortening of spurs resulted in a significant decline in pollen receipt and fruit set, although pollinaria removal was not significantly affected. Fruit set in the study populations was limited by pollen availability, which further suggests that selection on spur length occurs mainly through the female component of reproductive success.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7167</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28295</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28295</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, C. Eugene.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoffman, Fern L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunes-Silva, Patricia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, Robert L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munoz, Axhel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erickson, Marion</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stone, Douglas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atallah, Youssef</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatiotemporal variation in pollinator taxa on the santa ana river wooly star</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Eriastrum densifolium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ssp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sanctorum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Milliken) mason (Polemoniaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatiotemporal variation in pollinator taxa on the santa ana river wooly star Eriastrum densifolium ssp. Sanctorum (Milliken) mason (Polemoniaceae)</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriastrum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polemoniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hummingbird</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flood control, via the construction of the Seven Oaks Dam in the Santa Ana River in southern California, has altered habitat in the downstream alluvial wash community and jeopardized the persistence of pioneer plant species that rely on periodic flood-scouring and sand recharge. One species, Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum (“ Eriastrum ”), an endangered perennial, has been greatly affected and persists in spatially separated populations on successional vegetation terraces. We made “dawn to dusk” observations of pollinators in three phenological stages at four sites, representing young and old seral stages, to identify primary pollinators and to elicit daily, site, and seasonal patterns of visitors. Data were compared to previous observations and correlated with annual rainfall to determine long-term trends. Shifts in pollinator taxa have occurred, with some consistency through time and space, during nine years. The sites with the highest pollinator abundance (older sites) are least suited to Eriastrum . Hummingbirds (prevalent in early season) and the Acton giant flower-loving fly (prevalent in late season) have been consistently present across years, whereas other taxa have varied. A shift from native bees to non-native bees has occurred, although native bees in the families Halictidae and Apidae (Micranthophora and Melissodes) remain important. In general, there was no correlation between taxa abundance and rainfall. Eriastrum appears to be a generalist able to take advantage of the behaviour, cycling, and availability of diverse pollinators daily, seasonally, and annually.  </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=531</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23110</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23110</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, C. Eugene</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shropshire, Frances M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, Robert L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atallah, Youssef C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination and reproduction in natural and mitigation populations of the Many-Stemmed Dudleya, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dudleya multicaulis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Crassulaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dudleya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crassulaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower constancy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mitigation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/01/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">California Botanical Society</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-9637</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the reproductive biology of the rare and endangered plant, Dudleya multicaulis at five separate sites, three natural and two mitigation sites. We employed dawn to dusk observations to determine the spectrum of pollinators visiting D. multicaulis, took pollen samples from visitors to determine floral constancy, sampled nectar to determine volume produced per flower, examined the number of flowers per inflorescence, the number of those flowers that produced seed, and total seed set to determine reproductive output, completed seed germination tests to determine viability, and transplanted germinated seedlings from Petri dishes to soil to determine how well seedlings survive transplanting. Dudleya multicaulis was visited by flower beetles, native and European honey bees, flies, and a variety of other insects. Nectar production per flower averaged 0.12 µl. Bees averaged 99% floral constancy to D. multicaulis. Reproductive output measured by flower production and fruit/seed set were not significantly different among sites. Among all populations, the average fruit set ranged from 86.9 to 94.4%. The large fruit set coupled with the diversity of floral visitors suggests that D. multicaaulis is not pollinator limited. Data suggest that D. multicaulis is capable of self-pollination in absence of vectors. Seed germination and transplanted seedling survival did not differ significantly among sites. Results suggest that sowing seed may be better for plant establishment rather than transplanting when mitigation is necessitated.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-57.1.42</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3120/0024-9637-57.1.42</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015/06/29</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9555</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9555</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jordano, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Prunus mahaleb</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.: deferred consequences of gender variation for fecundity and seed size</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biol. j. Linn. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-84</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4390</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptic dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gynodioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prunus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A gynodioecious treelet, with 55.4% of plants being male fertile and 44.6% presenting non-functional shrunken anthers with no pollen. Individual trees produced the same flower morph for four consecutive years. Reports data on fruit set for control, selfed, crossed, and bagged plants. 41 species of insect flower visitors were recorded; calliphorid and tachinid flies (42% of visits) and andrenid bees (30%) were the most frequent visitors.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2852</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9716</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9716</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaplan, S. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulcahy, D. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mode of pollination and floral sexuality in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thalictrum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">659-668</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female function</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">male function</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalictrum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2882</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9743</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9743</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karczewski, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The observations on flower-visiting species of Tachinidae and Calliphoridae (Diptera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frag. Faun.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frag. Faun.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-482?</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TACHINIDAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5276</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1967</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2894</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9786</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9786</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kastinger, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weber, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bee-flies (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp., Bombyliidae, Diptera) and the pollination of flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-25</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee-flies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination syndromes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0367-2530</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415DB</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">copy in reprint directory</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Kastinger C/Univ Vienna/Inst Bot/Rennweg 14/A 1030 Vienna/AUSTRIA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9796</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9796</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nepenthes gracilis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">924-927</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecious</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nepenthaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nepenthes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A dioecious carnivorous plants with small petal-less flowers. Pollinated by a pyralid moth at night and calliphorid flies in the evening; nectar is only secreted at night, evaporates quickly during the day.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2910</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9798</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9798</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant-pollinator interactions in the understory of a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">732-743</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipterocarpaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarawak</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2912</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9801</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9801</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoue, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagamitsu, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gnetum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Gnetaceae) in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">862-868</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipterocarpaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gnetaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gnetum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pyralidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geometridae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2914</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9803</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9803</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kakutani, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inouye, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Itino, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect-flower relationship in the primary beech forest of Ashu, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-375</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3861</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource partitioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 4-year study of insect visitors to 91 species, with monthly or bimonthly surveys. 186-day flowering season, 4 - 19 species flowering concurrently (peak in late August). Mean flowering period was 16 days. Collected 2459 individuals of 715 species from 11 orders of Insecta and 2 orders of Arachnoidea. 39% Hymenoptera, 35% Diptera, 17% Coleoptera. Number of species was highest for Diptera (41%), then Hymenoptera (26%) and Coleoptera (19%). Numbers of species and individuals peaked in May and then gradually decreased. 16 families were visited primarily by Hymenoptera, 4 by Diptera, 2 by Coleoptera, the other 15 by a variety of insect groups. Also list flower preferences among insect orders and plant families.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2916</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9810</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9810</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, Yuuki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araki, Kiwako</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohara, Masashi</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding system and floral visitors of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum album</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> subsp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">oxysepalum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Melanthiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-46</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life history</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">andromonoecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clonal growth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mast seeding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monocarpy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum album subsp. oxysepalum is an andromonoecious perennial woodland herb. In the present study, to clarify the essential life-history characteristics of this species, sexual reproduction was examined and breeding experiments were carried out along with observations of floral visitors in the field. The results of the breeding experiments showed that this species has a high level of self-incompatibility. As various Coleoptera and Diptera visited the flowers, the seed production of V. album subsp. oxysepalum possibly depends on outcrossing pollination by insects.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00231.x</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00231.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23698</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23698</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katzenberger, Jakob</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zacharias, Dietmar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutualism of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stratiotes aloides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (Hydrocharitaceae) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hydrellia tarsata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae): Tritrophic interaction of macrophyte, leaf-mining dipteran pollinator and parasitoid Braconidae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mutualism of Stratiotes aloides L. (Hydrocharitaceae) and Hydrellia tarsata Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae): Tritrophic interaction of macrophyte, leaf-mining dipteran pollinator and parasitoid Braconidae</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stratiotes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrellia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ephydridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tritrophic interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Braconidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aquatic macrophyte Stratiotes aloides L. is of conservation concern in central Europe due to its high importance for biodiversity in lowland floodplain and ditch ecosystems. However, over the last decades this species has shown population declines for instance in Germany or the Netherlands. S. aloides is dioecious with male and female individuals, in mixed or separated stands, often reproducing vegetatively. Generative reproduction is observed less frequently, but of great importance for declining plant populations facing threats of habitat destruction and eutrophication. Precisely which arthropods transfer S. aloides pollen was previously unknown. We examined flower visitors of S. aloides in the 2011 and 2014 flowering seasons in ditches of a wet grassland ecosystem in Bremen, Northwest Germany. Hydrellia tarsata Haliday (Diptera: Ephydridae) was found abundantly in male and female flowers of S. aloides in both years. Pollen of S. aloides was actively transferred by H. tarsata and reproduction of the fly in S. aloides leaves was detected by rearing H. tarsata from extracted puparia. The mining Hydrellia were parasitised by the braconid wasps Chaenusa “ punctulata ” Burghele and Chorebus “ densepunctatus ” Burghele, which also visited S. aloides flowers in 2011 and 2014. These results point to a mutualism between S. aloides and the ephydrid H. tarsata , with both partners benefiting with their own reproduction. This relationship between plant and dipteran pollinator is however complicated in a tritrophic interaction with the braconid parasitoids, which infest the mining stages of the ephydrid flies and could potentially also transfer S. aloides pollen.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=324</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9826</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9826</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaufmann, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocoa pollination by males of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Forcipomyia squamipennis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Ghana</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical Agriculture</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trop. Agric.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tropical Agriculture</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-74</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceratopogonidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cocoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theobroma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5353</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From field observations and laboratory rearings, the biology of Forcipomyia squamipennis I. &amp; M. in cocoa plantations in Ghana was established as follows. Adult midges are found between buttresses of large shade trees, in crevices of decayed old logs, in hollow tree stumps and cocoa husk heaps. Swarming takes place at any time during the day in or around the resting place, while dispersal occurs in the early morning and in the late afternoon, the normal flight range being 5–6 m. The largest populations occur in the rainy season. Eggs are laid on moist decomposing wood, cocoa husks and other plant debris in batches of 40–90; the larvae hatch in 2–3 days and pupate after four moults, when about 12 days old; the pupal stage lasts 2–3 days. Adult females require liquid plant food for survival and oviposition, although the maturation of ova is independent of adult food intake or mating; unfertilised eggs do not develop. The maximum adult life span for both sexes is eight days in captivity. F. squamipennis undergoes at least 12 generations a year. Due to its abundance and continuous breeding in cocoa plantations, F. squamipennis is probably the most important Ceratopogonid cocoa pollinator in Ghana. Both sexes are efficient pollinators, but four times more males than females visit cocoa flowers.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2921</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9880</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9880</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, Q. O. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preferential pollination of yellow-flowered morphs of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus raphinastrum </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pieris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">230-232</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4689</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2938</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9881</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9881</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kay, Q. O. N.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of preferential and assortative pollination in the maintenance of flower colour polymorphisms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-190</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assortative pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polymorphism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2939</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9998</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9998</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kendall, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solomon, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantities of pollen on the bodies of insects visiting apple blossom</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. appl. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">627-634</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5152</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">apple</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">record</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recorded 25 species of Hymenoptera, 33 of Diptera (in 13 families), including 16 species of Syrphidae.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2968</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>9999</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">9999</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kendall, D. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solomon, M. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testing the syrphid fly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis tenax</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> as a pollinator of apple</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long Ashton Research Station Report for 1971</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long Ashton Research Station Report for 1971</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-120</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5379</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6665</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited in an unpublished manuscript by Domingos de Oliveira</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10000</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10000</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kendall, D. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guttridge, C. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, H. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testing </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">as a pollinator of covered crops</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long Ashton Research Station Report for 1971</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long Ashton Research Station Report for 1971</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-121</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4939</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6666</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited in an unpublished manuscript by Domingos de Oliveira</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10010</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10010</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenrick, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margison, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beresford, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knox, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, H. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination-related characteristics in mimosoid legume </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acacia terminalis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-62</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acacia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leguminosae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2970</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollination of High Arctic flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">831-847</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4971</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Kevan</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2990</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10077</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10077</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers, insects and pollination ecology in the Canadian high Arctic</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polar Record</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polar Rec.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">667-674</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4972</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2991</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10083</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10083</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral coloration, its colorimetric analysis and significance in anthecology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-78</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2995</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited in Endress 1994</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10100</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker, H. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insects as flower visitors and pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annu Rev Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual review of entomology</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-453</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2585</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baker</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3002</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">good review.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10107</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10107</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eisikowitch, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ambrose, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kemp, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cryptic dioecy and insect pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rosa setigera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Michx. (Rosaceae), a rare plant of Carolinian Canada</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biol. j. Linn. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptic dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unique among known roses because it is truly dioecious, yet the plants and flowers are almost impossible to sex. Pollen from female plants doesn&apos;t germinate.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3005</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10110</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10110</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadawski, R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, S. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadawski, S. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of cranberries, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vaccinium macrocarpo</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n, on cultivated marshes in Ontario</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-53</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4904</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccinium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bumblebees were important pollinators, and presence of honeybees had no detectable effect on pollination or fruit production.  The role of the large number of syrphid flies on the flowers was not assessed, but may be important.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3008</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10121</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10121</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plowright, R. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matacil insecticide spraying, pollinator mortality, and plant fecundity in New Brunswick forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2056-2061</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSECTICIDE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3010</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22808</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22808</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiill, Lúcia Helena Piedade</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martins, Carla Tatiana De Vasconcelos Dias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">da Silva, Paloma Pereira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sideroxylon obtusifolium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Roem. &amp; Schult.) T.D. Penn. (Sapotaceae) in the semiarid region of Bahia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista Árvore</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista Árvore</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sideroxylon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work was to study phenology, reproductive biology and flower visitors of Sideroxylon obtusifolium in caatinga area. The study was conducted from October 2003 to September 2005, in natural populations o f S. obtusifolium in Legal Reserve Area of the Project Salitre, municipality of Juazeiro, state of Bahia, Brazil. The phenological data showed that vegetative phenophases (sprouting and leaf senescence) occurred throughout the year, while flowering and fruiting were recorded in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The flowers are hermaphrodite, cream color, exhale odor, secrete small amount of nectar (&lt;1µL), have diurnal anthesis and protogynous dichogamy. Among the floral visitors, bees, wasps, flies and butterflies were recorded. Apis mellifera and dipteral morphospecies 1 and 2 were considered as pollinators of this specie. The reproduction system of S. obtusifolium is facultatively autogamous, producing fruit by self-pollination (6.6%) and by cross-pollination (33%). Differences in phenological registry, floral biology and the pollinators agents were found when compared with other environments, indicating that the climatic variables can be one of several factors that influence this relationship.</style></abstract><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622014000600006  </style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10146</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10146</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kikuchi, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on the coaction among insects visiting flowers. I. Ecological groups in insects visiting chrysanthemum flower, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chrysanthemum leucanthemum</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.)</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4906</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chrysanthemum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1962</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3019</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited in Kevan and Baker 1983</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kikuchi, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on the coaction among insects on flowers. III. Dominance relationship among flower-visiting flies, bees and butterflies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sci. Rep. Tôhoku Univ. Ser. IV (Biol.)</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-8</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4907</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1962</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3020</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kingsley, K. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavior of the Delhi sands flower-loving fly (Diptera: Mydidiae), a little-known endangered species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">883-891</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5031</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6714</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kitching,R. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boulter,S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howlett,B. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodall,K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visitor assemblages at flowers in a tropical rainforest canopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austral Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austral Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austral Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Austral Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-42</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canopy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crane</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainforest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canopy crane-based studies have been carried out to quantify the sets of arthropods that visit the flowers of a suite of common species of trees, palms and vines within the Cape Tribulation study area. Those Orders that increase significantly in abundance between the budding and flowering stages of inflorescences are identified, and multivariate and univariate comparisons have been made first, among coflowering plant species and second, at different seasons for the same plant species. The analysis has been repeated for both the profile of higher arthropod taxa in the samples and for the relative abundances of families of Coleoptera: one of the Orders most frequently suggested as critical in the pollination biology of Australian rainforests. In all cases significant differences are identified among species confirming that the visitor profile is a plant species-specific phenomenon. Profiles within plant species at different times also differed. At the ordinal level significant differences in visitor profiles associated with coflowering plants, were observed, variously, in Thysanoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Within the Coleoptera significant differences occurred in relative abundances of Scarabaeidae, Phalacridae, Latridiidae and Curculionidae. Seasonal differences in visitation to Syzygium gustavioides, Normanbya normanbyi and Calamus radicalis, reflected differences in Diptera, Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera and Araneida. Within the Coleoptera, the Elateridae and Curculionidae varied significantly between occasions. The various forms of flower/arthropod interaction that may be represented in these results are discussed, as are the implications for pollination.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2007.01733.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kite, GC</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hetterscheid, WLA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewis, MJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyce, PC</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerton, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocklin,E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simmonds, M</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owens, SJ</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudall, PJ</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inflorescence odours and pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Amorphophallus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-315</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amorphophallus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5555</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kew</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Royal Botanic Gardens</style></publisher><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10339</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10339</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knab, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquitoes as flower visitors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the New York Entomological Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the New York Entomological Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-219</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5235</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1907</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3091</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10353</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10353</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knight, G. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the behaviour of Bombylius major L. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">B. discolor</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mik. (Dipt., Bombyliidae) in the midlands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologist&apos;s Monthly Magazine</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">177-181</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4908</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Priimula</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1967</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3096</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knoll, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insekten und Blumen, Experimentale Arbeiten zur Vertiefung unserer Kenntnisse über die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Pflanzen und Tieren. II. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius fuliginosus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> und die Farbe der Blumen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abhandlungen der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-119</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1921</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3101</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10503</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10503</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kormann, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schwebfliegen als Blütenbesucher an </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix caprea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">und </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tussilago farfara </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Dipt., Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nachrbl. bayr. Ent.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nachrbl. bayr. Ent.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5226</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salix</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tussilago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lists 21 species of syrphid flies that visit Salix caprea in the spring.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6927</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cited in Ssymank and Gilbert 1993</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10569</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10569</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krannitz, P. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maun, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect visitors to the Guelder Rose, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Viburnum opulus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> var. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">opulus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Caprifoliaceae), in London, Ontario</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Field - Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Field - Naturalist</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-17</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caprifoliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5261</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viburnum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">naturalized</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">record</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50 species found visiting flowers</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3171</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10575</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10575</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kratochwil, Anselm</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zur Bestäubingsstrategie von </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pulsatilla vulgaris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Mill.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-324</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulsatilla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5882</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10612</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10612</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kress, W. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beach, J. H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDade, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bawa, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hespenheide, H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartshorn, G. S.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering plant reproductive systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-182</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4669</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa Rica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chicago</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Chicago Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3179</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Has a checklist of flowering plants with pollinator classes, including flies.,, ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10663</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10663</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kubitzki, K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kurz, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Synchronized dichogamy and dioecy in neotropical Lauraceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dichogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in pollination folder</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10670</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10670</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kudo, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relationship between flowering time and fruit set of the entomophilous alpine shrub, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhododendron aureum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Ericaceae), inhabiting snow patches</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1300-1304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empididae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frost</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rododendron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">snow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-compatible, but pollinator visits highly enhanced fruit set. Flowering time varied from mid-June to late July depending on snowmelt along a snowmelt gradient on a slope. Pollinator visitation increased as the flowering season progressed, and fruit set was significantly higher in the quadrat with latest snowmelt. Emasculation suggested that later flowering might promote cross-pollination. Although later flowering was advantageous for pollination, later-flowering plants often failed to set fruit because of the onset of autumn frost and snow before fruit maturation.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3194</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10700</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10700</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kugler, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Der Blütenbesuch der Schlammfliege (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eristalomyia tenax</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitschrift fr vergleichende Physiologie</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-347</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4691</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1950</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3198</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10702</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10702</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kugler, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zur Problem der Dipterenblumen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oesterr. Bot. Z.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-541</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4705</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1955</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3200</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10703</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10703</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kugler, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Über die optische Wirkung von Fliegenblumen auf Fliegen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">387-398</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3625</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1956</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3201</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kumar, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mishra, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gupta, J. K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of mode of pollination on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Allium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species with observation on insects as pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Apicultural Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Apicultural Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Apicultural Research</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Apicultural Research</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-66</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5025</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> At two sites in Himachal Pradesh, India, seed set, seed weight and seed germination were compared for 3 Allium species which were open-pollinated, enclosed in nylon cages or covered with cloth bags. Seed set and germination were significantly higher in open-pollinated than in caged umbels, but there was no significant difference between treatments for mean weight of 100 seeds. The Indian honeybee, Apis cerana indica, was the most frequent insect visitor. Of the three onion species, Allium cepa was preferred by insect visitors over Allium fistulosum and Allium cepa fistulosum. Apis dorsata foraged exclusively for nectar, but although most Apis cerana collected nectar, a small percentage collected both nectar and pollen. The amounts of pollen adhering to the bodies of foraging insects varied greatly, honeybees carrying significantly larger amounts than all other insect species except Eristalis tenax.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6669</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10749</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10749</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kunze, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology in two species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gonolobus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Asclepiadaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-316</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonolobeae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5352</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0367-2530</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Kunze H/Klaperstadt 46/D 32425 Minden/GERMANY&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  226XQ</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwak, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velterop, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower visitation by generalists and specialists: analysis of pollinator quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Exper. &amp; Appl. Entomol., N.E.V. Amsterdam</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-89</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dasypoda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeybee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5255</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scabiosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers of Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsacaceae) are visited by a large number of insect species, generalists and one specialist. Per population one insect species or group was dominant. Syrphids, bumblebee males [Bombus] and the day-active night moth Autographa gamma were the most numerous visitors in Dutch populations. In French populations, a number of butterfly [Lepidoptera] species, honeybees [Apis mellifera] and the specialist bee Dasypoda argentata were the most frequent visitors. The purity of the pollen loads on insect bodies was studied. Bumblebees, both workers and males, and syrphid flies carried a body load containing pollen of several plant species. The percentage of S. columbaria pollen was not larger than 22%. Butterflies carried a very small number of pollen grains. The specialist D. argentata and honeybees carried only S. columbaria pollen, the first species in very large numbers. Stigmas in populations visited by D. argentata and honeybees contained a very pure load of nearly only Scabiosa pollen. Stigmas in populations visited by bumblebees, syrphid flies and butterflies had up to 30% Scabiosa pollen; a large variation of pollen from different plant species was found.&#xD;</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7388</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwak, M. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velterop, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boerrigter, E. J. M.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matheson, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buchmann, S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Toole, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westrich, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, I. H.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect diversity and the pollination of rare plant species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The conservation of bees</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-124</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rare</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New York</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A nice dataset for 3 rare plant species comparing pollination by butterflies, flies, wasps, honeybees, bumblebees.  Has some data on pollen loads.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6857</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10810</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10810</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lack, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination of</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%"> Arum maculatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. - a historical review and new observations</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watsonia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watsonia</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-342</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4913</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trap</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3235</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10811</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10811</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lack, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevan, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On the reproductive biology of a canopy tree, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Syzygium syzygioides</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Myrtaceae), in a rain forest in Sulawesi, Indonesia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myrtaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syzygium</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3236</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10908</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10908</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Langridge, D. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goodman, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A study on pollination of oilseed rape (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brassica campestris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Experimental Animal Husbandry</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Experimental Animal Husbandry</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-288</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4942</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1975</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae were 30.7% of visitors (vs. 32.9 for Apis), and judging from their behavior were probably pollinating.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6670</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>10958</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">10958</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larsen, Michael W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter, Craig</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, Steven D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, Jens M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative biology of pollination systems in the African-Malagasy genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brownleea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Brownleeinae: Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptive radiation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brownleea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of pollinators in the evolution of the African-Malagasy orchid genus Brownleea (Brownleeinae) was investigated. Taxa show specialization for pollination by bees (B. parviflora, B. recurvata), short-proboscid flies (B. galpinii), and long-proboscid flies (B. macroceras, B. coerulea). All species in the genus produce nectar, but some (B. coerulea, B. galpinii) appear to mimic flowers of abundant sympatric species as an additional strategy to attract pollinators. Species investigated in terms of their breeding systems (B. coerulea, B. parviflora, B. macroceras, B. galpinii) are reliant on pollinator visits for seed production. Self-pollination results in strong inbreeding depression during embryo formation. A phylogeny of the genus, constructed using data from the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and morphology, indicates that fly pollination is likely to be basal in the genus, and that there has been a single shift to bee pollination. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00725.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00725.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25425</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lebel, Merav</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obolski, Uri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hadany, Lilach</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapir, Yuval</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator-mediated selection on floral size and tube color in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Linum pubescens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Can differential behavior and preference in different times of the day maintain dimorphism?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1096-1106</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polymorphism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2045-7758</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity of flower traits is often proposed as the outcome of selection exerted by pollinators. Positive directional pollinator-mediated selection on floral size has been widely shown to reduce phenotypic variance. However, the underlying mechanism of maintaining within-population floral color polymorphism is poorly understood. Divergent selection, mediated by different pollinators or by both mutualists and antagonists, may create and maintain such polymorphism, but it has rarely been shown to result from differential behavior of one pollinator. We tested whether different behaviors of the same pollinators in morning and evening are associated with dimorphic floral trait in Linum pubescens, a Mediterranean annual plant that exhibits variable within-population frequencies of dark- and light-colored flower tubes. Usia bicolor bee-flies, the major pollinators of L. pubescens, are mostly feeding in the flower in the morning, while in the evening they are mostly visiting the flowers for mating. In 2 years of studying L. pubescens in a single large population in the Carmel, Israel, we found in one year that dark-centered flowers received significantly higher fraction of visits in the morning. Fitness was positively affected by number of visits, but no fitness differences were found between tube-color morphs, suggesting that both morphs have similar pollination success. Using mediation analysis, we found that flower size was under positive directional pollinator-mediated selection in both years, but pollinator behavior did not explain entirely this selection, which was possibly mediated also by other agents, such as florivores or a-biotic stresses. While most pollinator-mediated selection studies show that flower size signals food reward, in L. pubescens, it may also signal for mating place, which may drive positive selection. While flower size found to be under pollinator-mediated selection in L. pubescens, differential behavior of the pollinators in morning and evening did not seem to explain flower color polymorphism.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3683</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ece3.3683</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11148</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11148</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee, Ted N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snow, Allison A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator preferences and the persistence of crop genes in wild radish populations (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus raphanistrum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, Brassicaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-339</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">butterfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybridization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11154</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11154</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leereveld, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthecological relations between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies. III. Worldwide survey of crop and intestine contents of certain anthophilous syrphid flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tijdschrift voor Entomologie</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tijdschrift voor Entomologie</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3651</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3339</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11155</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leereveld, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthecological relations between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies. VI. Aspects of the anthecology of Cyperaceae and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sparganium erectum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Botanica Neerlandica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Bot. Neerl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">475-482</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CYPERACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5250</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3340</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11156</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11156</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leereveld, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeuse, A. D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthecological relations between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies. II. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plantago media</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Botanica Neerlandica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Bot. Neerl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-211</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3627</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3341</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11158</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11158</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leereveld, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeuse, A. D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some cases of visiting of anemophiles by syrphid flies in Madagascar</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-223</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5234</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madagascar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Examination of pollen grains recovered from the digestive tract of certain Madagascan hover flies (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp.) revealed that at least one species consumes large quantities of pollen of nominally anemophilous taxa (Poaceae, Cyperaceae). The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of similar fly-anemophile relationships observed elsewhere in the world.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3343</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lefebvre, Vincent</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fontaine, Colin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villemant, Claire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daugeron, Christophe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are empidine dance flies major flower visitors in alpine environments? A case study in the Alps, France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology Letters</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology Letters</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empidinae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empididae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 1, 2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination is one of the most important ecosystem services and bees the most important pollinators. As a population decline of bees has been documented in numerous regions of the world, it is crucial to develop understanding on other possible pollinators. Here, we study the potential pollination impact of Diptera, and among them Empidinae, in an alpine environment, where the abundance of bees is naturally lower. Interactions between 19 entomophilous plants and their flower visitors were recorded in a subalpine meadow in the French Alps during six weeks. Visitation frequencies were used to build the flower–visitor network. Our results show that interactions between flies and plants are dominant; flies represent more than 60% of all visitors, with 54% of them being Empidinae. We especially found that flies, Empidinae and bees are the main visitors of 11, three and one plants, respectively. When considering both bees and Syrphidae together, six plants were more visited by Empidinae; when considering bees and Syrphidae separately, 10 plants were more visited by Empidinae than by bees or Syrphidae. The results support the idea that flies widely replace bees as main flower visitors at altitude, and among them the Empidinae might play a key role in pollination.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/11/20140742.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1098/rsbl.2014.0742</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11170</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11170</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehnebach, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riveros, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of the Chilean endemic orchid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chloraea lamellata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity and Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity and Conservation</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodivers Conserv</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1741-1751</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chile</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator loss</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endemic</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloraea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0960-3115</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">673LT</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloraea lamellata Lindl. is one of the 50 taxa of terrestrial orchids occurring in Chile. In this paper we report the breeding system, phenology and pollinator activity in a population of the species located in the Province of Valdivia, X Region, Chile (398289 S). Chl. lamellata flowers from November to January, forming a lax spike with ca. 13 flowers. The floral life-span is 14 +/- 4 days. The species is self- compatible. There was no statistical difference between the amount of seed produced after hand cross-pollination and hand self-pollination treatments. Neither direct autogamy nor agamospermy are involved in seed setting, thus pollinating agents are essential for the species&apos; reproduction. Also, it has a high number of pollen grains (881733) and ovules (599833) per flower. The P/O ratio calculated is low (1.46). Probable pollinators belong to the orders Hymenoptera (Corynura chloris and Ruizantheda proxima) and Diptera (Sarcophagidae); these insects had a low visitation rate (0.00002 visits / spike / minute). The rate of pollination observed was low (28.6% flowers with pollinia deposited versus 71.3% flowers with pollinia removed). The reproductive features of Chl. lamellata suggest that the survival capability and long-term persistence of the species will be seriously threatened if the plant- pollinator interaction is disrupted.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Riveros M/Univ Austral Chile/Inst Bot/Fac Ciencias/Casilla 567/Valdivia/CHILE&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11172</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11172</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehnebach, Carlos A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, Alastair W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hedderley, Duncan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination studies of four New Zealand terrestrial orchids and the implication for their conservation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467-477</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gastrodia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thelymitra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual deception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shelter flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11375</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11375</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Yong-Quan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Izhang, Dian-Xiang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Antidesma montanum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Euphorbiaceae) in Hainan, China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007-02</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antidesma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen viability</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chrysomya</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tachinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The floral and pollination biology of Antidesma montanum was studied. The floral phenology, pollen-ovule ratio (P/O), pollen histochemistry, pollen viability, floral visitors and their behavior, and the sexual system were observed and determined. The observation is that Antidesma montanum is a dioecious species with a sexual ratio of ca. 1:1 during anthesis. Results were obtained as follows: (1) A male/female inflorescence consisted of 140.33±27.79/208.33±33.65 (n=6) small (diameter ca. 3.4 mm) light greenish yellow flowers; both male and female inflorescences lasted for ca. 7 days. (2) The longevity of a single flower of A. montanum was 2 days; pollen viability (MTT test) remained at a high level (95%) after anthesis; the pollen was starchless; uncalibrated pollen/ovule ratio was 3333.33±607.18; a mesh-netted flower produced up to 0.34±0.03 </style><style face="normal" font="default" charset="161" size="100%">μL nectar with 3.69%</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">±0.30% sugar equivalent. (3) The floral design and floral display were well adapted to fly pollination. (4) The effective pollinators were dipteran insects Chrysomya megacephala (Calliphoridae), Chrysomya sp., Drino sp. (Tachinidae), Spilogona sp. (Muscidae), and Mitroplatia sp. (Muscidae), which visited both male and female flowers for nectar. The sweet scent emitted during anthesis was a direct attraction to pollinators. No fruit set in bagged flowers indicated that there was no apomixis. No significant difference was found in fruit sets between flowers with open pollination (36.7%) and hand supplemental pollination (39.1%), suggesting that the fruit set was determined by its resource limitation. The correlations between fly pollination and the diclinous sexual systems, and between fly pollination and plants with small greenish yellow flowers were also discussed.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liede, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some observations on pollination in Mexican Asclepiadaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madroño</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">266-276</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5564</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11392</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liede, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitehead, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies in the pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sarcostemma viminale</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> R. Br. sensu lato</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Afr. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-122</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcostemma</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Found a tachinid fly with pollinaria, but Apis were much more common.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3417</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24999</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24999</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, Gwynne S. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raguso, Robert A. </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral visitation, pollen removal, and pollen transport of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Tacca cristata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Jack (Dioscoreaceae) by female Ceratopogonid midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-351</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tacca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premise of research. Tacca is a monocot genus characterized by an unusual reproductive display, with plants possessing umbelliform inflorescences subtended by highly conspicuous leafy bracts and filiform bracteoles with colors ranging from dark maroon to white. Paradoxically, previous studies indicated very low levels of outcrossing in some showy Tacca species, implicating self-pollination as the primary reproductive strategy.&#xD;Methodology. We describe visual observations and collections made of floral visitors to flowering individuals of Tacca cristata Jack in Singapore.&#xD;Pivotal results. Female ceratopogonid midges were observed to visit the flowers at anthesis and were collected with pollen specifically placed on their dorsal thoracic region. A significant proportion of flowering plants was attacked by florivores.&#xD;Conclusions. These findings suggest that at least some showy species of Tacca may be pollinated to some extent through insect visitation. The reproductive biology of Tacca, including inflorescence display, is discussed in the context of its natural history.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/691696</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1086/691696</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11433</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11433</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindner, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia lindneri </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berger und ihre Bestäubung durch Fliegen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biologisches Zentralblatt</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biologisches Zentralblatt</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-101</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4842</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1928</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new species found in Bolivia.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3426</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11478</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11478</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lipow, S. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wyatt, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology and breeding system of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gonolobus suberosus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Asclepiadaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonolobus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5377</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8175</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11481</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11481</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lippok, Barbara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gardine, Angela A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williamson, Paula S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, S. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar ozarkana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">N. advena</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Nymphaeaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">898-902</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar comprises 13 species of aquatic perennials distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The European species N. lutea and N. pumila in Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany are pollinated by bees and flies, including apparent Nuphar specialists. This contrasts with reports of predominant beetle pollination in American N. advena and N. polysepala. We studied pollination in N. ozarkana in Missouri and N. advena in Texas to assess whether (1) there is evidence of pollinator shifts associated with floral-morphological differences between Old World and New World species as hypothesized by Padgett, Les, and Crow (American Journal of Botany 86: 1316–1324. 1999) and (2) whether beetle pollination characterizes American species of Nuphar. Ninety-seven and 67% of flower visits in the two species were by sweat bees, especially Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) nelumbonis. Syrphid fly species visiting both species were Paragus sp., Chalcosyrphus metallicus, and Toxomerus geminatus. The long-horned leaf beetle Donacia piscatrix was common on leaves and stems of N. ozarkana but rarely visited flowers. Fifteen percent of visits to N. advena flowers were by D. piscatrix and D. texana. The beetles&apos; role as pollinators was investigated experimentally by placing floating mesh cages that excluded flies and bees over N. advena buds about to open and adding beetles. Beetles visited 40% of the flowers in cages, and flowers that received visits had 69% seed set, likely due to beetle-mediated geitonogamy of 1st-d flowers. Experimentally outcrossed 1st-d flowers had 62% seed set, and open-pollinated flowers 76%; 2nd-d selfed or outcrossed flowers had low seed sets (9 and 12%, respectively). Flowers are strongly protogynous and do not self spontaneously. Flowers shielded from pollinators set no seeds. A comparison of pollinator spectra in the two Old World and three New World Nuphar species studied so far suggests that the relative contribution of flies, bees, and beetles to pollen transfer in any one population depends more on these insects&apos; relative abundances (and in the case of Donacia, presence) and alternative food sources than on stamen length differences between Old World and New World pond-lilies.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11482</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11482</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lippok, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, S. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Nymphaeaceae) in Europe: flies and bees rather than </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Donacia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetles</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-283</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ephydridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5222</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scatophagidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae) comprises a small holarctic group of aquatic perennials whose flowers are pollinated by flies, bees, and beetles. We studied pollination in different populations of the two European species N. lutea and N. pumila in Norway and in Germany. Flowers are self-compatible and protogynous, preventing automatic selfing, and insect pollination is required for seed production. Sympatric populations were studied in Vest-Agder county in Norway to determine whether N. lutea and N. pumila have the same or different pollinators. Allopatric populations of N. lutea in Germany and Norway were then compared to determine whether their pollinator spectra differ as would be expected in an open flower with seemingly easily accessible pollen and nectar. Results of the present as well as previous studies of the pollination of N. lutea and N. pumila show that both species are mainly pollinated by flies, including apparent Nuphar specialists, such as the scatophagid Hydromyza livens and the ephydrids Hydrellia and Notiphila, the last also a long-known pollinator of N. advena in Florida. Pollinator overlap between sympatric heterospecific populations was small, while allopatric conspecific populations had similar visitor and pollinator spectra. We found no evidence of pollination by Donacia beetles as reported from some North American populations of Nuphar.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7918</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27571</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27571</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Ruirui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, Delai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Shudong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Shujuan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xu, Huanli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Xiaoyu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zou, Yi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quantifying pollination efficiency of flower-visiting insects and its application in estimating pollination services for common buckwheat</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107011</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">301</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buckwheat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagopyrum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">single visit pollen deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiphia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/10/01/</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0167-8809</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination services provided by managed honey bee and wild pollinators are essential for a range of crops. Pollination services can be measured as species-related services, which can be quantified by the combination of each species’ pollination efficiency and their abundance, as well as harvest-related services, which can be quantified by the pollinator exclusion method. Species-related pollination services are poorly documented and have never been directly compared to harvest-related services. Here, we aimed to quantify the pollination efficiency for common flower-visiting species of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and to scale it up to estimate pollination services. We assessed pollination efficiency by single-visit pollen deposition and visitation rate for common flower-visiting insect species. We monitored the abundance of these species during the entire flowering period across seven sites, where pollinator exclusion treatments were undertaken by caging. In total, we observed 27 flower-visiting species and calculated the pollination efficiency of 17 species. We found that flower-visiting species had different capabilities in transferring compatible pollen grains for two flower morphs and different visitation rates. The estimated pollination efficiency was highest for two honey bee species (Apis mellifera and A. cerana), followed by the hoverfly species (Eristalis tenax), and wasp species (Tiphia vernalis). Species-related pollination services estimated by pollination efficiency and abundance showed a strong positive relationship with harvest-related services, which were estimated by the pollinator exclusion method. Our results suggest that to achieve substantial pollination services for common buckwheat, it is important to maintain sufficient managed honey bees, particularly in areas lacking highly efficient wild pollinators species. Our study also suggests that it is possible to estimate pollination services by scaling up the pollination efficiency of common flower-visiting insects. We provide recommendations for the application of this technique.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880920301961</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107011</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11547</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11547</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, D. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wells, M. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of a primitive angiosperm, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pseudowintera colorata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Winteraceae), and the evolution of pollination systems in the Anthophyta</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugggests that the ancestral anthophyte 200 mya was bisexual and pollinated at least in part by nectar-seeking insects, possibly including flies. Found Chironomidae and Halodid beetles on Pseudowintera species.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3471</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11661</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11661</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorence, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy region (Southwest Indian Ocean)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monimiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3496</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994 p. 232; gall midges pollinate</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23580</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23580</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low, S. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wong, S. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ooi, I. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hesse, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Städler, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schönenberger, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boyce, P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral diversity and pollination strategies of three rheophytic Schismatoglottideae (Araceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-97</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aridarum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phymatarum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schottarum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colocasiomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1438-8677</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homoplastic evolution of ‘unique’ morphological characteristics in the Schismatoglottideae – many previously used to define genera – prompted this study to compare morphology and function in connection with pollination biology for Aridarum nicolsonii, Phymatarum borneense and Schottarum sarikeense. Aridarum nicolsonii and P. borneense extrude pollen through a pair of horned thecae while S. sarikeense sheds pollen through a pair of pores on the thecae. Floral traits of spathe constriction, presence and movement of sterile structures on the spadix, the comparable role of horned thecae and thecae pores, the presence of stamen-associated calcium oxalate packages, and the timing of odour emission are discussed in the context of their roles in pollinator management. Pollinators for all investigated species were determined to be species of Colocasiomyia (Diptera: Drosophilidae).</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12320</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/plb.12320</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11723</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11723</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, K. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Asarum caudatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Aristolochiaceae) in Northern California</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-157</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asarum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3516</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11724</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11724</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, K. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesler, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Asarum hartwegii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Wats. by fungus flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asarum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3517</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25713</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25713</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucas, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bodger, Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brosi, Berry J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford, Col R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forman, Dan W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greig, Carolyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hegarty, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jones, Laura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neyland, Penelope J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Vere, Natasha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral resource partitioning by individuals within generalised hoverfly pollination networks revealed by DNA metabarcoding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sci Rep</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific reports</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5133</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheilosia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhingia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sericomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volucella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA metabarcoding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Succisa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calluna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018/03/23</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2045-2322</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination is a key ecosystem service for agriculture and wider ecosystem function. However, most pollination studies focus on Hymenoptera, with hoverflies (Syrphidae) frequently treated as a single functional group. We tested this assumption by investigating pollen carried by eleven species of hoverfly in five genera, Cheilosia, Eristalis, Rhingia, Sericomyia and Volucella, using DNA metabarcoding. Hoverflies carried pollen from 59 plant taxa, suggesting they visit a wider number of plant species than previously appreciated. Most pollen recorded came from plant taxa frequently found at our study sites, predominantly Apiaceae, Cardueae, Calluna vulgaris, Rubus fruticosus agg., and Succisa pratensis, with hoverflies transporting pollen from 40% of entomophilous plant species present. Overall pollen transport network structures were generalised, similar to other pollination networks elsewhere. All hoverfly species were also generalised with few exclusive plant/hoverfly interactions. However, using the Jaccard Index, we found significant differences in the relative composition of pollen loads between hoverfly genera, except for Volucella, demonstrating some degree of functional complementarity. Eristalis and Sericomyia species had significant differences in relative pollen load composition compared to congeners. Our results demonstrate the range of pollens transported by hoverflies and the potential pollination function undertaken within this ecologically and morphologically diverse guild.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23103-0</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1038/s41598-018-23103-0</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>26993</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">26993</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucas, Andrew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bodger, Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brosi, Berry J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ford, Col R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forman, Dan W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greig, Carolyn</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hegarty, Matthew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neyland, Penelope J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Vere, Natasha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalisation and specialisation in hoverfly (Syrphidae) grassland pollen transport networks revealed by DNA metabarcoding</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Animal Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1008-1021</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DNA metabarcoding</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grassland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hoverfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specialization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen transport</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Succisa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018/07/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd (10.1111)</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0021-8790</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination by insects is a key ecosystem service and important to wider ecosystem function. Most species-level pollination networks studied have a generalised structure, with plants having several potential pollinators, and pollinators in turn visiting a number of different plant species. This is in apparent contrast to a plant&apos;s need for efficient conspecific pollen transfer. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure of pollen transport networks at three levels of biological hierarchy: community, species and individual. We did this using hoverflies in the genus Eristalis, a key group of non-Hymenopteran pollinators. We constructed pollen transport networks using DNA metabarcoding to identify pollen. We captured hoverflies in conservation grasslands in west Wales, UK, removed external pollen loads, sequenced the pollen DNA on the Illumina MiSeq platform using the standard plant barcode rbcL, and matched sequences using a pre-existing plant DNA barcode reference library. We found that Eristalis hoverflies transport pollen from 65 plant taxa, more than previously appreciated. Networks were generalised at the site and species level, suggesting some degree of functional redundancy, and were more generalised in late summer compared to early summer. In contrast, pollen transport at the individual level showed some degree of specialisation. Hoverflies defined as &apos;single-plant visitors&apos; varied from 40% of those captured in early summer to 24% in late summer. Individual hoverflies became more generalised in late summer, possibly in response to an increase in floral resources. Rubus fruticosus agg. and Succisa pratensis were key plant species for hoverflies at our sites Our results contribute to resolving the apparent paradox of how generalised pollinator networks can provide efficient pollination to plant species. Generalised hoverfly pollen transport networks may result from a varied range of short-term specialised feeding bouts by individual insects. The generalisation and functional redundancy of Eristalis pollen transport networks may increase the stability of the pollination service they deliver.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12828</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/1365-2656.12828</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019/11/29</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11756</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11756</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lumer, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yost, S. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Vincetoxicum nigrum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) Moench (Asclepiadaceae), a Mediterranean weed in New York state</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-23</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4670</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincetoxicum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourteen species of flies visited flowers, but only 6, representing 4 families, carried pollinia. A large territorial fly, Sarcophaga sp., defends flowers from visits by other flies.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3528</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11780</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11780</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lundgren, Rebekka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, Jens M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dense and highly connected world of Greenland&apos;s plants and their pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">514-520</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greenland</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A pollination network of 26 pollinator species interacting with 17 plant species from the small Greenlandic island Uummannaq was analyzed for multiple parameters values. Of the insects collected, 77% of all individuals and 77% of all species belonged to Diptera. The ratio of pollinators to plant species was 1.5, which is lower than in other Arctic pollination networks. This might be a double-island effect as Uummannaq is a small island next to Greenland. Connectance was 14.3%, and linkage level of pollinator and plant species averaged 2.4 and 3.7 species links, respectively. The characteristic path length and average clustering coefficient of the 1-mode networks were 1.4 and 0.83, respectively, for the pollinator species and 1.3 and 0.79, respectively, for the plant species. For both pollinator species and plant species, the tail of the degree distribution had the best fit to an exponential model, indicating that the most connected species was constrained in their linking. However, the extremely short path length and high clustering indicated that the networks had small-world behavior, meaning that any disturbance is spread very fast to the entire network and that the networks are error tolerant but vulnerable to attack on the most linked species.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25319</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25319</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Shi-Xiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liu, Ting-Ting</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cui, Fei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yang, Zi-Yin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hu, Xiao-Ying</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, Susanne S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coevolution with pollinating resin midges led to resin-filled nurseries in the androecia, gynoecia and tepals of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Kadsura </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Schisandraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">653-664</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kadsura</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schisandraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resin</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral reward</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resseliella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cecidomyiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0305-7364</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background and Aims Resin is a defence against herbivores and a floral reward in a few African and South American species whose bee pollinators collect it for nest construction. Here we describe a new role for floral resin from the Asian genus Kadsura (Schisandraceae). Kadsura tepals tightly cover a globe formed by carpels (in females) or near-fused stamens with fleshy connectives (in male flowers of most, but not all species).&#xD;Methods We carried out field observations at four sites in China and used pollinator behavioural assays, chemical analyses and time-calibrated insect and plant phylogenies to investigate the specificity of the interactions and their relationship to floral structure.&#xD;Key Results Nocturnal resin midges (Resseliella, Cecidomyiidae) walk around on the flowers’ sexual organs to oviposit, thereby transferring pollen and wounding tissues. The larvae then develop in resin-filled chambers. Male and female floral scents are dominated by α-pinene, while the resinous exudate is dominated by caryophyllene. As revealed by barcoding of multiple midge larvae per flower species, the mutualisms are species specific and appear to have evolved over the past 6–9 million years.&#xD;Conclusions Resin feeding, not pollen or ovule feeding, by midge larvae explains the abundant Kadsura exudates, highlighting the poorly known world of nocturnal flower–fly interactions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx024</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx024</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx024</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11840</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11840</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macfarlane, R. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferguson, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiwifruit pollination: a survey of the insect pollinators in New Zealand</style></title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5th International Pollination Symposium. Versailles, 27-30 September 1983. INRA Publication number 21</style></tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3850</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kiwi</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bumblebees, honey bees, 3 species of native Leioproctus were the most effective pollen carriers, but some flies did too.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3551</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22816</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22816</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machado, Isabel Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loiola, Maria Iracema</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly pollination and pollinator sharing in two synchronopatric species: </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cordia multispicata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Boraginaceae) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Borreria alata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rubiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazilian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazilian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-311</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordia multispicata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boraginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borreria alata</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0100-8404</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The floral biology of Cordia multispicata (Boraginaceae) and Borreria alata (Rubiaceae) was studied in natural populations in a fragment of the Atlantic forest in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Both species flower during almost the whole year. Cordia multispicata is a shrubby species with white, distylous and tubular flowers. Borreria alata is a herbaceous species. Its flowers are whitish, tubular and have a polymorphism in relation to the size of their style. Floral anthesis in both species begins at 6:00 a.m. Sugar concentration in the nectar was about 16% in C. multispicata and 30% in B. alata. Nine species of flies, mainly of the genus Palpada (Syrphidae), were observed visiting flowers of the two species. Seven of them were observed visiting and pollinating flowers of both C. multispicata and B. alata. Two species visited only flowers of C. multispicata, whereas no fly was exclusive to B. alata flowers. Both species have similar flower morphology, flowering time, habitats in the forest and establish populations very close to each other. These facts can favour the pollinators’ sharing and increase pollinator attraction.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0100-84042000000300006&amp;nrm=iso</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11931</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11931</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnarelli, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar feeding by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes sollicitans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and its relation to gonotrophic activity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-242</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4755</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3570</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11932</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11932</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnarelli, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diurnal nectar-feeding of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes cantator</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">A. solicitans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Culicidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">949-955</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4758</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3571</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11933</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11933</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnarelli, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar sugars and caloric reserves in natural populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes canadensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes stimulans</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Culicidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1482-1486</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3572</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11935</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11935</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnarelli, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, J. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thorne, J. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diurnal nectar-feeding of salt marsh Tabanidae (Diptera)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544-548</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3343</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3574</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adults visited Rosa and Achillea. TLC detected glucose or glucose plus fructose in &gt;90% of deer flies tested, whereas a mixture of glucose, fructose, and sucrose was found in 51.6% of another species tested. Compositae, Rosaceae, Graminieae, Acer, Quercus and/or Salix pollen grains were recovered from digestive tracts in 29% of the 150 flies examined.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11951</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11951</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maier, C. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The immature stages and biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mallota posticata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-440</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5232</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3578</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>11954</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">11954</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maier, C. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waldbauer, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diurnal activity patterns of flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in an Illinois sand area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-245</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5227</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. Time-budgets are constructed from censuses of hoverflies. Larger species spend less time in flight.&#xD;&#xD;2. Most species are active under similar conditions of light intensity, but a shade-tolerant (Melanostoma scalare Fabr.) and a sun-loving species (Metasyrphus corollae Fabr.) were identified.&#xD;&#xD;3. Large species become active (i.e. move, by flying or feeding) at lower temperatures than small ones, except M.scalare, which is tolerant to cool temperatures. This means that, M.scalare apart, the order of species appearing during the day is size-dependent, largest first.&#xD;&#xD;4. Previous claims about the diel periodicity of syrphids can be reconciled by considering the importance of individual thermal balance.&#xD;&#xD;5. Tolerance to low temperatures in small hoverflies is associated with feeding on anemophilous pollen; this may indicate a proline-fuelled flight.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3581</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12051</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12051</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manning, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldblatt, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Moegistorhynchus longirostris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera: Nemestrinidae) pollination guild: Long-tubed flowers and a specialized long-proboscid fly pollination system in southern Africa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-69</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geraniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iridaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5225</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moegistorhynchus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nemestrinidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guild</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7299</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24929</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24929</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavarini, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macchia, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benelli, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canale, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romano, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angelini, L. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of insect pollinators and harvesting time on the quality of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Stevia rebaudiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Bert.) Bertoni seeds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-351</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017/03/04</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1126-3504</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni has sporophytic self-incompatibility and this may lead to poor seed yield and quality, which are obstacles to large-scale crop establishment. This research investigated the influence of insect pollinators and the harvesting time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the ripe seeds. A pot trial under open field conditions was established to evaluate the abundance of insect pollinators and three harvesting times on the production of ripe seeds, germination percentage, mean germination time and thousand seed weight (TSW) in 36 F1 open-pollinated genotypes. Large variability in the number of corymbs of capitula, flowering time, reproductive period and seed yield was observed among the genotypes. Genotypes with promising phenological and reproductive properties were identified. The worst germination percentage and TSW were recorded in the latest harvest. Significant linear regressions were found among the investigated parameters (insect number, germination percentage, TSW, seeds yield per plant and cycle length), confirming complex interactions on the yield and quality of stevia seeds. Results indicate that earlier flowering genotypes produced higher seed quantity, due to favourable weather conditions during the reproductive phase. Moreover, cross-pollination and the insect abundance, as Apidae and Syrphidae, play a crucial role for enhancing the stevia seed yield and quality.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1174173</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1080/11263504.2016.1174173</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McCall, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of flower characteristics, weather, time of day, and season on insect visitation rates in three plant communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">434-442</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4221</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weather</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frequency of insect visits to flowers was measured in a deciduous woodland-meadow, alpine tundra, and Mediterranean scrub (fynbos). Flower shape, temperature, light, and season appear to be the most important variables influencing visitation rates. There were significant differences in visitation rates among communities; highest in meadow, then tundra, then fynbos. Bees were most common visitors in the woodland-meadow, but flies were in the tundra.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3703</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McDonald, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanderwalt, J. J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pelargonium tricolor</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, section </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Campylia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Geraniaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Afr. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386-392</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3919</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geraniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PELARGONIUM</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Appears to have false nectaries that attract dipteran pollinators.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3726</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12592</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12592</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medán, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Frangula alnus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rhamnaceae) in southern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-186</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">193</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4627</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frangula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mecoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protandry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various aspects of the reproductive biology of the perennial hermaphroditeFrangula alnus Mill. were studied in two populations located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain. Flowering extends from the second week of May to early July. The small, whitegreenish, entomophilous flowers are incompletely protandrous and last 8–10 days, but pollen transfer takes place only on days 1–3. A very weak, pleasant odour along with nectar and pollen attract over 45 insect species, of which 21 are probable pollinators. These are mainlyDiptera but also includeHymenoptera and the unusual (as flower visitors)Mecoptera. Reproduction is exclusively sexual and strictly xenogamous, with pollen transfer depending solely on insect vectors. Although flower morphology and individual flower phenology do not fully prevent self-pollination, and geitonogamy can easily take place, the level of autogamy was negligible. Therefore, some self-incompatibility mechanism is operative in this species. Only 2.8% of open-pollinated flowers set fruit. At the flower level, fruit initiation was apparently limited by availability of cross-pollen, which in turn seemed influenced by the structure of the population. The seed/ovule ratio in ripe fruits was ca. 50%. Predispersal (maternal) reproductive success (percent ovules becoming filled seeds) was 1.42%. For mature individuals this corresponded to ca. 430 to 1560 potential offspring per year.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3781</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12621</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12621</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeuse, A. D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meijer, A. H., de.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohr, O. W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wellinga, S. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomophily in the dioecious Gymnosperm </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ephedra aphylla</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Forsk. (=</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">E. alte </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. A. Mey.), with some notes on </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ephedra campylopoda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> C.A. Mey. III. Further anthecological studies and relative importance of entomophily</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3785</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12623</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12623</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeuse, B. J. D.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The physiology of some sapromyophilous flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-104</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3787</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12731</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12731</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesler, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ackerman, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lu, K. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effectiveness of fungus gnats as pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">564-567</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1917</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#RMBL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Listera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3810</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12751</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12751</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meve, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liede, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and pollination in stapeliads - New results and a literature review</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4680</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STAPELIEAE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3818</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12822</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12822</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litvak, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kelso, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vargo, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative reproductive biology of two alpine primrose species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic and Alpine Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arctic and Alpine Research</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">297-303</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4429</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primulaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#RMBL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primula angustifolia and Primula parryi are common alpine primroses in Colorado. We examined the reproductive biology of these species to determine (1) if they were fully distylous (2) what differences in pollinators and in reproductive allocation and success might exist between the species, and (3) whether reproduction was limited by pollen availability during the period of study. We found both taxa to be fully distylous. Primula parryi has numerous, diverse pollinators, a high seed/ovule ratio, and high fecundity. Primula angustifolia has fewer, less diverse pollinators, lower seed/ovule ratios, and lower fecundity. The greater reproductive success of P. parryi may reflect its inflorescence structure and supply of attractants and rewards. Reproduction in both species appears to be limited to some extent by pollen availability, although more so in P. parryi than in P. angustifolia. These results demonstrate while distyly, with obligate outcrossing and reliance on insect pollen vectors, can be a viable reproductive strategy even in a severe environment, it functions differently even in closely related species and understanding individual pollination systems should be a focus for research on other distylous species.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3835</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12924</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12924</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitra, Bulganin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhattacharjee, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukherjee, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parui, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On collection of flies from yellow genda</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">?</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagetes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12925</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12925</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitra, Bulganin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhattacharjee, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parui, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banerjee, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ghosh, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Scaevola sericea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> from south 24 parganas, West Bengal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bionotes</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaevola</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12926</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12926</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitra, Bulganin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhattacharjee, Koushik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parui, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mukherjee, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators of sarpgandha plant from south 24 parganas, West Bengal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bionotes</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rauvolfia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitra, Bulganin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parui, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipteran flower visitors in Jessore Sloth Bear and Balarm Ambaji wildlife sanctuaries, North Gujarat</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bionotes</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12938</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12938</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyake, Takashi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yafuso, Masako</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral scents affect reproductive success in fly-pollinated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia odora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">370-376</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colocasiomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral odor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood site</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>12939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">12939</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miyake,Takashi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yafuso,Masako</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia cucullata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae) by two </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colocasiomyia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flies known to be specific pollinators for </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia odora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-208</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood-site pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colocasiomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Two aroid congeners, Alocasia odora and Alocasia cucullata, grow on Okinawa Island, Japan. Two floricolous species of Colocasiomyia alocasiae and Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Diptera: Drosophilidae), previously known to be specific pollinators for A. odora, were found pollinating A. cucullata. We collected the floral volatiles of A. odora and A. cucullata and compared them using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry because floral volatiles act as attractive signals for these pollinators. The volatile compositions detected were similar and dominated by methyl salicylate, 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, beta-caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, methyl benzoate and alpha-humulene, which means it is likely that the flies cannot discriminate between the two plant species when they search for hosts. Interspecific hybridization did not occur when A. odora was hand pollinated with A. cucullata pollen, suggesting that the movement of flies from one host species to another will result in wastage of pollen. Adults of both Colocasiomyia flies emerged from A. cucullata inflorescences collected in the field, suggesting that their larvae can also develop on A. cucullata. We did not find any difference in larval performance of C. alocasiae on A. cucullata or A. odora. C. alocasiae does not appear to suffer any ill effects when using A. cucullata as a host plant. The partnership between A. cucullata and the two Colocasiomyia flies may be an example of exaptation, although other possibilities cannot be excluded.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2005.00139.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25693</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25693</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mochizuki, Ko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawakita, Atsushi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination by fungus gnats and associated floral characteristics in five families of the Japanese flora</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">651-663</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sciaridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acucuba</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euonymus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disanthus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micranthes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Streptopus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saxifragaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garryaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celastraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamamelidacea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caddis fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tipulidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayfly</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0305-7364</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background and aims - Pollination by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae) is uncommon, but is nevertheless known to occur in 20 genera among eight angiosperm families. Because many fungus gnat-pollinated plants possess a dark red floral display, we hypothesized that fungus gnat pollination is more widespread among plants with similar floral display than currently known. We thus studied the pollination biology of flowers with dark red pigmentation in five families, focusing particularly on plants having small, flat, actinomorphic flowers with exposed nectaries and short stamens, because these floral characteristics mirror those of a known fungus gnat-pollinated genus (Mitella).&#xD;Methods - We observed daytime and night-time floral visitors for a total of 194.5 h in Aucuba japonica (Garryaceae), Euonymus spp. (Celastraceae), Disanthus cercidifolius (Hamamelidaceae), Micranthes fusca (Saxifragaceae) and Streptopus streptopoides (Liliaceae). Visitors were categorized into functional groups, and a pollination importance index (PII) was calculated for each functional group based on visitation frequency, pollen load and behaviour on flowers.&#xD;Key results - Fungus gnats were dominant among the 1762 insects observed (36–92 % depending on the plant species) and were the most important pollinators among all plants studied (PII: 0.529–1). Fungus gnat visits occurred during the daytime and, more frequently, at dusk. Most often, pollen grains became clumped on the ventral side of the head and/or thorax as the short-proboscid fungus gnats foraged on nectar and came into contact with anthers located close to the flower base.&#xD;Conclusions - Pollination by fungus gnats is probably more common than previously thought, especially in habitats similar to those of the plants studied (moist forest understorey, streamside or subalpine meadow) where fungus gnats are abundant year-round. Our results further suggest that there may be a previously unnoticed association between fungus gnat pollination and dark red coloration, and a shared overall floral architecture among the plants studied.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx196</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx196</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx196</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13048</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Momose, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagamitsu, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inoue, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive ecology of an emergent dipterocarp in a lowland rain forest in Sarawak</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-198</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipterocarpaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigona</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6917</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moquet, Laura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruyère, Lydiane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pirard, Benoit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacquemart, Anne-Laure</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar foragers contribute to the pollination of buzz-pollinated plant species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1451-1463</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buzz pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ericaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen removal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccinium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calluna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 1, 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Pollination performance may depend on the type of floral resource (pollen or nectar) foraged by visitors. In buzz-pollinated plant species, the poricidal anthers release pollen during active pollen collection that induces flower vibrations. These buzz-pollinated species generally do not produce nectar. Nevertheless, several Ericaceae are buzz-pollinated and produce nectar. We estimated the relative effectiveness of visitors according to the type of resource collected, nectar or pollen (buzzing).&#xD;METHODS: We compared the relative performance of pollen removal, transport, and deposition (effectiveness) of the main insect visitors on four ericaceous species: three buzz-pollinated species with different pore sizes, Erica tetralix, Vaccinium myrtillus, and V. vitis-idaea; and one non-buzz-pollinated species, Calluna vulgaris.&#xD;KEY RESULTS: Bumblebees were the main pollinators for the three buzz-pollinated species, whereas hoverflies were the main pollinators for the non-buzz-pollinated generalist C. vulgaris. For the studied plant species, we observed no difference in pollination effectiveness among bumblebee species. Buzzing bumblebees were the most effective visitors for pollination per flower visit for the two Vaccinium species, whereas nectar foragers were the most effective visitors for pollination of E. tetralix. In the case of Vaccinium myrtillus, nectar foragers contributed the most to pollination success because they were more abundant than pollen foragers.&#xD;CONCLUSIONS: We showed that consideration of the resource collected by visitors and their behavior is necessary to compare their relative performance. The combination of visitation rate and effectiveness per visit reveals that nectar foragers make a substantial contribution to pollination of the buzz-pollinated ericaceous species.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amjbot.org/content/104/10/1451.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3732/ajb.1700090</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27939</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moré, Marcela </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocucci, Andrea A. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raguso, Robert A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Importance of oligosulfides in the attraction of fly pollinators to the brood-site deceptive species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Jaborosa rotacea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Solanaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">863-876</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaborosa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood site pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptiive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sapromyiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophagidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premise of research. Brood-site deceptive flowers use dishonest signals—especially floral odors that mimic oviposition substrates—to attract and deceive saprophilous insects to pollinate them. In this work, we recorded the pollinators of the sapromyiophilous species Jaborosa rotacea (Solanaceae) endemic to southern South America. Then, we characterized the floral volatiles of this species, and finally, we carried out field experiments to decouple the effects of scent and color as attractants for saprophilous flies.&#xD;Methodology. We made direct observations of pollinators in a natural population of J. rotacea. We characterized floral volatiles by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we used a mixture of 2 oligosulfides (dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide), which our analyses revealed were the main constituents of the floral scent of J. rotacea, as baits to determine the attractiveness of this olfactory signal to flies in a geographical region where J. rotacea is not present. Finally, we used the same foul-scented baits in arrays of artificial flowers resembling those of J. rotacea to assess the dual importance of olfactory and visual cues in fly attraction.&#xD;Pivotal results. Pollination of J. rotacea occurs when saprophilous flies belonging to the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae—with similar body dimensions to the anther-stigma distance in these flowers—acquire and deposit pollen in the flowers in a nototribic mode. Our chemical analyses revealed that J. rotacea floral scent is chemically simple and features 2 oligosulfide compounds (dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide) commonly found in carrion-mimicking flowers. We found that saprophilous flies belonging to the same families that we recorded as pollinators of J. rotacea in its native South American habitat were attracted to foul-scented baits in temperate North America. The flies’ visitation frequencies (recorded as approaches and landings on the artificial flowers) depended significantly on the presence of the foul-scented baits.&#xD;Conclusions. These results support the hypothesis that oligosulfides are universally effective signals by which deceptive flowers may effect pollen dispersal by attracting flies that use carrion or carnivore feces as brood sites.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/670367</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1086/670367</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13251</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13251</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morse, D. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactions among syrphid flies and bumblebees on flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-88</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interspecific</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactions among bumblebees (Bombus terricola and B. vagans Smith) and small syrphid flies (Melanostoma mellinum L. and Toxomerus marginatus [Say]) were studied on pasture rose (Rosa carolina L.). Dominance interactions took the form: bumblebees &gt; Melanostoma &gt; Toxomerus. In the absence of bumblebees, Melanostoma foraged 41% longer, but the bees only reduced Toxomerus&apos; foraging about 4%. The difference in bumblebee impact on the two syrphids resulted from Toxomerus rapidly returning after visits by bumblebees, while Melanostoma did not. Toxomerus used flowers most frequently when Melanostoma were not in them. Bumblebee foraging patterns appeared unaffected by either syrphid fly. Melanostoma may have a considerably greater impact than bumblebees on Toxomerus; a 14% reduction in foraging by Toxomerus was recorded in one test. This was because Melanostoma occupied flowers for several minutes at a time, while bumblebee visits lasted only several seconds. By affecting Melanostoma&apos;s activity, bumblebees inadvertently favored Toxomerus, because the latter returned quickly to flowers after bee visits; Melanostoma did not.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3948</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13300</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13300</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motten, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autogamy and competition for pollinators in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hepatica americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Ranunculaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1296-1305</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2222</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hepatica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3973</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a mid-season decline in pollination, probably from competition with Erythronium. Seed set would be pollinator limited if the flowers were not autogamous. Protogyny and early flowering make some outcrossing possible.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13301</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13301</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motten, A. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Monographs</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Monographs</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Monographs</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Monographs</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-42</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3005</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3974</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supplemental hand-pollination only improved seed-set in 3 of 12 species. Flies (Bombylius major) and solitary bees primary pollinators. Short blooming season, considerable overlap in flowering times, extensive pollinator sharing, and frequent inclement weather.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13414</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13414</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muraoka, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wataname, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A preliminary study of nectar production of the field cress </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rorippa indica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, in relation to the age of its flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-36</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4572</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower age</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar composition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RORIPPA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In flowers of the youngest age category, nectar volume increased toward night and decreased during the day. The amount of sugar in the nectar decreased with flower age. The sugar concentration was lower at night than daytime.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4006</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13506</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13506</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadia, Tarcila De Lima</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Menezes, Nanuza Luiza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Machado, Isabel Cristina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral traits and reproduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Avicennia schaueriana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Moldenke (Acanthaceae): a generalist pollination system in the Lamiales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-80</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generalization</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mangrove</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avicennia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acanthaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-compatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasps</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Asia</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination systems may vary in their degree of specialization from generalist to specialist and this is associated with the frequency and efficiency of pollinators. Self-compatibility and a generalist pollination system appear to be adaptations that enhance the ability for colonizing new areas, which is typical of mangrove species. Avicennia schaueriana is a western mangrove species included in Acanthaceae, Lamiales, an order known to have specialized pollination. We aimed to describe the floral morphology and analyze the pollination and reproductive systems of A. schaueriana in a mangrove area on the northern coast of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, to analyze the possible adaptations of this species to the environment. Avicennia schaueriana is self-compatible; however, pollination activity is essential because there is no spontaneous formation of fruit. Reproductive efficacy was high, indicating pollinator efficiency. Some floral attributes of A. schaueriana suggest specialization; however, the broad spectrum of pollinators observed suggests that it has a generalist pollination system. The way in which pollinators interact with flowers and the environmental conditions may have exerted a selective force on the floral attributes of A. schaueriana, characterizing an adaptive generalized pollination system, which is somewhat specialized.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00361.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00361.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nagasaki, Osamu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of the yellow water lily </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar subintegerrima</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Nymphaeaceae) by the shore fly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notiphila </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Notiphila</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">maritima </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera: Ephydridae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-230</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2007.00194.x</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/psb/2007/00000022/00000003/art00010</style></url><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2007.00194.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13563</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13563</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naruhashi, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugimoto, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Duchesnea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rosaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-184</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duchesnea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar GUIDE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6915</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13635</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13635</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ne&apos;eman, Gidi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ne&apos;eman, Rina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellison, Aaron M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Limits to reproductive success of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sarracenia purpurea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Sarraceniaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Bot.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1660-1666</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augochlorella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fletcherimyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarracenia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarraceniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supplemental pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November 1, 2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant biologists have an enduring interest in assessing components of plant fitness and determining limits to seed set. Consequently, the relative contributions of resource and pollinator availability have been documented for a large number of plant species. We experimentally examined the roles of resource and pollen availability on seed set by the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. We were able to distinguish the relative contributions of carbon (photosynthate) and mineral nutrients (nitrogen) to reproductive success. We also determined potential pollinators of this species. The bees Bombus affinis and Augochlorella aurata and the fly Fletcherimyia fletcheri were the only floral visitors to S. purpurea that collected pollen. Supplemental pollination increased seed set by &lt;10%, a much lower percentage than would be expected, given data from noncarnivorous, animal-pollinated taxa. Seed set was reduced by 14% in plants that could not capture prey and by another 23% in plants whose pitcher-shaped leaves were also prevented from photosynthesizing. We conclude that resources are more important than pollen availability in determining seed set by this pitcher plant and that reproductive output may be another &quot;cost&quot; of the carnivorous habit.&#xD;&#xD;ERRATA&#xD;&#xD;Vol. 93(11): 1660–1666. Ne&apos;eman et al.—Limits to reproductive success of Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae). The bumble bee visitors to Sarracenia purpurea were incorrectly identified as Bombus affinis Cresson. The two Bombus species observed visiting S. purpurea in the study population were B. vagans Smith and B. bimaculatus Cresson. The authors thank S. Colla (York University, Ontario) for questioning the identifications and R. Gegear (University of Massachusettes) for identifying the samples.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/11/1660</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13806</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13806</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">of Listera ovata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nord. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-480</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3495</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LISTERA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#NILSSON</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1981</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4122</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mostly ichneumon, saw-fly and beetle polinators, but most common visitors were Diptera.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13820</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13820</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, L. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonsson, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rason, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Randrianjohany, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plectranthus vestitus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Lamiaceae) by trap-lining hovering bees in Madagascar</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-236</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2873</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conopidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#NILSSON</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRAPLINING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthophorid bee and a Conopid fly are important co-pollinators.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4133</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bees and flies pollinated flowers.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13836</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13836</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nishihiro, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Washitani, Izumi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns and consequences of self-pollen deposition on stigmas in heterostylous </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Persicaria japonica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Polygonaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">352-359</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterostyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persicaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polygonaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reciprocal herkogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stigma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nishizawa, Toru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watano, Yasuyuki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinoshita, Eiichiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawahara, Takayuki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ueda, Kunihiko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen movement in a natural population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema serratum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae), a plant with a pitfall-trap flower pollination system</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1114-1123</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen carryover</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paternity analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trap flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microsatellite</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema serratum possesses a pitfall-trap flower pollination system. However, little is known about the efficiency and pattern of pollen movement in A. serratum. Thus, the aims of this study are to (1) determine the paternal parents of the seeds and (2) elucidate pollen movement in a natural population. Paternity analysis using microsatellite markers was performed. Seeds were collected from a natural population of A. serratum in 2001 at Horigane, Japan. Small midges became trapped in female spathe tubes during the flowering period. We found that (1) seeds in a fruit were fertilized by multiple sires; (2) seeds sired by a paternal parent were either clumped, exclusively, or randomly distributed on the spadix, depending on the parent; (3) to a great extent, a few males contributed as sires; (4) distance from a female was not a factor in the inequality of reproductive success among males; (5) male reproductive success was not correlated with its size. We conclude that pollen carryover and the trap-flower pollination system are likely to result in multiple paternity and inequality in male success.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nocentini, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacini, Ettore</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guarnieri, Massimo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martelli, Diego</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nepi, Massimo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intrapopulation heterogeneity in floral nectar attributes and foraging insects of an ecotonal Mediterranean species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecol</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecol</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecol</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">799-809</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buglossoides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boraginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Italy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stigma receptivity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar sugar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">amino acid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Empis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombilyus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013/06/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1385-0237</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A population of Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I.M. Johnst. (Boraginaceae–Lithospermeae) located in Lecceto (Siena Province, Tuscany, central Italy) has been studied to compare floral nectar attributes and forager species between sun-exposed and shaded plants. Flower anthesis and maturity of sexual organs were also investigated. Average flower anthesis lasted 3–4 days. Stigma receptivity and anther dehiscence occurred on the first day. Nectar production also began on the first day and maximum production occurred on second-third day. Significantly greater volumes and total sugars were recorded in individuals exposed to the sun. Nectar HPLC analysis showed a similar hexose-dominant sugar profile for all the individuals with percentages of sucrose, glucose and fructose around 5, 48 and 47 %, respectively. Protein amino acids represent the 90 % of the overall free amino acids profile. Significant differences between relative percentages of serine and proline were found between sun-exposed and shaded individuals. Empis pennipes and Bombilyus major were the most frequent insect visitors to shaded and sun-exposed individuals, respectively. The hexose dominance of the nectar of B. purpurocaerulea, an exception among the Mediterranean Lithospermeae, may be related to the habitat where this plant generally grows, i.e. the forest-edge, and to pollination mainly performed by dipterans.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0204-z</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11258-013-0204-z</style></electronic-resource-num><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13891</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13891</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noronha, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sôbre as Aristolochiáceas medicinais</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista da Flora Medicinal</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rev. Flora Med.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-88</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4695</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1949</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4159</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994 p. 236; Syrphid pollinators</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13948</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13948</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nye, W. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators frequenting strawberry blossoms and the effect of honey bees on yield and fruit quality</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-44</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tachinidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open plots of strawbery (Fragaria sp.) or plots caged with colonies of honey bees (Apis melilfera L.) produced less malformed fruit than plots screened to exclude large insects. Bees and large Diptera, mostly drone flies (Eristalis spp.), were the most numerous visitors to the strawberry blossoms. A list of insects including 108 species representing 35 families frequenting strawberry blossoms in Utah was compiled. The most efficient pollinators were Apis mellifera, Halictus ligatus Say, and Eristalis spp.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4169</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from de Oliveira and Savoie 1991;  requested ILL 4/1/98</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22350</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22350</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Rourke, Aoife T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fitzpatrick, Una</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stout, Jane C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring foraging resources and the behaviour of pollinating insects in fixed dune ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="10">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring foraging resources and the behaviour of pollinating insects in fixed dune ecosystems</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spring</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salix</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dune</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">amino acid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solitary bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar sugar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In temperate climates, foraging resources for pollinating insects are especially important in early spring when animals emerge from hibernation and initiate annual life cycles. One habitat, protected under EU law, which provides resources for a range of pollinating insects, but has received little research attention, is fixed (grey) dunes. Fixed dunes often contain creeping willow ( Salix repens , Salicaceae), which may be an important early season resource for obligate flower visitors. We examined the springtime activity of flower visitors in fixed dune ecosystems in relation to sugar concentration and composition in nectar, composition of essential amino acids in pollen, and floral abundance. We also investigated whether the presence or absence of S. repens influenced the abundance and species richness of three obligate flower visiting guilds (solitary bees, bumblebees and hoverflies) in eight sites along the eastern and southern coasts of Ireland. Higher insect visitation rates were observed to species whose nectar contained greater concentrations of glucose and fructose. Solitary bee visitation rates were related to % Essential Amino Acid (EAA) in pollen and floral species richness. Ulex europeaus , and S. repens were the most abundant flowering species, but visitation rates were not related to floral abundance. Higher abundances of bumblebees and hoverflies were discovered at sites where S. repens was present. This study raises further questions about the nutritional requirements and preferences of obligate flower visitors in fixed dune ecosystems in spring time. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=248</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>13969</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">13969</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Obeso, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology and seed set in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Asphodelus albus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Liliaceae) in northern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">219-226</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4121</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asphodelus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 3-year study. 13 species of flower visitors were recorded, with abundance varying strongly among years. Pollen loads varied too; seed set was low in all 3 years, but apparently wasn&apos;t pollen limited. Seed set was best predicted by the abundance of bumble bees, which was in turn negatively correlated with honeybee abundance.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4176</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22781</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22781</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oelschlägel, Birgit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuss, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">von Tschirnhaus, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pätzold, Claudia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neinhuis, Christoph</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dötterl, Stefan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanke, Stefan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The betrayed thief – the extraordinary strategy of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia rotunda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> to deceive its pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">342-351</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kleptomyiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia rotunda</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">* Pollination of several angiosperms is based on deceit. In such systems, the flowers advertise a reward that ultimately is not provided. We report on a previously unknown pollination/mimicry system discovered in deceptive Aristolochia rotunda (Aristolochiaceae). &#xD;* Pollinators were collected in the natural habitat and identified. Flower scent and the volatiles of insects (models) potentially mimicked were analyzed by chemical analytical techniques. Electrophysiological and behavioral tests on the pollinators identified the components that mediate the plant–pollinator interaction and revealed the model of the mimicry system. &#xD;* The main pollinators of A. rotunda were female Chloropidae. They are food thieves that feed on secretions of true bugs (Miridae) while these are eaten by arthropod predators. Freshly killed mirids and Aristolochia flowers released the same scent components that chloropids use to find their food sources. Aristolochia exploits these components to deceive their chloropid pollinators. &#xD;* Aristolochia and other trap flowers were believed to lure saprophilous flies and mimic brood sites of pollinators. We demonstrate for A. rotunda, and hypothesize for other deceptive angiosperms, the evolution of a different, kleptomyiophilous pollination strategy. It involves scent mimicry and the exploitation of kleptoparasitic flies as pollinators. Our findings suggest a reconsideration of plants assumed to show sapromyiophilous pollination.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13210</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/nph.13210</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24174</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24174</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oelschlägel, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">von Tschirnhaus, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuss, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolić, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanke, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dötterl, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neinhuis, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatio-temporal patterns in pollination of deceptive </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia rotunda</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Aristolochiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">928-937</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trap flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower lifespan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trachysiphonella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloropidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1438-8677</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">* Pollination success of highly specialised flowers is susceptible to fluctuations of the pollinator fauna. Mediterranean Aristolochia rotunda has deceptive trap flowers exhibiting a highly specialised pollination system. The sole pollinators are kleptoparasitic flies in search of food. This study investigates these pollinators on a spatio-temporal scale and the impact of weather conditions on their availability. Two potential strategies of the plants to cope with pollinator limitation, i.e. autonomous selfing and an increased floral life span, were tested. &#xD;* A total of 6156 flowers were investigated for entrapped pollinators in 10 Croatian populations. Availability of the main pollinator was correlated to meteorological data. Artificial pollination experiments were conducted and the floral life span was recorded in two populations according to pollinator availability. &#xD;* Trachysiphonella ruficeps (Chloropidae) was identified as dominant pollinator, along with less abundant species of Chloropidae, Ceratopogonidae and Milichiidae. Pollinator compositions varied among populations. Weather conditions 15–30 days before pollination had a significant effect on availability of the main pollinator. Flowers were not autonomously selfing, and the floral life span exhibited considerable plasticity depending on pollinator availability. &#xD;* A. rotunda flowers rely on insect pollen vectors. Plants are specialised on a guild of kleptoparasitic flies, rather than on a single species. Pollinator variability may result in differing selection pressures among populations. The availability/abundance of pollinators depends on weather conditions during their larval development. Flowers show a prolonged trapping flower stage that likely increases outcrossing success during periods of pollinator limitation.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12503</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/plb.12503</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22873</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22873</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okuyama, Yudai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, Olle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, Makoto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parallel floral adaptations to pollination by fungus gnats within the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mitella </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Saxifragaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">560-575</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trichoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caddisfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tipulidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sciaridae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1055-7903</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The widespread pattern of parallel flower evolution as an adaptation for particular pollinator agents, known as “pollination syndromes”, has long drawn attention from evolutionary biologists. Here, we report parallel evolution of saucer-shaped flowers and an associated unusual pollination system within the lineage Heucherina, a group of saxifragaceous genera. Field observations reveal that 18 of 28 plant species studied are pollinated almost exclusively by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae). Among the 18 species with a fungus-gnat pollination system, 13 have characteristic saucer-shaped flowers and are pollinated mainly by several unspecialized mycetophilid genera with short mouthparts. We performed phylogenetic analyses using nucleotide sequences of external and internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA and reconstructed ancestral floral morphologies with an establishment of the model of floral character evolution under a maximum-likelihood framework. Our analysis indicates that there is significant directionality in the evolutionary shifts of floral forms in the Heucherina. The inferred phylogeny further supports four origins of saucer-shaped flowers, which is shared among 14 species that are traditionally classified into the genus Mitella. In addition, our analysis indicates the extensive polyphyly of genus Mitella, as also suggested previously. The results suggest that the flower-visiting fungus gnats have caused convergent selection for the saucer-shaped flower repeatedly evolved within Heucherina.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790307003971</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.020</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14099</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14099</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trigona</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">-mimicking hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Amazonian rainforest?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">British Journal of Entomology and Natural History</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Br. J. Ent. Nat. Hist.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-48</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3706</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#OLESEN</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trigona</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4211</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14102</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14102</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balslev, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower biology and pollinators of the Amazonian monoecious palm, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Geonoma macrostachys</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: a case of Bakerian mimicry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principes</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principes</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3707</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#OLESEN</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4213</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14118</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14118</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warncke, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Temporal changes in pollen flow and neighbourhood structure in a population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Saxifraga hirculus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">205-211</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3284</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#OLESEN</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4217</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visited mostly by Diptera (2 syrphids and a fungus gnat). leptokurtic distribution of interfloral flight distances; mean 101 cm. mean flight distance is correlated with neighbourhood area. compares flight differences of different types of pollinators.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14119</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14119</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olesen, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warncke, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predation and potential transfer of pollen in a population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Saxifraga hirculus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holarctic Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holarctic Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3285</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#OLESEN</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4218</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compared surface and gut loads of pollen in 4 most common visitors (2 syrphids, fungus gnat, moth). looked at variation in numbers of pollen species in surface and gut loads. Seed set is dependent on one of the syrphid species.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14132</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14132</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivencia, A. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcaraz, J. A. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral rewards in some </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Scrophularia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Scrophulariaceae) from the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-158</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">184</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4223</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scrophularia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scrophulariaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar production is correlated with corolla size and pollen production with anther size. Taxa of one section show greater nectar and pollen production than those of a second one. Wasps (Vespidae) were the most frequent pollinators, although some bees visited; in species with small corollas syrphid flies were the most frequent visitors.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4221</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14134</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14134</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivencia, A. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claver, J. P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcaraz, J. A. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral and reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum lusitanicum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (L.) link (Droseraceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331-351</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4819</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Droseraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophyllum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen-ovule ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4223</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14141</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14141</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerton, Jeff</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactions between gall midges (Diptera: Ceciomyiidae) and inflorescences of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Piper novae-hollandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Piperaceae) in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-184</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5341</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piperaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piper</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerton, Jeff</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diaz, Anita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evidence for stabilising selection acting on flowering time in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arum maculatum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae): the influence of phylogeny on adaptation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">340-348</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stabilizing selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering time</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5556</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between flowering time and reproductive success was investigated in the fly-pollinated, monoecious perennial herb Arum maculatum L. (Araceae). This species temporarily traps its principle pollinator, a psychodid midge. Probability of fruit set was analysed in relation to early, peak and late periods of the flowering phenology of four British populations between 1992 and 1997. In three out of five cases, plants which flowered during early and late periods were significantly less likely to set fruit. In addition, one population showed a similar relationship for percentage fruit set of individual inflorescences, and seeds from peak-flowering plants were significantly heavier. There was no variation in number of female flowers per inflorescence over the flowering season. Probability of fruit set appears to be mediated by the likelihood of trapping psychodid midges that have previously been trapped and picked up pollen, an unlikely event during early and late flowering periods when few inflorescences are open. The majority of plants in all populations produce only one inflorescence which means that timing of flowering may be crucial to reproductive success. We interpret our findings as evidence that stabilising selection may be acting on some populations and/or during some years. The ultimate cause, however, can be related to the very short (12-18 h) female phase of each inflorescence, a phylogenetically conservative trait within the Araceae.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14148</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14148</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ollerton, J. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forster</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera associated with flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia cumingiana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Australia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asklepios</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-22</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5342</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14278</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14278</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orueta, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal relationships between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Calendula arvensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> inflorescences and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Usia aurata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> bombyliid flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3073-3085</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyllidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calendula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral microclimate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heliotropism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen germination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of temperature on the relationship between the Mediterranean marigold, Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae), and one of its most assiduous flower visitors in central Spain, the bombyliid fly Usia aurata, was studied for a five-year period. Calendula arvensis starts flowering when pollinators are still scarce. Mean temperature of the inflorescence surface was positively related to solar radiation and was 2°C higher than the surrounding air. Inflorescences proved to be heliotropic, traversing a 19° mean arc from east to west every day, and maintaining excess temperature during the period of maximum sunshine. Calendula arvensis showed high fruit production by self pollination. Neither fruit production nor fruit mass was limited by pollinators, but pollen germination was heavily limited by temperature. The optimum range for germination in the laboratory was 25–40°C. Under natural conditions, the temperature on C. arvensis heads surpassed the minimum threshold for optimum pollen germination only during the period of maximum sunlight (midday).&#xD;&#xD;Usia aurata adults only foraged on C. arvensis heads, they only moved to feed, and they flew from head to head when sunshine was intense. In the laboratory, the temperature at which insects were able to fly ranged from 22° to 31°C for females, and between 21° and 31°C for males. No efficient physiological ability for thermoregulation was found either in females or in males, although females were able to warm themselves slightly. Nevertheless, heat captured passively on C. arvensis inflorescences was sufficient to reach the flying temperature range. Fly behavior on inflorescences also depended on their surface temperature: the higher is the temperature on heads, the longer the time spent feeding, and the shorter the period spent basking.&#xD;&#xD;The role of solar warming of heads in plant reproductive fitness was related to stimulation of pollen germination rather than to pollinator attraction. The optimal temperature range for pollen germination overlapped with optimal temperature range for insect flying. U. aurata therefore acted as a pollinator of C. arvensis without playing a decisive role in plant reproductive fitness.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14285</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14285</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osborn, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, E. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphological studies of the Nymphaceae sensu lato. XVI. The floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brasenia schreberi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">778-794</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4893</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasenia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1988</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6562</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14486</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pansarin, Emerson R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology and pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Govenia utriculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: A syrphid fly orchid pollinated through a pollen-deceptive mechanism</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-96</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Govenia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive biology and pollination mechanisms of Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. were studied in a mesophytic semideciduous forest at Serra do Japi, south-eastern Brazil. The floral visitors and pollination mechanisms were recorded, and experimental pollinations were carried out to determine the breeding system of this species. Populations of G. utriculata growing at Serra do Japi are exclusively visited and pollinated by two species of hoverflies in the genus Salpingogaster (Diptera: Syrphidae) that are attracted by deceit to the flowers of this orchid species. The lip apex and the column base present small brownish and yellow to orange spots that mimic pollen clusters. Govenia utriculata is self-compatible, but pollinator dependent. Natural fruit set was low (10%), but similar to that of other non-obligatorily autogamous sympatric orchid species that occur at Serra do Japi and of other fly-pollinated orchid species pollinated through deceptive mechanisms.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2008.00210.x</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/psb/2008/00000023/00000002/art00004</style></url><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2008.00210.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24064</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24064</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pansarin, E. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pansarin, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martucci, M. E. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gobbo-Neto, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-compatibility and specialisation in a fly-pollinated </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Acianthera</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidiinae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-367</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acianthera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophagidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulidiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera is one of the most widespread order of pollinators within Angiosperms and the more important pollinator group of the orchid subtribe Pleurothallidinae. Acianthera aphthosa (Lindl.) Pridgeon &amp;amp; M.W.Chase was studied in a Brazilian nature reserve, covering aspects of phenology, floral morpho-anatomy, flower histochemistry, pollinators, pollination mechanisms and reproductive system. A. aphthosa possess multicellular papillae on the inner surface of the sepals, which release a fetid dung-like fragrance. The fragrance is released by apical stomata, and attracts several fly species of the families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae and Ulidiidae. However, only one species of Acrosticta (Ulidiidae) was shown to be an effective pollinator. The upper surface of the labellum possesses a secretory tissue that apparently is related to nectar production, although the secretion is retained under the cuticle. As is common in fly-pollinated orchids, the Diptera are trapped by the flower. However, contrary to what is reported for other myophilous orchids, the pollinators of A. aphthosa are not frightened after leaving the flower and commonly visit further flowers on the same plant and inflorescence. In this case, the retention of the anther cap by the pollinarium, tend to reduce the geitonogamous self-pollination. A. aphthosa is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. To the best of our knowledge this is the first record of complete self-compatibility in Acianthera. The low amount of seeds without embryos in self-pollinated flowers, in contrast to cross-pollinations, seems to be a consequence of inbreeding depression.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT15177</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/BT15177</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14504</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14504</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pape, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banziger, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two new species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophaga </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera : Sarcophagidae) among pollinators of newly discovered </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sapria ram</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rafflesiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-208</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophaga</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rafflesiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sapria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5821</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0217-2445</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392YZ</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Pape T/Swedish Museum Nat Hist/Dept Entomol/Box 50007/SE 10405 Stockholm/SWEDEN&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25448</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parker, Alison J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Williams, Neal M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomson, James D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographic patterns and pollination ecotypes in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Claytonia virginica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-210</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native bees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen depletion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator-mediated selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen presentation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claytonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrena</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1558-5646</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographical variation in pollinators visiting a plant can produce plant populations adapted to local pollinator environments. We documented two markedly different pollinator climates for the spring ephemeral wildflower Claytonia virginica: in more northern populations, the pollen-specialist bee Andrena erigeniae dominated, but in more southern populations, A. erigeniae visited rarely and the bee-fly Bombylius major dominated. Plants in the northern populations experienced faster pollen depletion than plants in southern populations. We also measured divergent pollen-related plant traits; plants in northern populations produced relatively more pollen per flower and anther dehiscence was more staggered than plants in southern populations. These plant traits might function to increase pollen dispersal via the different pollen vectors.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.13405/full</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13381</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/evo.13381</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14533</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14533</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parker, F. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batra, S. W. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tepedino, V. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New pollinators for our crops</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Zoological Review</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural and Zoological Review</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">279-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4926</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Tepedino</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6672</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14548</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14548</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmenter, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Rhingia campestris </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mg. (Dipt., Syrphidae) - a further note</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5259</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1948</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4325</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14550</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14550</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmenter, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Syritta pipiens </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. (Syrphidae) and its habits</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-214</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5263</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1956</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4327</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14552</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14552</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parmenter, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flies visiting the flowers of Wood Spurge, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Euphorbia amygdaloides </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L. [Euphordiaceae (sic)]</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomol. Rec. &amp; J. Var.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-49</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUPHORBIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphorbiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5257</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">record</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1961</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Found 49 species of Diptera; also reports 45 more species observed by Day 1948</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4329</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14587</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14587</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascarella, J.B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waddington, K.D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neal, P.R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-apoid flower-visiting fauna of Everglades National Park, Florida</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity and Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity and Conservation</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodivers Conserv</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">551-566</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5750</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0960-3115</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">426AR</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Pascarella JB/Valdosta State Univ/Dept Biol/Valdosta,GA 31698 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14628</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14628</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patt, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-297</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4354</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cited by Roy 1994 TREE paper</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14629</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14629</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patt, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">French, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schal, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lech, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hartman, T. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination biology of Tuckahoe, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Peltandra virginica</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1230-1240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4693</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brood site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peltandra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protogyny</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4355</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28113</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28113</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pauw, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cocucci, A. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sérsic, A. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The least effective pollinator principle: specialized morphology despite generalized ecology</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">924-931</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pelargonium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geraniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prosoeca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corolla tube length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1435-8603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The large body of work on the adaptation of plants to pollinators is still somewhat incomplete because most studies focus on one-to-one interactions. How will adaptation proceed in a multi-pollinator environment? According to Stebbins&apos; Most Effective Pollinator Principle, ‘the characteristics of the flower will be moulded by those pollinators that visit it most frequently and effectively.’ To test this hypothesis, we studied the pollination biology of Pelargonium incrassatum (Geraniaceae) in the Namaqualand Region of Southern Africa. This species has a long floral tube and we expected its most important pollinator to have a long proboscis. Contrary to expectations, the most important pollinator was a short proboscid fly (a new species of Prosoeca), while Prosoeca peringueyi, which had a proboscis that matched the floral tube length, was a rare visitor. Consistent with the high degree of trait mismatching, we did not detect selection on tube length at most sites. The paradox of mismatching traits can be resolved by considering the strength of the trade-off involved. Adaptation to the rare species can apparently occur without incurring the cost of reduced pollination by the abundant species. Generally, species may often evolve specialized morphology if they do not incur the cost of ecological specialization.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plb.13145</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13145</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24002</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24002</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peach, Daniel A. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gries, Gerhard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar thieves or invited pollinators? A case study of tansy flowers and common house mosquitoes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthropod-Plant Interactions</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-10</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar theft</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achillea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leucanthemum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solidago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Culex</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanacetum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1872-8847</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquitoes are generally considered nectar thieves that do not contribute to the pollination of the flowers they visit. Here we tested the hypothesis that the common house mosquito, Culex pipiens, contributes to the pollination of tansies, Tanacetum vulgare, and possibly the pollination of other members of the Asteraceae (Achillea millefolium, Leucanthemum vulgare, Solidago canadensis). To test this hypothesis, we (1) field-collected mosquitoes probing inflorescences of T. vulgare, A. millefolium, and L. vulgare, and recorded the number and distribution of pollen grains on their bodies, (2) exposed laboratory-reared Cx. pipiens to inflorescences of T. vulgare, A. millefolium, and S. canadensis, and (3) ran pollination experiments with Cx. pipiens and T. vulgare in a greenhouse. We found (1) that 41 of 164 field-collected Cx. pipiens carried pollen, (2) that 48, 34, and 34 % of Cx. pipiens accumulated pollen from T. vulgare, A. millefolium, and S. canadensis, respectively, during floral visits of greenhouse-grown specimens, and (3) that cross-pollination by Cx. pipiens resulted in significant seed set of T. vulgare in pollination experiments. Based on our observations that Cx. pipiens are frequent floral visitors and are able to carry pollen and to induce seed set in T. vulgare, it is clear that Cx. pipiens plays a role in the pollination of T. vulgare, and possibly other members of the Asteraceae.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peach2016</style></label><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">journal article</style></work-type><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-016-9445-9</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11829-016-9445-9</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14767</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14767</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Actaea spicata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Ranunculaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nord. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">443-456</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Pellmyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4397</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14772</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14772</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of two nectarless </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cimicifuga </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sp. (Ranunculaceae) in North America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nord. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nordic Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">713-723</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3684</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Pellmyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4402</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14775</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14775</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cost of mutualism: interactions between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trollius europaeus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and its pollinating parasites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-59</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3551</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trollius</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4405</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly-pollinated; flies eat nectar, pollen, and larvae develop in seeds; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14789</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14789</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, J. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multiple occurrences of mutualism in the yucca moth lineage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA)</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2927-2929</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3853</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mutualism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">yucca</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4411</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14790</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14790</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pellmyr, O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, J. N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sources of variation in pollinator contribution within a guild: The effects of plant and pollinator factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">595-604</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5019</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen carryover</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen output</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lithophragma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Pellmyr</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4412</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14804</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14804</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pemberton, Robert W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower fly (Syrphidae) pollination and mechanical self-pollination (autogamy) in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phragmipedium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> species (Cypripedioideae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchids</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-367</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phragmipedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14854</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14854</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Percy, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cronk, Q. C. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation in relation to mating system in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nesohedyotis arborea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rubiaceae), a rare endemic tree from St Helena</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gene flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rare</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7038</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14875</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14875</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Balam, Jesica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quezada-Euán, Jose Javier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfaro-Bates, Rita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medina, Salvador</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McKendrick, Lorraine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soro, Antonella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paxton, Robert J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contribution of honey bees, flies and wasps to avocado (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Persea americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) pollination in southern Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Persea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">avocado</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator performance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although avocado is native to Mexico, there are no comparative measures in this country on the performance of its flower visitors as pollinators. The contribution of honey bees, flies and wasps to the pollination of avocado from tropical Mexico was assessed by comparing abundance, speed of flower visitation, quantity of pollen carried per individual and pollen deposited on virgin flowers after single visits. The values of abundance and frequency of flower visitation with pollen deposition were combined to obtain a measure of pollinator performance (PP). The most abundant insects on avocado were flies (mean ± SE: 15. 2 ± 6.2), followed by honey bees (9.4 ± 6.3) and wasps (4.2 ± 3.1) (ANOVA F = 91.71, d.f. = 2,78; P &lt; 0.001). Honey bees and wasps visited similar number of flowers (8.2 ± 3.1 and 7.5 ± 2.6 respectively), and more than flies (4.1 ± 1.2) in the same time period (F = 17.63; d.f. = 2,33; P &lt; 0.01). Although flies carried far more avocado pollen on their bodies (44.9 ± 16.8 grains) compared with honey bees and wasps, (21.3 ± 6.2 and 23.8 ± 8.11 grains, respectively; H = 26.522, df = 2, P = 0.001), the number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma after a single visit was similar for the three taxa (2-5). There was evidence for a significant and similarly positive PP of both honey bees and flies as avocado pollinators over wasps, given their abundance, potential for pollen transport and deposition of pollen on stigmas.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;page=article&amp;op=view&amp;path%5B%5D=125</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14876</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14876</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Bañón, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juan, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petanidou, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcos-Garcia, M.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crespo, M.B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Medicago citrina</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Font Quer) Greuter (Leguminosae): a bee-pollinated plant in Mediterranean islands where bees are absent</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-46</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blow flies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endemism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hoverflies</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isolation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean islands</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">migratory pollinators</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar secretion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tripping</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leguminosae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0378-2697</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">739YZ</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive ecology of Medicago  citrina was studied in the Columbretes archipelago (Mediterranean Sea), where bees are absent. The flowers were self-compatible, homogamous, nectar producers, depended on large floral visitors for tripping and pollination. Several characteristics of the reproductive biology of M.  citrina indicate an adaptation to an isolated environment characterised by scarcity of appropriate pollinators. As a result of this scarcity, fruit and seed set under natural conditions were significantly lower compared to hand-pollination treatments. The main flower visitors were mostly flies and blowflies, with Eristalis tenax (Syrphidae) and Calliphora  vicina (Calliphoridae) being the most efficient pollinators. We argue that because M. citrina faces pollen limitation in the small islets of Columbretes, it presents an interesting case study of pollination related to island endemism and diversity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Perez Banon C/Univ Alicante/Ctr Iberoamer Biodiversidad/POB 99/E 03080 Alicante/SPAIN&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>14935</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">14935</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petanidou, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vokou, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of Labiatae in a phryganic (East Mediterranean) ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">892-899</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Labiatae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solitary bee</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10 species in 9 genera, visited by 201 insect species (47.3% solitary bees). One group flowers in late winter-early spring, and is visited by relatively few pollinator species. The other group flowers in late spring-summer, visited by numerous pollinators. The groups differ in duration of anthesis, pollinator reward, floral attractiveness, and flower characters; all these are maximized in the early group.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4451</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22012</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22012</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phillips, Ryan D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaccabarozzi, Daniela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retter, Bryony A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hayes, Christine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Graham R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dixon, Kingsley W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peakall, Rod</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by fungus gnats in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">629-641</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orcidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual deception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardless</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background and Aims Pterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception.&#xD;Methods The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size.&#xD;Key Results A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 180 ° they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density.&#xD;Conclusions This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by fungus gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/113/4/629.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mct295</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15126</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15126</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pijl, L., van der</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodson, C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchid flowers: their pollination and evolution</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1966</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral Gables</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Miami Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4522</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15127</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15127</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pijl, L. van der</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On the flower biology of some plants from Java, with general remarks on fly-traps (species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Annona</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Artocarpus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Typhonium</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Gnetum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Abroma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annales Bogorienses</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bogor.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5417</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectarless</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rewardlessness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trap</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3641</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1953</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4519</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15150</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15150</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pion, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Oliveira, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paradis, R. O.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agents pollinisateurs et productivité du fraisier &apos;Redcoat&apos;, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Fragaria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> x </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">ananassa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Duch</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytoprotection</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytoprotection</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-78</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4531</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Płachno, Bartosz J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stpiczyńska, Małgorzata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adamec, Lubomír</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miranda, Vitor Fernandes Oliveira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Świątek, Piotr</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar trichome structure of aquatic bladderworts from the section </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Utricularia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Lentibulariaceae) with observation of flower visitors and pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protoplasma</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1053-1064</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018/02/05</style></edition><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bladderwort</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utricularia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitor</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Vienna</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1615-6102&#xD;0033-183X</style></isbn><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29404696</style></accession-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Utricularia, the flower spur is a nectary and in this organ, nectar is produced and stored. This study aimed to examine the structure of the nectary trichomes in four Utricularia species (Utricularia vulgaris L., U. australis R.Br., U. bremii Heer and U. foliosa L.) from the generic section Utricularia. We have investigated whether species with different spur morphology had similar spur anatomy and nectary trichome structure. In Utricularia flowers, nectar is produced by spur capitate trichomes (sessile or stalked). Our results showed that regardless of the various spur morphology, trichomes have similar architecture and ultrastructure. Head cells of these trichomes are transfer cells with an eccrine nectar secretion. Examined species differed in the micromorphology of papillae in spurs. The fly Eristalis tenax was found to be a pollinator of U. vulgaris. Small Halictidae bees seem to be pollinators of U. foliosa.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29404696[pmid]&#xD;PMC5994208[pmcid]&#xD;10.1007/s00709-018-1216-2[PII]</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29404696</style></url><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5994208/</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s00709-018-1216-2</style></electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></remote-database-name><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15240</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15240</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pojar, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive dynamics of four plant communities of southwestern British Columbia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1819-1834</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5020</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1974</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum viride in B.C. makes nectar, no odor, weakly protandrous, pollinated by syrphids and small muscids&#xD;A study of angiosperm reproductive biology was made in four plant communities in southwestern British Columbia. Species of all four communities have staggered, peak flowering times, resulting in phenological spectra. Anemophily is the major mode of pollination in a salt marsh, while entomophily predominates in a subalpine meadow. Two sphagnum bogs have more of a balance between wind and insect pollination. There are corresponding differences in the proportions of showy-flowered species in the communities. It is proposed that interspecific competition has greatly influenced the evolution of both species and community flowering strategies.Biotic seed dispersal prevails in the salt marsh and bogs, while most of the subalpine meadow species are wind-dispersed. Species and community modes of dispersal depend on the nature of the vegetation and the relative availability of dispersal vectors, as well as on diaspore morphology.Although vegetative reproduction and self-compatibility are fairly common, the bulk of the flora and vegetation at all four sites has breeding systems promoting outcrossing. There is little evidence that the physical environments of these communities, all harsh in at least some respects, have selectively favored autogamous or agamospermous species.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4569</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15257</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15257</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pombal, E.C.P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morellato, L.P.C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Differentiation of floral color and odor in two fly pollinated species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Metrodorea </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rutaceae) from Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-156</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dichogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fanniidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metrodorea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rutaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0378-2697</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">332FW</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated if differences in morphological characters in two species of Metrodorea (Rutaceae) from Brazilian semideciduous forests correspond to some pollination divergence.M. nigra and M. stipularis are sympatric species, display a similar floral morphology, are protandrous, self-incompatible, their flower periods overlap, and both are pollinated by flies.M. nigra main pollinators are Pseudoptiloleps nigripoda (Muscidae) and Fannia sp. (Fanniidae); M. stipularis major pollinators are Phaenicia eximia (Calliphoridae),Palpada sp. and Ornidia obesa (Syrphidae). The distinct floral odor (disagreeable in M. nigra and sweet in M. stipularis) and color (brownish violet vs. pale yellow) determine the differences on type and number of floral visitors observed. Several species from semideciduous forests initially considered to be pollinated by diverse insects, present flies as main pollinators, stressing the importance of fly pollination in such habitats.&#xD;</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Pombal ECP/Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz/Casa Oswaldo Cruz/Espaco Museu Vida/Av Brasil 4365/BR 20045900 Rio De Janeiro/BRAZIL&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15265</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15265</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pont, A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on anthophilous Muscidae and other Diptera (Insecta) in Abisko National Park, Sweden</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Natural History</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">631-643</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4284</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anthophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phaonia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thricops</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae are the dominant anthophilous insects in arctic and subarctic environments. Here, 5 genera were found to visit blossoms regularly for feeding. Species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Thricops</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phaonia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> fed extensively on pollen and nectar, and some specialized modes of gathering pollen are described. Muscidae are the leading group of pollinators of open blossoms.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4575</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15372</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pratt, G. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pratt, H. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Records of Tabanidae (Diptera) collected on flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito News</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito News</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">632-633</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5026</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4610</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15429</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15429</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variability in New Zealand montane and alpine pollinator assemblages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. j. ecol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1609</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand does not possess native social bees and many of the advanced insects which pollinate plants in other areas of the world. The flowers of most New Zealand plants are visited by a wide range of unspecialised insect species. These assemblages of flower-visiting insects on New Zealand montane and alpine plants are highly variable. Six factors which affect the relative frequency of different flower visitors on a plant species at a particular time are examined: weather, habitat, diel variation, plant mating type, animal competition, and sexual behaviour of the pollinators. Knowledge of these factors allows the dynamic nature of New Zealand pollinator assemblages to be investigated. The unspecialised floral syndromes possessed by most New Zealand plants are viewed as an adaptation to highly variable pollinator assemblages: flowers are visited by whatever pollinators are immediately available.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4627</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowers visited by a wide range of unspecialized insect species. a lot of unspecialized floral syndromes.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15432</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15432</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Discaria toumatou</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rhamnaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2608</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMACK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4630</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15436</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora. N. Z. J</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-333</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2612</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montane</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4634</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4 of 82 plant species had specialized relationships with an insect order, 3 not visited by insects, 75 spp. visited by variety of insects. introduced composites mostly visited by introduced Bombus.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15452</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primack, R. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andromonoecy in the New Zealand montane shrub, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leptospermum scoparium </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Myrtaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-368</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2594</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEPTOSPERMUM</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#PRIMACK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4646</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmentally induced variation in frequency; may have been selected for as means of increasing pollen production, or to permit adjustment of reproductive output. hand pollination didn&apos;t increase seedset.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15609</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15609</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rader, Romina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Howlett, Bradley G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunningham, Saul A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westcott, David A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newstrom-Lloyd, Linda E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walker, Melanie K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teulon, David A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwards, Will</style></author></authors></contributors><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Productive Environments, The New Zealand Institute for Plant &amp; Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand; School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns 4870, Qld, Australia; CSIRO Entomology, Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601 Australia; CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, PO Box 780, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia; Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd, PO Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand</style></auth-address><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative pollinator taxa are equally efficient but not as effective as the honeybee in a mass flowering crop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1080-1087</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honeybee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumblebee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dilophus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melangyna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1365-2664</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. The honeybee Apis mellifera is currently in decline worldwide because of the combined impacts of Colony Collapse Disorder and the Varroa destructor mite. In order to gain a balanced perspective of the importance of both wild and managed pollination services, it is essential to compare these services directly, a priori, within a cropping landscape. This process will determine the capacity of other flower visitors to act as honeybee replacements. &#xD;2. In a highly modified New Zealand agricultural landscape, we compared the pollination services provided by managed honeybees to unmanaged pollinator taxa (including flies) within a Brassica rapa var. chinensis mass flowering crop. &#xD;3. We evaluate overall pollinator effectiveness by separating the pollination service into two components: efficiency (i.e. per visit pollen deposition) and visit rate (i.e. pollinator abundance per available flower and the number of flower visits per minute). &#xD;4. We observed 31 species attending flowers of B. rapa. In addition to A. mellifera, seven insect species visited flowers frequently. These were three other bees (Lasioglossum sordidum, Bombus terrestris and Leioproctus sp.) and four flies (Dilophus nigrostigma, Melanostoma fasciatum, Melangyna novae-zelandiae and Eristalis tenax).&#xD;5. Two bee species, Bombus terrestris and Leioproctus sp. and one fly, Eristalis tenax were as efficient as the honeybee and as effective (in terms of rate of flower visitation). A higher honeybee abundance, however, resulted in it being the more effective pollinator overall. &#xD;6. Synthesis and applications. Alternative land management practices that increase the population sizes of unmanaged pollinator taxa to levels resulting in visitation frequencies as high as A. mellifera, have the potential to replace services provided by the honeybee. This will require a thorough investigation of each taxon&apos;s intrinsic biology and a change in land management practices to ensure year round refuge, feeding, nesting and other resource requirements of pollinator taxa are met.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01700.x</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01700.x</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15653</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15653</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raju, Aluri Jacob</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raju, V. Kanaka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Victor, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naidu, S. Appala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral ecology, breeding system and pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Antigonon leptopus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Polygonaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-164</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dianthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antigonon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polygonaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15654</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15654</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raju, A. J. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ocimum americanum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">O. basilicum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Lamiaceae) in India</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">India</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4725</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">has data on pollen removal and visitation rates for a variety of visitors including several fly species.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15655</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15655</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raju, A. J. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the floral biology of certain mangroves</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-374</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5367</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mangrove</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4726</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15689</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15689</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramírez, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biología de polinización en una comunidad arbustiva tropical de la alta Guayana venezolana</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319-330</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5016</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tropical</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venezuela</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4732</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15702</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15702</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramírez, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brito, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology in a palm swamp community in the Venezuelan Central Plains</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-302</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4730</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4739</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15836</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15836</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reader, R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bog ericad flowers: self-compatibility and relative attractiveness to bees</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2279-2287</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1397</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4779</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Siegfried, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver, E. G. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination syndromes of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Erica </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species in the south-western Cape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270-280</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ERICA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5347</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syndrome</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80% of species are insect-pollinated, 9% are rhinomyiophilous (long-proboscis flies)</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4790</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25444</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Redmond, Conor M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stout, Jane C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Breeding system and pollination ecology of a potentially invasive alien </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Clematis vitalba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. in Ireland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Plant Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clematis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invasive species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1752-9921</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aims - Invasive alien plants can greatly affect native communities and ecosystem processes but only a small fraction of alien plant species become invasive. Barriers to establishment and invasion include reproductive limitations. Clematis vitalba L. has been a popular horticultural species for the past century and is widely distributed and can be highly invasive. In Ireland, it is considered naturalized and potentially invasive. Despite this, little is known about its reproductive biology.&#xD;Methods - We carried out manipulative field experiments in Ireland and compared fruit and seed set from a number of pollination treatments, namely cross-pollination, geitonogamy, autogamy and natural pollination. We also recorded floral visitation to C. vitalba through a series of timed observations.&#xD;Important Findings - We found that C. vitalba is capable of uniparental reproduction via geitonogamy and autonomous selfing, albeit at a reduced rate compared with outcrossing treatments. Clematis vitalba was visited by at least 10 native pollinator taxa, with hoverflies dominating visitation. Neither fruit set nor seed set in our study population was pollen limited. Given the lack of reproductive constraint, C. vitalba may easily spread in suitable habitats. This is of concern in Ireland, given its prevalence in some of the country’s most floristically diverse regions.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/jpe/rtw137</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw137</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/jpe/rtw137</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15898</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15898</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeves, L. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reeves, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life history and reproduction of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Malaxis paludosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Minnesota</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Orchid Society Bulletin</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1280-1291</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5027</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaxis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4805</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>15901</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">15901</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regal, P. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination by wind and animals: Ecology of geographic patterns</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">497-524</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOGEOGRAPHY</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4807</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27048</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reiter, Noushka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freestone, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brown, Graham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peakall, Rod</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination by sexual deception of fungus gnats (Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae) in two clades of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-116</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">190</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keroplatidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Myceophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual deceit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-4074</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pterostylis is a diverse genus of terrestrial orchids with dull-coloured trap flowers, of which pollination has largely remained a mystery. Recently, one species has been confirmed to achieve pollination by the sexual deception of male fungus gnats. Here we assess if this pollination mechanism is used more widely in the genus. We ‘baited’ for pollinators using five representative Pterostylis spp. spanning the three main clades (A–C) of the genus: (A) P. concinna; (B) P. nutans and P. curta and (C) P. basaltica and P. boormanii. For each baiting trial the number of pollinators approaching, landing, attempting copulation and removing or depositing pollen was recorded. To determine experimentally if long-range attraction was via olfactory cues only, the number of pollinator responses were compared between visible (control) and concealed bait flowers (treatment). Four of the five Pterostylis spp., representing clades B and C, each attracted the males of a single species of fungus gnat of one of two families (Diptera: Keroplatidae or Mycetophilidae). At the flower, these males exhibited pre-mating behaviour, attempted copulation and successful pollination following entrapment. Experiments revealed strong attraction to concealed flowers. Although fungus gnats were unevenly distributed in space, when present, species from both families of gnats responded to bait flowers within four minutes. However, pollinator behaviour differed between Pterostylis clades in the part of the floral display they landed on, and type of sexual behaviour, irrespective of the family of pollinator. Our study confirms that sexual deception operates in two of the three major clades of Pterostylis and provides the first known examples of plant pollination involving keroplatid fungus gnats. We also show that pollinator baiting is an effective but under-utilized tool for understanding the pollination mechanisms of plants that use floral odours as a cue.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz009</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/botlinnean/boz009</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/4/2019</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27768</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27768</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ren, Zong-Xin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grimm, Wendy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Towle, Brian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qiao, Qi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernhardt, Peter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative floral traits in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Corunastylis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diurideae; Orchidaceae) with novel applications: do some species bleed or blink?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muelleria</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muelleria</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-38</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corunastylis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared suites of inflorescence and floral traits of six taxa in the genus Corunastylis. Liquid rewards were not detected at the bases of labellum calluses in three species. Instead, glabrous auricle lobes containing variable numbers of raphides secreted droplets. Scent analyses&#xD;identified seven compounds in three species, with five for C. ruppii, sharing 8-heptadecene with C. filiformis. A previous hypothesis that these flowers mimic wounded insects offering “mock haemolymph” overlaps with the suggestion here that scents and trembling labella mimic blinking, weeping eyes.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16021</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16021</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4844</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16190</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16190</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, A. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between floral display size, pollen carryover and geitonogamy in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myosotis colensoi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Kirk) Macbride (Boraginaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biol. j. Linn. Soc.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3844</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boraginaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcrossing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen carryover</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data from field work and literature survey reveal that pollen carryover is frequently very high (upwards of 80%) and this at least partially relieves some of the effects of geitonogamous pollinator movements. It is suggested that in some cases, selection for traits that confer a high rate of pollen carryover may occur.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4891</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, A. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lloyd, D. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rates of pollen deposition and removal in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myosotis colensoi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">549-559</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4334</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">color change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dichogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MYOSOTIS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen presentation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The flowers are protogynous, with stigmas accessible for pollination for several hours before pollen is presented. One or two days after a flower opens, scales at the mouth of the corolla tube change color; flowers in this phase present neither pollen nor receptive stigmas and are avoided by the principal visitor - a tachinid fly. Periods of poor weather alter the presentation schedule and pollen removal and deposition rates, lengthen the effective phase durations and cause a partial temporal overlap in sexual functions.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4893</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16197</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16197</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, A. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macnair, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of floral display size on pollinator service to individual flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Myosotis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mimulus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4557</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral display</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MYOSOTIS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Large floral displays allow high fecundity but in addition have been postulated to disproportionately attract pollinator visitation, resulting in increased pollination rates to flowers on large plants. Balancing this advantage, however, is the presumed cost of increased self-pollination through transfer of pollen within plants (geitonogamy). A Tachinid fly responded to larger floral displays in Myosotis by making more plant-visits per hour, visiting more flowers at each visit, but visiting a declining proportion of the flowers available. As a result, flowers were visited at approximately the same rate on all display sizes. Pollen deposition, pollen receipt and seed set all varied independently of flower number. Bombus and Apis responded in a very similar way to variation in flower number in naturalized Mimuls in Britain. Pollinators appear to adopt an &quot;ideal free distribution&quot; and utilize floral resources evenly across all plant sizes.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4894</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21851</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21851</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, Charles</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sunflower and its insect visitors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-21</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helianthus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1922</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1922/01/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Society of America</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0012-9658</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">List of flower visitors (bees, flies, butterflies, beetles) to plants in IL.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1929086</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.2307/1929086</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014/01/16</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16201</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16201</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower visits of insects II</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psyche</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-111</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5045</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1924</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4895</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16202</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16202</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robertson, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and insects</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1928</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancaster, PA</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Science Press Printing Company</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4896</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lists of visitors to 453 flower species near Carlinville, IL, from September 1887 to July 1899, 15,172 visits.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16457</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roy, B. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use and abuse of pollinators by fungi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends ecol. &amp; evol. (Amst.)</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-339</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">smut</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ustilago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viscaria</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4970</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16515</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16515</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rulik, Bjorn,</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanke, Stefan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuss, Matthias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neinhuis, Christoph</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia pallida</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Willd. (Aristolochiaceae) in the Mediterranean</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174-184&#xD;</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. In all, 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida Willd. were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, black fungus gnats (Sciaridae representing 37%) and scuttle flies (Phoridae representing 19%), respectively. However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as three morpho-species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constraint for successful pollination: (a) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and (b) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in A. pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient filter as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constraint. Since the flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have had visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of A. pallida by Megaselia species.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16583</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16583</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabrosky, C. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera: Milichiidae) from Madagascar pollinating </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Asclepiadaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CEROPEGIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa nilssoni Sabrosky found with pollinia on proboscis. Ceropegia albisepta Jum. &amp; H. Perr. (Asclepiadaceae), a trap flower in Madagascar.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4987</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Forster 1992; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16584</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16584</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabrosky, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leptometopa </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera, Milichiidae) from Madagascar pollinating </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Asclepiadaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-243</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5034</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CEROPEGIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madagascar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4988</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saeed, Shafqat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sajjad, Asif</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Ohseok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kwon, Yong Jung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fidelity of Hymenoptera and Diptera pollinators in onion (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Allium cepa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) pollination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological Research</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">276-280</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">onion</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupeodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Musca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eristalinus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Asia</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1748-5967</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onion (Allium cepa L.) is protandrous in nature and requires cross-pollination to avoid inbreeding. The pollination potential of native bees (Hymenoptera) and true flies (Diptera) was assessed in the perspective of finding the best pollinators for onion cross-pollination and seed multiplication. The community of pollinators was composed of four bee species and twelve true fly species. Episyrphus balteatus, Eupeodes sp., Musca domestica and Eristalinus aeneus were the most abundant pollinators. The maximum pollinator activity was observed from 12 to 24 days after opening of the flowers. The pollination effectiveness of tested bees (Apis dorsata and Apis florea) was greater than true flies (E. balteatus, Eupeodes sp., M. domestica, E. aeneus and Callihoridae sp.) in terms of Spears values.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00187.x</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/j.1748-5967.2008.00187.x</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16664</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16664</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sakai, Shoko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> spp. (Aristolochiaceae) pollinated by flies breeding on decomposing flowers in Panama</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">527-534</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study presents breeding and pollination systems of Aristolochia maxima and A. inflata in a seasonal tropical forest of Panama. Aristolochia is the most diverse genus of Aristolochiaceae, with ∼120 species distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. All the Aristolochia species studied so far are pollinated by saprophagous flies of different families, which are presumably deceived by floral odor. Flowers of many species have trap-and-release mechanisms. The flowers attract and imprison pollinators during the female stage first day of flowering and release them after anther dehiscence. Pollination systems of A. maxima and A. inflata are different from those of other Aristolochia in lacking trap mechanisms. Furthermore, the pollinators oviposit in the flowers, and their larvae grow on the fallen, decaying flowers on the ground. Therefore, the plants have a mutualistic relationship with their pollinators. Self-compatible A. inflata is pollinated by Megaselia sakaiae (Phoridae, Diptera). The pollinator may be specialized to Aristolochia flowers, which is the only substrate for larval development. On the other hand, self-incompatible A. maxima is pollinated by Drosophila spp. (Drosophilidae, Diptera), which utilize Aristolochia flowers as a breeding site only occasionally. This pollination mutualism might have evolved from deceit pollination.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16716</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16716</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sampson, F. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on the Monimiaceae. II. Floral morphology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Laurelia novae-zelandiae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> A. Cunn. (Subfamily Anterospermoideae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-240</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4827</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1969</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5026</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16750</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16750</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandholm, H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Price, R. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field observations on the nectar-feeding habits of some Minnesota mosquitoes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito News</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito News</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">346-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4759</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1962</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5035</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>26695</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">26695</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saunders, Manu E. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rader, Romina </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Network modularity influences plant reproduction in a mosaic tropical agroecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20190296</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">286</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1899</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agroecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sentinel plants</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">network</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity influences ecosystem function, but there is limited understanding of the mechanisms that support this relationship across different land use types in mosaic agroecosystems. Network approaches can help to understand how community structure influences ecosystem function across landscapes; however, in ecology, network analyses have largely focused on species–species interactions. Here, we use bipartite network analysis in a novel way: to link pollinator communities to sites in a tropical agricultural landscape. We used sentinel plants of Brassica rapa to examine how the structure of the community network influences plant reproduction. Diptera was the most common order of flower visitors at every site. Syrphidae visits were the strongest contributor to the number of fertilized pods, while visits by Syrphidae, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera had the strongest effect on the number of seeds per pod. Sentinel pots at forest sites were visited by more unique species (i.e. species with higher d′) than sites in other land uses, and dairy sites had more visitors that were common across the network. Participation coefficients, which indicate how connected a single node is across network modules, were strong predictors of ecosystem function: plant reproduction increased at sites with higher participation coefficients. Flower visitor taxa with higher participation coefficients also had the strongest effect on plant reproduction. Hymenoptera visits were the best predictor for participation coefficients but an Allograpta sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) was the most influential flower visitor species in the landscape network. A diverse insect community contributed to plant reproduction and connection among nodes in this system. Identifying the ‘keystone’ flower visitor species and sites that have a strong influence on network structure is a significant step forward to inform conservation priorities and decision-making in diverse agroecosystems.</style></abstract><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0296</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16851</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16851</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sawyer, N.W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, G.J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of the carrion-flower, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Smilax herbacea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Smilacaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhodora</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhodora</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-24</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">901</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smilax</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smilacaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5780</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Anderson</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0035-4902</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Sawyer NW/Univ Connecticut/Dept Ecol &amp; Evolutionary Biol/75 N Eagleville Rd/Box U 43/Storrs,CT 06249 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  102QG</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16939</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16939</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schemske, D. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willson, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melampy, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miller, L. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verner, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schemske, K. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Best, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">351-366</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5085</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16967</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16967</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schiller, Joseph R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zedler, Paul H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Black, Chuck H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of density-dependent insect visits, flowering phenology, and plant size on seed set of the endangered vernal pool plant </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pogogyne abramsii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Lamiaceae) in natural compared to created vernal pools</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wetlands</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">386-396</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vernal pool</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pogogyne</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exomalopsis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombylius</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density dependence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5756</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0277-5212</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">326RG</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator activity, flowering phenology, plant size, and seed set of an endangered annual plant, Pogogyne abramsii, were compared in natural and created vernal pools on Del Mar Mesa, San Diego County, California, USA. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that an artificial habitat would have fewer or less effective pollinator visits than natural vernal pools and that, as a result, the plants would have lower fecundity. The effect of differences in flowering phenology and plant size among pool types on pollinator visitation and seed set was also evaluated. The most frequent insect visitors to P. abramsii flowers were the Eurasian honey bee, Apis mellifera, two anthophorid bees, Exomalopsis nitens and E. torticornis, and three species of bee flies, of which Bombylius facialis was by far the most abundant. All species of insect visitors displayed density-dependent foraging on P. abramsii, with greater numbers of visits per unit area where flower density was greater. Nevertheless, visits per flower were negatively correlated with flower density. Flowering phenology of P. abramsii was delayed in most created compared to natural vernal pools, which affected the frequency by species of insect visitors to created compared with natural vernal pools. Peak flower densities were significantly lower in created than in natural vernal pools. The created pools had more visits per flower. Plants were smaller in created pools compared to natural pools, and seed production was positively correlated to plant size. Seed set in P. abramsii was greater than one per plant in both created and natural pools but was significantly lower in created vernal pools. Most of this difference could be attributed to the larger size of plants in the natural pools. We conclude that pollinator limitation should not preclude the sparser populations of smaller plants in the created pools from having a positive growth rate. Subsequent establishment and persistence of populations in a majority of created basins on this site confirms this assertion.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Schiller JR/Austin Peay State Univ/Dept Biol/Clarksville,TN 37044 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16982</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16982</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlein, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacobson, R.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugar meals and longevity of the sandfly </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phlebotomus papatasi </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in an arid focus of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Leishmania major </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in the Jordan Valley</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical and Veterinary Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-71</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sugar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5374</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0269-283X</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The sugar diet and life-span of Phlebotomus papatasi were studied in a typical zoonotic focus of Leishmania major in an arid area of the Jordan Valley during 1996-1997. Plant-tissue residues (cellulose particles) were identified in the stained guts of 23% of P. papatasi and significant amounts of sugar were found in the gut of 16%. Feeding on different plants was demonstrated by using their branches, suffused with cellulose stain, as baits in the field. Ingested, stained cellulose was detected in 10% of the sandflies (6% of males, 12.5% of females) caught near bait-branches of common local plants, mostly Chenopodiaceae. The similar rates of plant and sugar feeding, with the observed absence of aphids (ruling out the availability of honeydew), implied that the sugar meals of sandflies were obtained directly from plants. The relative paucity of sugar meals in P. papatasi coincided with a short life-span, evaluated by daily growth lines in the cuticle. The age of the oldest females was estimated to be 8 days, and 6 days for males. Under local conditions, the first gonotrophic cycle can be completed in 6 days and the usual transmission of L. major is apparently afterwards, when females ingest blood to initiate another cycle. Only about 9% of P. papatasi females survived &gt; 6 days.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Schlein Y/Hebrew Univ Jerusalem/Hadassah Med Sch/Dept Parasitol/POB 12272/IL 91010 Jerusalem/ISRAEL&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  180XU</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>16987</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">16987</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlessman, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral protogyny, self-compatibility and the pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ourisia macrocarpa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Scrophulariaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N.Z. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">651-656</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4082</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">color change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halictidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OURISIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protogyny</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scrophulariaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hemisynchronous, multi-cycle, incomplete protogyny allows both autogamous and geitonogamous selfing. Autogamy is infrequent due to movements of stamens and styles, and to allogamous pollination during the female stage. Minimum and maxiumum estimates of the frequency of geitonogamous pollinations are 2.4 and 31.2%.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5097</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17003</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17003</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schlinger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The review of the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eulonchus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Gerstaecker. Part I. The species of the Smaragdinus group (Diptera: Acroceridae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">416-422</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5023</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1960</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5103</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">See p. 420; reference from John (grad student at Humboldt); ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17092</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17092</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, E. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Notes on the floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaea elegans </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Nymphaeaceae) in Texas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquatic Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aquatic Botany</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">197-200</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5144</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17093</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17093</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, E. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Buchanan, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae. XI. The floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nelumbo pentapetala</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-193</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelumbo</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5145</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17094</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17094</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schneider, E. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeter, J. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphological studies of the Nymphaeaceae. XII. The floral biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cabomba caroliniana</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1410-1419</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cabomba</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5146</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17267</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17267</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segraves, K.A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thompson, J.N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant polyploidy and pollination: Floral traits and insect visits to diploid and tetraploid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Heuchera grossulariifolia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1114-1127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heuchera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyploidy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0014-3820</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In many polyploid species, polyploids often have different suites of floral traits and different flowering times than their diploid progenitor species. We hypothesized that such differences in floral traits in polyploids may subsequently affect their interactions with pollinating and other insect visitors. We measured floral morphology and flowering phenology in 14 populations of diploid and autotetraploid Heuchera grossulariifolia Rydb. (Saxifragaceae), determined if repeated evolution of independent polyploid lineages resulted in differentiation in floral morphology among those lineages, and ascertained if there was a consistent pattern of differentiation among genetically similar diploid and autotetraploid populations. In addition, we evaluated the differences in suites of floral visitors within a natural community where diploids and autotetraploids occur sympatrically. Overall, flowers of autotetraploid plants were larger and shaped differently than those of diploids, had a different flowering phenology than that of diploids, and attracted different suites of floral visitors. In comparison with flowers of diploids, tetraploid floral morphology varied widely from pronounced differences between cytotypes in some populations to similar flower shapes and sizes between ploidal levels in other populations. Observations of floral visitors to diploids and autotetraploids in a natural sympatric population demonstrated that the cytotypes had different suites of floral visitors and six of the 15 common visitors preferentially visited one ploidy more frequently. Moreover, we also found that floral morphology differed among independent autotetraploid origins, but there was no consistent pattern of differentiation between genetically similar diploid and autotetraploid populations. Hence, the results suggest that the process of polyploidization creates the potential for attraction of different suites of floral visitors. Multiple origins of polyploidy also presents the opportunity for new or different plant-insect interactions among independent polyploid lineages. These differences in turn may affect patterns of gene flow between diploids and polyploids and also among plants of independent polyploid origin. Polyploidy, therefore, may result in a geographic mosaic of interspecific interactions across a species&apos; range, contributing to diversification in both plant and insect groups.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Segraves KA/Vanderbilt Univ/Dept Biol/Box 1812 B/Nashville,TN 37235 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  232UW</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17306</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17306</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seres, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramírez, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biología floral y polinización de algunas monocotiledóneas de un bosque nublado Venezolano</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-81</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4728</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cloud forest</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monocot</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and pollination mechanisms of 33 herbaceous monocot species were studied in the tropical cloud forest of Henri Pittier National Park, Venezuela.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5212</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17447</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17447</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shi, Jun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, Jin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Dun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shangguan, Fa-Zhi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Yi-Bo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination syndromes predict brood-site deceptive pollination by female hoverflies in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Paphiopedilum dianthum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">551-560</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brood site</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paphiopedilum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to explore the relationship between the pollinator and pollination&#xD;syndromes, and to evaluate the possibility of predicting likely pollinators based on pollination&#xD;syndromes, the pollination biology of Paphiopedilum dianthum was examined. This species&#xD;shares a close phylogenetic relationship, similar habit, and a recognizable syndrome of floral&#xD;features (including helmet-shaped labellum, big dorsal sepal, and black warts or hairs on&#xD;petals) with other brood-site deceptive Paphiopedilum species. According to the pollination&#xD;syndrome concept, P. dianthum would be pollinated by hoverflies and attract pollinators with&#xD;brood-site deception. Results were consistent with this prediction. Paphiopedilum dianthum&#xD;was mainly pollinated by female hoverflies (Episyrphus balteatus), and these flies were&#xD;indeed lured by the false brood-site on the orchid flower. It is suggested that the pollination&#xD;syndrome may be correlated with pollination selective pressure, but not simply with pollinator&#xD;species, and that accurate prediction requires consideration of all factors influencing floral&#xD;characters, including habit and evolutionary history.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17546</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17546</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blüten- und Fruchtbiologie von </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Butia leiospatha</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Arecaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oesterr. Bot. Z.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4938</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arecaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Butia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A palm. Trigona seem to be the most common pollinators, but flies also visit male and female inflorescences.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5270</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17615</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17615</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinclair, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catling, P.M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dumouchel, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Notes on the pollination and dispersal of Goldenseal, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hydrastis canadensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L., in southwestern Ontario</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Field Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-501</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goldenseal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrastis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5732</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0008-3550</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">390RF</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Sinclair A/Box 214/Metcalfe/ON K0A 2P0/CANADA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28076</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28076</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Paramveer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thakur, Meena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Karishan Chander</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sharma, Harish Kumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nayak, Rohit Kumar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larval feeding capacity and pollination efficiency of the aphidophagous syrphids, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eupeodes frequens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Matsmura) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus balteatus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the cabbage aphid (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brevicoryne brassicae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on mustard crop</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupeodes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life history</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">longevity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fecundity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020/08/11</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2536-9342</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present investigation was carried out on in vitro mass multiplication, larval feeding capacity, and pollination efficiency of two aphidophagous syrphids viz., Eupeodes frequens (Matsmura) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on mustard crop under mid hill conditions. The results revealed that the incubation, larval, and pupal periods were 3.5, 12.4, and 11.9 days, respectively for E. frequens and 3.8, 13.7, and 8.8 days, for E. balteatus. Longevity of male and female was 15.2 and 17.6 days for E. frequens and 10.6 and 12.6 days for E. balteatus, respectively. When the adults were fed on different diets, adult longevity and fecundity recorded significantly maximum on 10% honey solution + fresh pollen grains. E. frequens consumed an average of 261.7 individuals of cabbage aphids per larva during total larval period, whereas the larva of E. balteatus consumed 393.6 cabbage aphids. The pollination efficiency of hoverflies on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) was studied under caged conditions. It was observed that the plants pollinated by E. balteatus and E. frequens showed 55.12 and 52.97% seed set. Among the different diets, fresh pollen grains + 10% honey solutions recorded to be the best diet for mass rearing of syrphids.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-020-00300-6</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1186/s41938-020-00300-6</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25746</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25746</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Singh, Vineet Kumar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barman, Chandan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohanty, Divya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tandon, Rajesh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relative contribution of reproductive attributes to the density-dependent effects on fruit-set</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AoB PLANTS</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AoB Plants</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ply019-ply019</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Combretaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anogeissus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive success of a plant species can be affected by the distribution pattern of its conspecifics in a small population. Besides the low mate availability, the dynamics of breeding system and pollination mechanism may also contribute to low fruit-set in such populations. We examined the relative contribution of these reproductive attributes on fruit-set across the contrasting distribution pattern (denser vs. sparser plots) in two isolated natural populations of a near-threatened tree species, Anogeissus sericea var. nummularia. Although flowers in the species are of generalist type, the narrow stigmatic surface appears to impose a requirement for a specialist pollinator. Pollination in the tree species is mediated only by the flies. The trees exhibit partial selfing and suffer from strong inbreeding depression at the early life-history stages of the selfed progeny. We recorded significant difference between the denser and sparser plots in terms of inflorescence visits per tree, and the number of trees covered in a bout by the pollinators. Moreover, tree density showed a strong positive correlation with fruit-set. Besides the requirement of having proximity among the conspecifics to facilitate pollinator movement, pollen quality also seemed to be a crucial attribute in the reproductive success of the tree species. It is inferred that the mating pattern and fecundity of plants in small and isolated populations are significantly influenced by the extent of sexual incompatibility and magnitude of their dependence on pollinators.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aobpla/ply019</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/ply019</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aobpla/ply019</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17734</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17734</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollinators of the Mer Bleue peat bog of Ottawa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Field - Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Field - Naturalist</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5022</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bog</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5317</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17751</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17751</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, B. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mee, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed multiplication of brussels sprout inbred lines</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzüchtung</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Z. Pflanzenzüchtg.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzüchtung</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Z. Pflanzenzüchtg.</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzüchtung</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Z. Pflanzenzüchtg.</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4945</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The successful use of blowflies, enclosed in Cellophane bags, for the multiplication of parent inbred lines of Brussels sprouts F1 hybrids has been demonstrated. The seed set from four inbred lines, after bowfly pollination was as good as that obtained by bud pollination, irrespective of the level of self-incompatibility of the inbreds. The method is simpler and reduces labour requirements and costs compared to bud pollination or any of the previously proposed alternative methods. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5326</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17796</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17796</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smith, S. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gadawski, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar feeding by the early-spring mosquito </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aedes provocans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical and Veterinary Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical and Veterinary Entomology</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-213</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4487</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aedes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prunus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5375</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two species of Prunus flowered at the time of mosquito emergence and were important nectar sources for both males and females. Mosquito scales in the nectary were used as evidence of visitation. Visitation rates were high but no evidence of pollination.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5345</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17871</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17871</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soderstrom, T. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calderon, C. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect pollination in tropical rain forest grasses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-16</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5015</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grass</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tropical</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1971</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5375</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>17873</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">17873</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sohmer, S. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sefton, D. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Nelumbo pentapetala</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Nelumbonaceae) on the upper Mississippi river. II. The insects associated with the transfer of pollen</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brittonia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brittonia</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">355-364</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4748</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelumbo</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelumbonaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collected a wide range of visitors, including 12 species of beetles, 14 species of flies, 6 species of bees (check Table 1 before citing this last number).</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5376</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Song, Bo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stöcklin, Jürg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Armbruster, W. Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gao, Yongqian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peng, Deli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sun, Hang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reversible colour change in leaves enhances pollinator attraction and reproductive success in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Saururus chinensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Saururaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">641-650</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leaf color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saururus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0305-7364</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Background and Aims - Although there has been much experimental work on leaf colour change associated with selection generated by abiotic environmental factors and antagonists, the role of leaf colour change in pollinator attraction has been largely ignored. We tested whether whitening of the apical leaves subtending the inflorescences of Saururus chinensis during flowering enhances pollinator attraction, and whether re-greening of the white leaves after flowering increases carbon assimilation and promotes seed development.&#xD;Methods- White leaves were removed or covered, and the effects of these manipulations on pollinator visitation and subsequent reproductive success were assessed. The net photosynthetic rates of leaves of different colour were measured and their photosynthetic contributions to seed development were evaluated.&#xD;Key Results - Saururus chinensis is able to self-pollinate autonomously, but depends largely on flies for pollination. White leaves had different reflectance spectra from green leaves, and white leaves attracted significantly more pollinators and led to significantly higher fruit and seed set. Although leaf whitening resulted in a reduction in photosynthetic capacity, it translated into only a small decrease in seed mass. When leaves had turned back from white to green after flowering their photosynthetic capacity was similar to that of ‘normal’ green leaves and promoted seed development.&#xD;Conclusions - The reversible leaf colour change in S. chinensis appears to be adaptive because it enhances pollination success during flowering, with a small photosynthetic cost, while re-greening of these leaves after flowering helps to meet the carbon requirements for seed development.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx195</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx195</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcx195</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18027</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18027</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ssymank, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilbert, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anemophilous pollen in the diet of syrphid flies with special reference to the leaf feeding strategy occurring in Xylotini (Diptera, Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">245-258</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4265</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anemophilous pollen constitutes an important part of the diet of Syrphidae. Three groups of syphids are distinguished: 1) Flower-visiting of grasses and sedges; 2) flower-visiting of anemophilous trees and shrubs (a major pollen source for early-flying syrphids); 3) feeding on anemophilous pollen precipitated on leaf surfaces.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5432</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18078</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18078</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanton, M. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of petal color variants in wild populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus sativus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: I. Pollinator response to color morphs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">178-187</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower color</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raphanus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5450</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18084</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18084</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanton, M. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galen, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Consequences of flower heliotropism for reproduction in an alpine buttercup (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus adoneus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">477-485</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4090</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heliotropism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers track the sun and reach mean internal temperatures several degrees C above ambient air temperature. As a flower&apos;s angle of deviation from the sun increases beyond 45 degrees, internal temperature is significantly reduced. Fly pollinators are seen disproportionately often on flowers aligned with the sun.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5454</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25843</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25843</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stavert, Jamie R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pattemore, David E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartomeus, Ignasi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaskett, Anne C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beggs, Jacqueline R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exotic flies maintain pollination services as native pollinators decline with agricultural expansion</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Applied Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1737-1746</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass flowering crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassicaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica rapa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Zealand</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exotic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globally, conversion of natural habitat to agricultural land is a primary driver of declines in critical ecosystem services, including pollination. However, exotic species are often well‐adapted to human‐modified environments and could compensate for ecosystem services that are lost when native species decline. We measured pollination services (pollen delivery to stigma) provided by wild insects to a mass flowering crop, pak choi Brassica rapa at 12 sites across a gradient of increasing agricultural land use (agricultural expansion) in New Zealand. We found that pollination services increased as the proportion of agricultural land in the surrounding landscape increased; pollination from exotic species exceeded the loss of pollination from native species. However, pollination service delivery became increasingly dominated by a few exotic fly species that were active throughout the day, compared to native species, which had more constrained activity patterns. &#xD;;Synthesis and applications. The best way to ensure continued sufficient crop pollination is to protect and restore diverse natural habitats on or around farms, as species‐rich pollinator communities are relatively resilient to further environmental change. However, we show that where human‐driven disturbance has caused loss of native pollinator species, exotic pollinators can maintain sufficient pollination. Therefore, in areas where native species loss cannot easily be reversed, decisions about pesticide use and habitat provision that foster populations of beneficial exotic species are likely to maintain pollination service delivery, at least in the short term. This highlights the need for land managers to identify the pollinator communities that are present on their farms, whether native or exotic, and make decisions to support these important communities accordingly.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.13103</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13103</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The possible role of insect visits in pollination of reputedly anemophilous plants, exemplified by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plantago lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, and syrphid flies</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-46</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5494</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18205</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18205</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthecological relations between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies. V. Some special aspects of the visiting of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plantago media</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">P. lanceolata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> by insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157-167</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5125</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plantago</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5495</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18207</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18207</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meeuse, A. D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthecological relationships between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies I. The possible role of syrphid flies as pollinators of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Plantago</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tijdschrift voor Entomologie</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tijdschrift voor Entomologie</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-31</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3648</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regular visits by syrphid flies of the genera Melanostoma and Platycheirus to the inflorescences of  the reputedly anemophilous Plantago lanceolata L. for the purpose of pollen consumption have often been reported. An effective pollen transfer could be established in the present study. Observations made in the field indicated that the flies feed on Plantago laceolata pollen in the early morning. Several aspects of their behaviour already suggest them to be effective pollen vectors. By means of Scanning Electron Microscope observations the presence of pollen grains of P. lanceolata on the body of the flies could be demonstrated. Experiments in which artificially dyed pollen of P. lanceolata was deposited on inflorescences in anthesis, while the stained pollen was subsequently recovered from the stigmas of other spikes, demonstrate that they are efficient pollinators of this plant. The amount of pollen transferred was estimated and, at least in certain habitats, is thought to be responsible for a considerable part of the geitonogamous and heterogamous pollinations. The technique employed may prove to be useful for the study of comparable cases in plants and animals. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5497</style></label><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://biostor.org/reference/49870.text</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18285</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18285</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stewart, R.G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kline, D.L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugar feeding by </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Culicoides mississippiensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) on the yaupon holly, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ilex vomitoria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Medical Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">268-271</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5301</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0022-2585</style></isbn><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Stewart RG/ARS/Ctr Med &amp; Vet Entomol/USDA/Gainesville,FL 32604 USA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  203AZ</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18401</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18401</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strakosh, Suzanne C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferguson, Carolyn J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wester, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of four southwestern species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Phlox </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Polemoniaceae): Insect visitation in relation to corolla tube length</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Southwestern Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Southwestern Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">291-301</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phlox</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polemoniaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyles</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hymenoptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corolla tube length</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The southwestern Phlox species P. dolichantha, P. superba, P. stansburyi, and P. grayi are a group of morphologically similar species that differ notably in the length of their corolla tubes (approximately 35 to 45 mm, 26 to 33 mm, 19 to 25 mm, and 13 to 16 mm, respectively). We assessed insect visitation to these 4 species over 24-h periods during peak flowering. A diverse array of visitors was documented, including members of the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera. Although Phlox is generally considered to exhibit a lepidopteran pollination syndrome, all of these species experienced some visitation from non-lepidopterans. Phlox superba and P. grayi received greatest visitation from a hawkmoth (Hyles lineata), and P. dolichantha and P. stansburyi received the most visits from small flies (Anthomyia and Tachypeza, respectively). All Phlox species were visited by lepidopterans, and the hawkmoth species H. lineata was observed visiting all 4 species. Bees were only observed visiting the shorter-tubed P. stansburyi and P. grayi, although bees were present among populations of all 4 species. Our findings suggest that these Phlox species might be more generalist than previously hypothesized and that further investigation into plant-pollinator interactions in the group might contribute to our understanding of their floral evolution.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1894/0038-4909%282005%29050%5B0291%3APBOFSS%5D2.0.CO%3B2</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050[0291:PBOFSS]2.0.CO;2</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18425</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Straw, R. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bee-fly pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Penstemon ambiguus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">818-819</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5014</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penstemon</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1963</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5569</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18447</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18447</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Struck, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology in the arid winter rainfall region of southern Africa: a case study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik Hamburg</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-90</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4473</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesembryanthemaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A high degree of phenological variation, due to the erratic climatic conditions, is an outstanding characteristic of this area. The floral visitors of 20 shrubby perennials and their interrelations in respect to potential competition is emphasized.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5573</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18448</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Struck, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and their insect visitors in the arid winter rainfall region of southern Africa: Observations on permanent plots. Composition of the anthophilous insect fauna</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-50</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4471</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bees</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During a 3-yr survey more than 300 species belonging to 4 orders and 41 families have been identified as day-active floral visitors. The vast majority are solitary bees (136 spp.) but masarine wasps (14 spp.), bombyliid flies (53 spp.) and monkey beetles (20 spp.) are also well represented. The anthophilous insect fauna of Goegab apperas to be far more diverse than those of desert scrub communities in California and Chile.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5574</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18449</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18449</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Struck, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and their insect visitors in the arid winter rainfall region of southern Africa: Observations on permanent plots. Insect visitation behaviour</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-74</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4472</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asteraceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melittophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oil flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A 3-yr study on permanent plots. The vast majority of plant species in the area show entomophilous pollination syndromes. Particularly noteworthy is the preponderance of large open brightly colored blossoms, especially of Asteraceae and Mesembryanthemaceae, most of which show allophilous to melittophilous pollination syndromes. Flower-visiting records are given for more than 300 day-active insect species belonging to 4 orders and 41 families. The insect fauna is dominated by generalist foragers.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5575</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18455</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Edited Book">28</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stubbs, Alan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandler, Peter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A Dipterist&apos;s Handbook</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Amateur Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Middlesex</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Amateur Entomologists&apos; Society</style></publisher><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QL531.D56</style></call-num><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18469</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18469</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stuessy, T. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spooner, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evans, K. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptive significance of ray corollas in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Helianthus grosseserratus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Compositae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Midl. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-197</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2956</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helianthus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ray floret</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5579</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ray florets are neuter (do not set seed). Removed rays from some flowers; frequency of visitation dropped 61%, diversity much lower. Seedset 64% lower in rayless population.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21732</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21732</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suetsugu, Kenji</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delayed autonomous self-pollination in two Japanese varieties of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis helleborine</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">733-743</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">selfing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The terrestrial orchid Epipactis helleborine is a morphologically variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It is found throughout Europe and continues eastwards to Siberia, China and Japan. It is usually pollinated by social wasps and displays the morphological characteristics of an outcrossing species. In warm, temperate areas of Japan, E. helleborine often appears in alpine or subalpine regions, and has never been found in low-altitude forests, except for coastal pine forests. The coastal population of E. helleborine is often classified at the variety level, as E. helleborine var. sayekiana, and the inland populations are known as E. helleborine var. papillosa. It is possible that E. helleborine var. sayekiana possesses a distinctive selfing strategy, as its autonomous self-pollination has evolved in dry habitats, such as coastal dunes. The present study investigated the pollination biology of E. helleborine var. sayekiana and var. papillosa to detect differences in their reproductive systems. Unexpectedly, both E. helleborine var. papillosa and E. helleborine var. sayekiana were found to possess a self-pollination strategy and were therefore rarely visited by insects. Self-pollination occurs at the end of the flowering season and probably acts to ensure pollination even if insect-mediated pollination fails. Moreover, there are no floral differences between E. helleborine var. papillosa and E. helleborine var. sayekiana. These observations suggest that it is not necessary to distinguish between these two varieties. Furthermore, E. helleborine var. papillosa was pollinated by hoverflies, suggesting that E. helleborine var. papillosa is probably biologically distinct from its mother species, E. helleborine. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12111</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/boj.12111</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25618</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25618</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suetsugu, Kenji</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sueyoshi, Masahiro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subterranean flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aspidistra elatior </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">are mainly pollinated by not terrestrial amphipods but fungus gnats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-246</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordyla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycetophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptiive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apidistra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asparagaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1939-9170</style></isbn><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2021</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ecy.2021</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18499</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18499</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugiura, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Bletilla striata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-177</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4784</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bletilla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5588</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18501</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18501</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugiura, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of the orchid </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis thunbergii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">by syrphid flies (Diptera: Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-255</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Epipactis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5141</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syrphid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7007</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18685</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18685</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talavera, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arista, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salgueiro, F. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population size, pollination and breeding system of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Silene stockenii</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Chater (Caryophyllaceae), an annual gynodioecious species of southern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Acta</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Acta</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-339</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARES</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caryophyllaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endangered species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gynodioecy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silene</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5349</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5638</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18686</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18686</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talavera, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bastida, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortiz, P.L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arista, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator attendance and reproductive success in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cistus libanotis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. (Cistaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-352</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cistus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cistaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen flow</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive success</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5755</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1058-5893</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">439CV</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We studied pollen flow and reproductive success in two different-density stands of Cistus libanotis, a self-incompatible species. The pollinator spectrum comprised Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, but their relative frequencies at the flowers differed between stands. The pollen loads carried by insect visitors were from a considerable number of plant species (up to 11 species) apart from C. libanotis. Hymenoptera showed the highest activity rate and the highest flower visitation rate and carried by far the highest number of both total pollen grains and C. libanotis pollen grains. These factors indicate that Hymenoptera are the most effective pollinators and the major contributors to C. libanotis reproductive success. Nevertheless, considering the insect species, a dipteran, the syrphid Eristalis tenax appears to be more effective than some Hymenoptera on  the basis of its C. libanotis pollen carrying ability.&#xD;      Fluorescent dust dispersal indicated that the neighborhood area for pollen dispersal was different among stands and could change during the flowering season. Considering the reproductive output over the flowering season, differences in pollinator spectrum and in pollen flow among stands did not affect the reproductive success of C. libanotis individuals; both fruit and seed set were similar among stands.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Talavera S/Univ Sevilla/Dept Biol Vegetal &amp; Ecol/Apdo 1095/E 41080 Seville/SPAIN&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18726</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18726</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taroda, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gibbs, P. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral biology and breeding system of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sterculia chicha </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">St. Hil. (Sterculiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">735-743</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5021</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STERCULIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterculiaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5644</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18819</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18819</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tepedino, V. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bowlin, W. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Griswold, T. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diversity and pollination value of insects visiting the flowers of a rare buckwheat (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Eriogonum pelinophilum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Polygonaceae) in disturbed and “natural” areas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-67</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eriogonum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We compared flower-visitors of the endangered plant Eriogonum pelinophilum, at relatively undisturbed and highly disturbed sites. We found no difference between sites in flower visitation rate or species richness of flower-visitors; species diversity of flower-visitors was higher at disturbed than at undisturbed sites but there was no difference in equitability. We found significant differences in total E. pelinophilum pollen carried on the body among 14 abundant bee species; eight abundant wasp species; and 12 abundant fly species. Both bee and wasp species carried significantly more pollen on the ventral compared to dorsal segments of the body; pollen on the body of fly species was more equally distributed across body surfaces. Total pollen carried on flower-visitor bodies was significantly related to visitor length, suggesting that larger visitors were more effective pollinators. Total Pollination Value, a measure combining both visitor abundance and body pollen was greater at the disturbed site than the undisturbed site, further suggesting that pollination in fragments of this rare species is not a major concern. We conclude that the high diversity of insect flower-visitors and the generalized nature of E. pelinophilum flowers make a special management programme to conserve pollinators unnecessary. Conservation of this buckwheat is best achieved by simple habitat preservation, together with a program to enlist private citizens to include buckwheat plants in their backyard gardens. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/paper_abstract_view.php?p_id=52</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18891</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18891</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquito pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Habenaria obtusata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232-237</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mosquito</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#RMBL</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1969</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The floral morphology and pollination of Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae) are described Habenaria obtusata occurs in Alaska, Canada, Norway, Siberia, etc., in great numbers and is pollinated by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. The pollination process is described as observed in glass cages.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5681</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18894</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18894</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of pollination in the primitive Angiosperms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-13</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4623</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angiosperm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cantharophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thrips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thysanoptera</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The primitive Angiosperms in the South Pacific exhibit three modes of pollination. The flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Drimys</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> are pollinated by a wide variety of Diptera. One species of thrips (Thysanoptera) pollinate the flowers of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Belliolum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">. Coleoptera play an important role in the reproductive biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Zygogynum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (plus primitive moths) and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Degeneria</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">.  The flowers of all genera examined are adapted for outcrossing. Coleoptera-pollinated flowers display the most intricate floral movements. It is suggested that Diptera as well as Coleoptera may have been the pollinators of the early angiosperms. </style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5684</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18895</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18895</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gressitt, J. L.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fly pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Drimys </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Winteraceae), a primitive angiosperm</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">529-533</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4752</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRIMYS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thrips</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winteraceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1982</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Hague</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Junk</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5685</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cites a species that is thrips-pollinated., Monographiae Biologicae; 42; 529-533, ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18904</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18904</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utech, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mode of pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Habenaria obtusata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1031-1035</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5017</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geometridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aedes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of mosquitoes and moths as pollinators of Habenaria obtusata was studied in northern Wisconsin during the summer of 1969. In each population studied, meter-square quadrants were marked and the number of plants, flowers per inflorescence, rate and time of pollinia removed, and capsule set recorded. Carbon dioxide and modified New Jersey Light Traps were set during the flowering period to capture pollinia-bearing insects. The study showed that female mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (particularly A. communis) and two species of Geometrid moths of the genus Xanthorhoe are important pollinators of H. obtusata. Pollination occurred during the last few days of flowering with an average of 18.0% of the pollinia removed and with 14.2% capsule set.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5691</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>18905</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">18905</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yatsu, L. Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reproductive biology of a relict - </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Illicium floridanum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> Ellis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">719-727</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4620</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Illiciaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Illicium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5692</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27044</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27044</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tian, Mo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ren, Yi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary significance of discrete functional adaptations to pollinators in generalist flowers: a case study of three species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">s.l. (Ranunculaceae) with distinct petal nectary scales</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">281-292</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generalist flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">petal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halerpestes</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Batrachium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0024-4074</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morphological adaptations between flowers and pollinators are thought to reflect natural selection by excluding ineffective pollinators and increasing pollination efficiency. Previous studies have reported a variety of tube or spur flower shapes that influence the functional fit between pollinator and plant. However, little is known about the ‘open’ flower types, which like those of Ranunuculus s.l. are interpreted as ‘generalist flowers’. However, petals in Ranunuculus s.l. have nectary scales which vary in shape, and to determine whether their diversity reflects adaptation to different pollinator traits, we compared Ranunculus japonicus with flap-like nectary scales to Halerpestes ruthenica and Batrachium bungei with cup-like and ring-like nectary scales. Visitation rate, visit duration and pollinator efficiency of each group were compared to distinguish true pollinators from visitors. Regression analysis was also used to identify potential correlation between different petal nectary scale shapes and morphological traits of proboscides of pollinators. Our results reveal that flap-like nectary scales exclude hoverflies from accessing nectar and increase both the length of visits by small bees and pollen transfer efficiency. In contrast, cup- and ring-like nectary scales partially allowed nectar access to hoverflies. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that pollinator mouthparts are the main driver of nectary shape rather than body and size.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boy073</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/botlinnean/boy073</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12/4/2019</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27400</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27400</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timerman, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barrett, Spencer C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of local density and sex ratio on pollination in an ambophilous flowering plant</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">587-598</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ambophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">density</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalictrum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solitary bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0002-9122</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premise Variation in local density and sex ratio in dioecious plants can affect mating success through the actions of pollen vectors, principally generalist insects or wind. Increased density and male-biased sex ratios should promote pollen transfer and seed production, but their combined effects have not been investigated for ambophilous species, which exhibit both insect and wind pollination. &#xD;Methods We manipulated density (low vs. high) and sex ratio (1:1 vs. 3:1 male-biased) in arrays of dioecious ambophilous Thalictrum pubescens. We quantified visitation rates and foraging times to examine whether pollinators exhibited sex-specific preferences and determined the seed set of arrays. &#xD;Results Pollinators visited more plants per foraging bout at high than low density. Visitation rates and foraging times of visitors were greater for male than for female plants but did not depend on the density or sex ratio of arrays. However, whereas solitary bees displayed a strong preference for males, hover flies were indifferent to plant sex phenotype. Solitary bees also visited significantly more plants per foraging bout than hover flies. There was a significant interaction between density and sex ratio on seed set. At low density, seed set was greater for 3:1 than for 1:1 arrays, but at high density the opposite pattern occurred. &#xD;Conclusions The demographic factors we investigated had complex influences on pollinator foraging behavior and patterns of seed set. Several factors may explain our results, including the influence of density and sex ratio on pollen export from arrays, grooming by pollinators, and the contribution of wind pollination.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajb2.1453</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ajb2.1453</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24129</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24129</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiusanen, Mikko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hebert, Paul D. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schmidt, Niels Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roslin, Tomas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One fly to rule them all—muscid flies are the key pollinators in the Arctic</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1839</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dryas</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global change is causing drastic changes in the pollinator communities of the Arctic. While arctic flowers are visited by a wide range of insects, flies in family Muscidae have been proposed as a pollinator group of particular importance. To understand the functional outcome of current changes in pollinator community composition, we examined the role of muscids in the pollination of a key plant species, the mountain avens (Dryas). We monitored the seed set of Dryas across 15 sites at Zackenberg, northeast Greenland, and used sticky flower mimics and DNA barcoding to describe the flower-visiting community at each site. To evaluate the consequences of shifts in pollinator phenology under climate change, we compared the flower visitors between the early and the late season. Our approach revealed a diverse community of insects visiting Dryas, including two-thirds of all insect species known from the area. Even against this diverse background, the abundance of muscid flies emerged as a key predictor for seed set in Dryas, whereas overall insect abundance and species richness had little or no effect. With muscid flies as the main drivers of the pollinating function in the High Arctic, a recently observed decline in their abundances offers cause for concern.</style></abstract><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1098/rspb.2016.1271</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19130</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19130</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toft, C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Resource shifts in bee flies (Bombyliidae): interactions among species determine choice of resources</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-112</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5018</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2677</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource partitioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study documents resource shifts over time in small bee flies (Diptera, Bombyliidae, Homeophthalmae) occurring in the California deserts that strongly implicate competition among these species. Earlier I postulated on the basis of seasonal resource shifts in 1981 that one species, in the genus Geron, was displaced from flower species it prefers by similar bee flies in the genera Phthiria and Oligodranes. I predicted that, if the latter were somehow removed from Geron&apos;s preferred resources, Geron would shift proportionately more onto these resources. Environmental conditions produced exactly this experiment naturally in 1982, when resources were superabundant relative to 1981 and the preferred resources of Phthiria and Oligodranes were abundant unusually late in the season. The predicted shifts occurred: Geron shifted, to a greater degree in 1982 than 1981, from composites with small florets and exposed inflorescences to Stephanomeria pauciflora, and a variety of less abundant but valuable species, when Phthiria and Oligodranes were less common on the latter. To elucidate these shifts, I used a method for exploiting more of the information available in multi-way contingency tables than has previously been used in ecological studies. These shifts indicate that the bee flies in these genera form linear competitive hierarchies very similar to those of other flower visitors.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5777</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19154</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19154</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomimatsu, Hiroshi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohara, Masashi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral visitors of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Trillium camschatcense</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Trilliaceae) in fragmented forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-127</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trillium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trilliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral visitors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19205</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19205</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tosaki, Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renner, S.S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takahashi, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Sarcandra glabra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Chloranthaceae) in natural populations in Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Plant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Plant Research</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423-427</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1116</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chloranthaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcandra</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hemiptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-compatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5842</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0918-9440</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">510BM</style></call-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Takahashi H/Kanazawa Univ/Fac Sci/Lab Plant Nat Hist/Kanazawa/Ishikawa 9201192/JAPAN&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.umsl.edu/~biosrenn/Sarcandra%20poll.%202001.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19208</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19208</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Totland, Ørjan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination in alpine Norway: flowering phenology, insect visitors, and visitation rates in two plant communities</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany - Revue Canadienne de Botanique</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Botany - Revue Canadienne de Botanique</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1072-1079</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4267</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norway</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chapter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowering was concentrated at the beginning of the season in both communities, and large overlaps in flowering time were found for most species. In one community flowering peaks were significantly clumped, whereas in the other they were randomly distributed through the season. Diptera almost exclusively dominated the visitor assemblage. Most plant species had high overlaps in flower visitor species. In one community 8 species pairs flowered sequentially and shared visitors. Visitation rates were highest at the lowest elevation site.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5798</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19209</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19209</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Totland, Ørjan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraseasonal variation in pollination intensity and seed set in an alpine population of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus acris</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in southwestern Norway</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-165</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4459</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination intensity</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reproductive success</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dipteran families (mainly Muscidae and Anthomyiidae) were the most frequent flower visitors and pollinators. A single visit by these insects resulted in a seed set of about 18%. Visitation rates were highest early in the flowering season and flowers on early flowering plants lasted about 3 days less than those on mid-season flowering individuals. Insect pollinators moved short distances between flowers. Plants are self-incompatible. Early-flowering plants had very high seed set relative to individuals flowering in mid- and late season.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5799</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19418</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uemura, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ohkawara, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kudo, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wada, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higashi, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heat-production and cross-pollination of the Asian skunk cabbage </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Symplocarpus renifolius</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">635-640</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protogyny</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Symplocarpus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers in early spring when not many insects are active. Self-incompatible. House flies, rove beetles and mosquitoes were the likeliest pollinators of this protogynous species. Only makes heat during female and bisexual stages, not male.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5857</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19422</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uhl, N. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moore, H. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlations of inflorescence flower structure and floral anatomy with pollination in some palms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-190</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inflorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5114</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">palm</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5858</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19519</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19519</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentine, D. H.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richards, A. J.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination of introduced species, with special reference to the British Isles and the genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Impatiens</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Pollination of Flowers by Insects</style></secondary-title><tertiary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnean Society Symposium Series</style></tertiary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-123</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">introduced species</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impatiens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5890</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19564</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19564</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Goot, V. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grabandt, R. A. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some species of the genera </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Platycheirus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Pyrophaena</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera, Syrphidae) and their relation to flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologische Berichten</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomologische Berichten</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-143</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3650</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5135</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2087</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27894</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27894</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van der Niet, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jürgens, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinators, floral morphology and scent chemistry in the southern African orchid genus </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Schizochilus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">726-738</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC-MS</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar spur</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schizochilus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010/10/01/</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0254-6299</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral evolution often involves suites of traits, including morphology, colour and scent, but these traits are seldom analysed together in comparative studies. We investigated the associations between floral traits and pollination systems in Schizochilus, a southern African orchid genus with small nectar-producing flowers that has not been studied previously with respect to pollination biology. Field observations indicated the presence of distinct pollination systems in the four species which occur in the Drakensberg, including pollination by muscid flies in Schizochilus angustifolius, tachinid flies in Schizochilus zeyheri, various small flies in Schizochilus bulbinella and bees and wasps in Schizochilus flexuosus. Pollination success and pollen transfer efficiency clearly differed among the four species but were not correlated with the quantity of nectar rewards. Multivariate analysis of floral morphology and floral scent chemistry based on GC-MS data revealed significant differences among species as well as populations within species. The floral scent of S. angustifolius was dominated by the benzenoid compounds benzaldehyde and phenylacetaldehyde. Samples of one population of S. bulbinella were relatively similar to S. angustifolius but samples of another population were very distinct due to the occurrence of the nitrogen-containing compounds 3-methyl-butyl aldoxime (syn/anti) and the higher amounts of aliphatic esters, alcohols and acids. In contrast, the floral scent of S. flexuosus and S. zeyheri was characterized by high relative amounts of methyl benzoate. We conclude that Schizochilus has distinct, specialized pollination systems associated with subtle but significant variation in floral morphology and scent chemistry. We also caution that sampling of several populations may be required to characterize floral scent composition at the species-level in plants.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S025462991000181X</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.07.004</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19570</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19570</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pijl, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On the flower biology of some plants from Java with general remarks on fly-traps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annales Bogorienses</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bogor.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-99</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3641</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trap flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annona</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artocarpus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Typhonium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gnetum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abroma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Java</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1953</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4518</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19572</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19572</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Pijl, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dodson, C. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchid flowers. Their pollination and evolution</style></title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1966</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral Gables, FL</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Fairchild Tropical Garden and the University of Miami Press</style></publisher><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5906</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19575</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19575</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Velde, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brock, T. C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heine, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peeters, P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers of Dutch Nymphaeaceae as a habitat for insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Botanica Neerlandica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Bot. Neerl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-430</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5422</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5943</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19576</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19576</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van der Velde, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brock, T. C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heine, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peeters, P. M. P. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers of Dutch Nymphaeaceae as a habitat for insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Botanica Neerlandica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Bot. Neerl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-430</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5/6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4951</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuphar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nymphaeaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7751</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract, filed under van der Velde in pollination folder</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19838</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19838</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vickery, R. K., Jr.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination experiments in the </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Mimulus cardinalis - M. lewisii </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Basin Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Basin Naturalist</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-159</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3505</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimulus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5970</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Requires cross-pollination. Other studies report bumble bee and hummingbird pollinators, but he found only a few syrphid flies.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>24221</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">24221</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villa, María</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Sónia A. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marrão, Rosalina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinheiro, Lara A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Saez, Jose Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mexia, António</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, Albino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, José Alberto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphids feed on multiple patches in heterogeneous agricultural landscapes during the autumn season, a period of food scarcity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262-269</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupeodes corollae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Episyrphus balteatus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollenivory</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agroecosystem</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10/3/</style></date></pub-dates></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0167-8809</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many syrphid larvae are predators and have an important role as biological control agents of pests in agroecosystems. However, adults feed on non-prey resources such as pollen from flowers. Heterogeneous landscapes can provide syrphids with a great biodiversity of plants and ensure the existence of food resources. This is particularly important during periods of food scarcity, such as autumn, for syrphid species that spend those periods as adults. Nevertheless, the feeding habits of syrphid adults in resource-scarce agroecosystems are poorly known. In this study, the pollen consumption and preferences of Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) and Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) were analyzed in olive groves and surrounding herbaceous and woody patches in the autumns of 2012 and 2013 in northeastern Portugal. The guts were dissected, and the pollen types were identified and compared with the ground cover plants in the studied patches. Both species consumed and selected pollen types from herbaceous and woody vegetation that occurred in different patches, indicating that they flew between patches. These results highlight the importance of conserving heterogeneous agricultural landscapes to guarantee the existence of food resources for beneficial insects during periods of scarcity.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880916304650</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.09.014</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>27250</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">27250</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vislobokov, Nikolay A. </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatiana V. , </style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination ecology of two co-occurring species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Balanophora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">: Differences in range of visitors and pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Plant Sciences</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balanophora</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophilidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">harvestmen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phalangidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nocturnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Premise of research. Inflorescences of Balanophora species emit a sweet smell, produce nectar, and are visited by many different insects. All previous studies of the pollination biology of Balanophora included observation of one species of the holoparasite in one location. In the present study, we investigated and compared pollination systems of two co-occurring and coflowering Balanophora species: B. harlandii and B. fungosa ssp. indica.&#xD;Methodology. The floral biology of Balanophora was studied using day and night visual observations as well as video and photo monitoring. Pollen grains, flowers, and captured pollinators were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Pivotal results. It was found that flies (Drosophilidae, Syrphidae), wasps, and harvestmen (Phalangidae) pollinate B. harlandii, while B. fungosa is pollinated by flies (Calliphoridae, Drosophilidae, Limoniidae, Syrphidae) and harvestmen (Phalangidae). It was determined here for the first time that harvestmen are facultative pollinators of Balanophora.&#xD;Conclusions. Both Balanophora species possess a generalist pollination strategy. However, B. harlandii is adapted mostly to day pollination, whereas B. fungosa is more likely adapted to day and night pollination. In the present study, wasps are the main pollinators of B. harlandii, whereas drosophilid flies are the main pollinators of B. fungosa. The small range of visitors for B. harlandii may be caused by the territorial behavior of wasps.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/697320</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1086/697320</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25091</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25091</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlašánková, Anna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Padyšáková, Eliška</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartoš, Michael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengual, Ximo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janečková, Petra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janeček, Štěpán</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nectar spur is not only a simple specialization for long-proboscid pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Phytologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1574-1581</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar spur</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impatiens</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balsaminaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanostoma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhingia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corolla length</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1469-8137</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">* Since the time of Darwin, biologists have considered the floral nectar spur to be an adaptation representing a high degree of plant specialization. Nevertheless, some researchers suggest that nature is more complex and that even morphologically specialized plants attract a wide spectrum of visitors. &#xD;* We observed visitors on Impatiens burtonii (Balsaminaceae) and measured the depth of the proboscis insertion into the spur, the distance of the nectar surface from the spur entrance and the visitor&apos;s effectiveness. &#xD;* The hoverfly Melanostoma sp., with the shortest proboscis, was most active early in the morning and fed on pollen and nectar near the spur entrance. The honeybee Apis mellifera and the hoverfly Rhingia mecyana were the most frequent visitors before and after noon, respectively. Although R. mecyana, the only visitor able to reach the end of the spur, was the most frequent, it did not deposit the largest number of pollen grains per visit. &#xD;* Nectar spurs may function as complex structures allowing pollination by both short- and long-proboscid visitors and separating their spatial and temporal niches. Spurred plants should be considered as more generalized and exposed to more diverse selection pressures than previously believed.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.14677</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/nph.14677</style></electronic-resource-num><modified-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017-24393</style></modified-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19909</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19909</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Die Bestäubung der Kesselfallen-Blüten von </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ceropegia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-237</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4692</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepiadaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CEROPEGIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1961</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Looked at plants in South Africa briefly. Pollination study was done in greenhouse in Germany with local flies as pollinators.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5987</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; also Vogel 1993 has picture</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19910</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19910</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duftdrüsen im Dienste der Bestäubung. Ueber Bau und Funktion der Osmophoren</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenscahften und der Literatur in Mainz. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abh. Akad. Wiss. Lit. Mainz, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">598-763</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">osmophore</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1963</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5988</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19914</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19914</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, S.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brantjes, N. B. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linskens, H. F.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungus mimesis of fungus-gnat flowers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination and dispersal</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-18</style></pages><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gnat</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1973</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nijmegen</style></pub-location><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Botany, University of Nijmegen</style></publisher><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations of an Asarum plant in the Botanical Garden in Mainz, where it is visited regularly by fungus gnats.  Also found it in native Pacific coast of North America, where there were gnat eggs and larvae.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5991</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19916</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19916</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilzmückenblumen als Pilzmimeten</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flora</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">329-398</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4703</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimicry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Vogel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1978</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations of Asarum caudatum over several years in a botanic garden in Germany (but it&apos;s a North American species). Pollinated by fungus gnats</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5993</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citation from Endress 1994; also cited in Vogel 1993; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19927</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19927</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogel, Stefan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martens, Jochen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae), with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-100</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Vogel</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kettle trap</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arisaema</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungus gnat</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5718</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19937</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19937</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogt, C. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium reginae</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindleyana</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindleyana</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-150</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5013</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6002</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>19991</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">19991</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vroege, P. W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stelleman, P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect and wind pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix repens</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L. and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Salix caprea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> L</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israel Journal of Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-132</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anemophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salix</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is widely accepted that the Salix species of western and central Europe are predominantly entomophilous, but there are indications suggesting a distinct role of air currents in pollination as well. In field studies in the Netherlands in 1983, this point was investigated experimentally by encasing female catkins of Salix repens and S. caprea in net covers, thus rendering them unapproachable to habitual insect visitors without hampering the access of airborne pollination. Afterwards, their seed set was compared with that of uncaged catkins. Seed set attributable to wind pollination in S. repens amounted to 70% in one location and to 20% in another location, while that in S. caprea came to 50%. An investigation into the pollen aggregation tendency proved that the pollen stickiness of S. repens is slightly lower than that of S. caprea. The results indicate that S. repens is better adapted to wind pollination than S. caprea, while the contrary applies to insect pollination. It is suggested that since both air currents and insect visitors substantially contribute to pollen transfer, the pollination system of both Salix species should be designated as ambophilous.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6015</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23894</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23894</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wagner, Johanna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lechleitner, Martin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hosp, Daniela</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen limitation is not the rule in nival plants: A study from the European Central Alps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-387</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alps</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthomyiidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ranunculus glacialis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerastium uniflorum</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saxifraga bryoides</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P-O ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March 1, 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Seed output of high-mountain plants in the uppermost life zones is highly variable. One possible reason might be pollen limitation due to inadequate pollinator services.&#xD;METHODS: We tested this hypothesis for the insect-pollinated species Cerastium uniflorum, Ranunculus glacialis, and Saxifraga bryoides, which have their distribution center in the subnival and nival zone of the European Central Alps. We recorded insect visitors and determined their impact as pollinators. By analyzing pollination success and seed set following natural and saturating hand pollination, the magnitude of quantitative and qualitative pollen limitation was assessed.&#xD;KEY RESULTS: Anthomyiid and muscid flies had the highest pollination impact for R. glacialis and S. bryoides and syrphids for C. uniflorum. Natural stigma pollen load was highly variable in individual flowers of all species, but in most cases the number of conspecific pollen grains clearly exceeded the number of ovules to be fertilized. There was also a surplus in germinated pollen grains, whereas the pollen tube to ovule ratio was only sufficient in R. glacialis (2.6 on average) and S. bryoides (1.3), but not in C. uniflorum (0.6). Accordingly, seed to ovule ratio was around 0.8 in R. glacialis, 0.7 in S. bryoides but 0.4 in C. uniflorum. In C. uniflorum, saturating pollination slightly increased seed set. Regression analyses revealed that natural pollination success was more frequently limited by quality than by quantity.&#xD;CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support the idea of chronic, widespread pollen limitation in the subnival but rather fit into the concept of parental optimism by overinvesting in the number of ovules as an adaptation to variable resource availability.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.amjbot.org/content/103/3/375.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3732/ajb.1500214</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20057</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20057</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waitzbauer, V. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Die Insektenfauna männlicher Blutenstande von </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Typha angustifolia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoologischer Anzeiger</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zool. Anz.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-15</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5129</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Typha</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6037</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20061</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20061</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waldbauer, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crepuscular flower visits of adult </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Volucella vesicularia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curran (Diptera, Syrphidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entomological News</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-137</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5012</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volucella</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1963</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6038</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20062</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20062</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waldbauer, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower associations of mimetic Syrphidae (Diptera) in northern Michigan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Lakes Entomologist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Great Lakes Entomologist</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-85</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4954</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6039</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20063</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20063</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waldbauer, G. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mating behavior at blossoms and the flower associations of mimetic </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Temnostoma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) in northern Michigan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-304</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5033</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mating behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6040</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28100</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28100</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scent chemistry and pollinators in the holoparasitic plant Cynomorium songaricum (Cynomoriaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-120</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cynomorium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cynomoriaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carrion flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Musca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucilia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wohlfahrtia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophaga</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarcophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1435-8603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holoparasitic plants are interesting heterotrophic angiosperms. However, carrion- or faeces-mimicking is rarely described for such plants. There is no information on the pollination biology of Cynomoriaceae, despite the fact that these plants are rare and vulnerable. This is the first study to reveal pollination in a member of this family, Cynomorium songaricum, a root holoparasite with a distinctive and putrid floral odour. From 2016 to 2018, we studied the floral volatiles, floral visitors and pollinators, behavioural responses of visitors to floral volatiles, breeding system, flowering phenology and floral biology of two wild populations of C. songaricum in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 42 volatiles were identified in inflorescences of C. songaricum. Among these volatiles are compounds known as typical carrion scents, such as p-cresol, indole, dimethyl disulphide and 1-octen-3-ol. C. songaricum is pollinated by various Diptera, such as Musca domestica, M. stabulans (Muscidae), Delia setigera, D. platura (Anthomyiidae), Lucilia sericata, L. caesar (Calliphoridae), Wohlfahrtia indigens, Sarcophaga noverca, S. crassipalpis and Sarcophila meridionalis (Sarcophagidae). The inflorescence scent of C. songaricum attracted these pollinators. The plants significantly benefit from insect pollination, although wind can be a pollen vector in the absence of pollinators. C. songaricum is a cross-pollinated, self-incompatible plant. Our findings suggest that C. songaricum releases malodorous volatiles to attract Diptera to achieve pollination. This new example lays the foundation for further comparative studies in other members of this plant group and contributes to a better understanding of fly-pollinated, carrion mimicking plants.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/plb.13180</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13180</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25765</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25765</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Shuai </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fu, Wen‐Long</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Du, Wei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Qi </style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Ya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyu, Yu‐Shu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wang, Xiao‐Fan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectary tracks as pollinator manipulators: The pollination ecology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Swertia bimaculata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Gentianaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3187-3207</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectary</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gentianaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swertia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corolla</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">petal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herkogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral nectaries are closely associated with biotic pollination, and the nectar produced by corolla nectaries is generally enclosed in floral structures. Although some Swertia spp. (Gentianaceae), including S. bimaculata, evolved a peculiar form of corolla nectaries (known as “gland patches”) arranged in a conspicuous ring on the rotate corolla and that completely expose their nectar, little is known about the pollination of these plants. Two hypotheses were made concerning the possible effects of gland patches: visual attraction and visitor manipulation. The floral traits, mating system, and insect pollination of S. bimaculata were examined, and the pollination effects of gland patches were evaluated. A comparative study was made using Swertia kouitchensis, a species with fimbriate nectaries. Swertia bimaculata flowers were protandrous, with obvious stamen movement leading to herkogamy in the female phase and to a significant reduction in nectary–anther distance. The species is strongly entomophilous and facultatively xenogamous. The daily reward provided per flower decreased significantly after the male phase. The most effective pollinators were large dipterans, and the visiting proportion of Diptera was significantly higher in S. bimaculata than in S. kouitchensis. Most visitors performed “circling behavior” in S. bimaculata flowers. Removing or blocking the nectaries caused no reduction in visiting frequency but a significant reduction in visit duration, interrupting the circling behavior. The circling behavior was encouraged by nectar abundance and promoted pollen dispersal. Visitor species with small body size had little chance to contact the anthers or stigma, revealing a filtration effect exerted by the floral design. These results rejected the “visual attraction” hypothesis and supported the “visitor manipulation” hypothesis. The nectary whorl within a flower acted like a ring‐shaped track that urged nectar foragers to circle on the corolla, making pollination in S. bimaculata flowers more orderly and selective than that in classically generalist flowers.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.3838</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi:10.1002/ece3.3838</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20169</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20169</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ward, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, S.D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen limitation and demographic structure in small fragmented populations of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Brunsvigia radulosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Amaryllidaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-262</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunsvigia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amaryllidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen limitation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philoliche</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demography</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xylocopa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extinction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0030-1299</style></isbn><call-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">880MA</style></call-num><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ecological consequences of disruptions in plant-pollinator mutualisms are poorly understood. We examined how seed production and recruitment of juveniles in populations of the spectacular grassland geophyte Brunsvigia radulosa (Amaryllidaceae) correlate with various indices of habitat fragmentation, including habitat fragment area, population size and population isolation. The species was found to be self-incompatible and adapted for pollination primarily by the long-proboscid fly Philoliche aethiopica (Tabanidae). In places where this fly is locally extinct, carpenter bees appear to act as substitute, though less effective, pollinators. Seed production in B. radulosa showed a significant positive relationship with population size, but not with habitat fragment area or spatial isolation of populations when all three indices of habitat fragmentation were included as predictor variables in multiple regression models. Reduced seed production in small populations was attributable to pollen limitation, as supplemental hand pollinations resulted in proportionally greater increases in seed production in these populations. Pollen limitation appears to have demographic consequences; specifically, the proportion of juvenile plants in populations showed significant positive relationships with current levels of seed production per plant and size of populations. Thus the long term persistence of small B. radulosa populations in habitat fragments may be threatened by a pollination deficit.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Ward M/Univ KwaZulu Natal/Sch Bot &amp; Zool/Private Bag X01/SA 3209 Pietermaritzburg/SOUTH AFRICA&#xD;(42)  English Article</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20185</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20185</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warmke, H. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hevea brasiliensis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in Puerto Rico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">646-648</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5040</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEVEA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1951</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6078</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20186</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20186</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warmke, H. E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on natural pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Hevea brasiliensis</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">474-475</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5039</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEVEA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1952</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6079</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20188</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20188</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Warncke, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terndrup, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelsen, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erhardt, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flower visitors to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Saxifraga hirculus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Switzerland and Denmark, a comparative study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Helvetica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Helvetica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Helvetica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanica Helvetica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-147</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4853</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saxifraga</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SAXIFRAGACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Found 76 species of insects visiting flowers in Switzerland, 57 of which were Diptera from 16 families.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6080</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22204</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22204</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watanabe, Kenta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shimizu, Akira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sugawara, Takashi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dioecy derived from distyly and pollination in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Psychotria rubra</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rubiaceae) occurring in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-191</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Psychotria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Japan</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dimorphism</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">style morphs</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wasp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1442-1984</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral morphology and breeding system were examined in natural populations of Psychotria rubra (Rubiaceae) occurring in the Ryukyu Islands in southwest Japan. This species is morphologically dimorphic with long- and short-styled morphs; however, these morphs are functionally dioecious. All long-styled morphs set fruits, but their short anthers completely lack pollen grains; thus, they function as pistillate flowers. Alternately, short-styled morphs usually have fertile pollen and never set fruit, whether after open or obligate pollinations; thus, they function as staminate flowers. However, some short-styled morphs in Mounts Katsuu-dake and Oppa-dake populations have no fertile pollens. No fruit was obtained from bagging experiments, indicating that P. rubra requires pollinators for its reproduction. In our pollinator observations, flies and short-tongued wasps were the main visitors of the flowers of P. rubra. Thus, these insects are probably effective pollinators for P. rubra in the Ryukyu Islands. Considering the morphological features, the dioecy found in P. rubra is probably derived from distyly; however, no sufficient evidence is available showing that dioecy has evolved “directly” from distyly.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1442-1984.12013</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/1442-1984.12013</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20318</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20318</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weaver, R. E., Jr.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Arenarias</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> of the southeastern granitic flatrocks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-52</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5668</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arenaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RMBL</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caryophyllaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1970</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A. glabra is a winter annual, A. groenlandica is perennial (montane). 3 species studied are protandrous, adapted for outcrossing, an undescribed one from Alabama is largely self-pollinated.</style></abstract><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20397</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weiss, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral color change: a widespread functional convergence</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amer. J. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-185</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">color change</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A broad survey of flowering plants demonstrates that such color changes appear in at least 77 diverse families. Color-changing taxa occur commonly within what are considered derived lineages and only rarely in early or primitive groups, but the occcurrence is not simply a result of phylogenetic history. Color changes can affect the whole flower or they can be localized, affecting at least nine floral parts or regions. The scale of color change is broadly correlated with the type of pollinator. Seven distinct physiological mechanisms are identified, with appearance of anthocyanin being the most common (68 families).</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6177</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20486</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20486</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westerkamp, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Apios americana</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">, a fly-pollinated papilionaceous flower?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pl. Syst. Evol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Systematics and Evolution</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Syst Evol</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-144</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4413</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apios</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fabaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">myiophily</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect visitors are attracted to the hidden inflorescence by scent. In their attempt to reach a bright window at the base of the dark cavity, they trigger an explosive release of stigma and pollen. Stigmatic fluid glues pollen to the visitor. Seems to be the only myiophilous exception within the predominantly melittophilous Fabaceae. The study was from observations of a plant in a botanical garden in Europe, but the plant is native to SE North America. No observations published of flower visitors, apparently.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6204</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20509</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20509</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wetschnig, W.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Depisch, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Welwitschia mirabilis </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOOK. f. (Welwitschiaceae, Gnetopsida)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phyton   Annales Rei Botanicae</style></secondary-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-183</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welwitschia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welwitschiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5371</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0079-2047</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8 species of flies from Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Ulidiidae, Sarcophagidae, Bombyliidae, also a bee and wasp. </style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(03)  Wetschnig W/Graz Tech Univ/Inst Bot/Holteigasse 6/A 8010 Graz/AUSTRIA&#xD;(42)  English Article&#xD;(44)  240HP</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20540</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20540</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">White, D. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thien, L. B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Illicium parviflorum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Illiciaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-18</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4618</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Illiciaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Illicium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRCS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6217</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22330</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22330</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiering, D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of insects for pollinating brassica crops in small isolation cages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphytica</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-28</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brassica</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1964</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1964/04/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kluwer Academic Publishers</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0014-2336</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    Research was carried out on the suitability of honey bees, bumble bees and flies for pollinating cabbage crops.&#xD;&#xD;    For pair crosses and selfing mostly flies give the best results.&#xD;&#xD;    For pollinating larger groups of plants honey bees are most suitable.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037514</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/BF00037514</style></electronic-resource-num><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23423</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23423</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiesenborn, William D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Absorbing incident ultraviolet light decreases landings by Diptera and Hymenoptera on flowering </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Chamaesyce albomarginata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Torr. &amp; A. Gray) Small (Euphorbiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan-Pacific Entomologist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan-Pacific Entomologist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-156</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UV</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chamaesyce</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Euphorbiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombyliidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perdita</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mythicomyia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015/04/01</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pacific Coast Entomological Society</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0031-0603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The reliance of insects on ultraviolet (UV) light in nature is not well known, despite a general understanding of how insects detect UV. Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. &amp; A. Gray) Small is a mat-forming euphorb common in southwestern deserts that produces small, flower-like cyathia. The plant&apos;s small size, flatness, and abundant insect visitors enabled experimentally testing the dependence of flies, bees, and wasps flying to the plant on UV light. Most insects landing on plants were minute bombyliid flies in Mythicomyia Coquillet, 1893 and Nexus Hall &amp; Evenhuis, 1987, andrenid bees in Perdita Smith, 1853, and sphecid wasps in Solierella Spinola, 1851. Ultraviolet light is absorbed by leaves on C. albomarginata, reflected slightly more by cyathia, and moderately reflected by surrounding substrate. Decreasing UV contrast between plants and surrounding substrate by covering substrate with clear UV-absorbing film, compared with clear UV-transmitting vinyl, did not affect numbers of insects landing on plants. Placing the same film approximately 20 cm above plants and surrounding substrate decreased numbers of insects landing by 68% compared with the vinyl. Diptera and Hymenoptera responded similarly by flying beneath the UV-absorbing film and approaching plants less frequently. Absorbing UV from incident light illuminating plants appeared to eliminate a visual cue used by insects for locating flowering plants. The most likely visual cue eliminated was the pattern of polarized UV in skylight.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2015-91.2.148</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3956/2015-91.2.148</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015/12/31</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>28067</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">28067</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiesenborn, William D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen transport to </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Lycium cooperi</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Solanaceae) flowers by flies and moths</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western North American Naturalist</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western North American Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-368, 10</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lycium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solanaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moth</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peridroma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lycium cooperi (Solanaceae) is a woody shrub found along the eastern, northern, and western edges of the Mojave Desert in Arizona, Nevada, and California and along the western edge of the Sonoran Desert in California and Mexico. The plant produces funnel-shaped flowers during spring with stamens and a pistil that extend to near the top of a greenish-white corolla. I investigated the pollination of L. cooperi in southern Nevada during 30 March–21 April 2019 by aspirating insects from flowers, determining where they carried pollen on their bodies, and estimating the proportions of conspecific pollen in their pollen loads. Flowers were mostly visited at night by 8 species of moths (Lepidoptera) in Noctuidae and Geometridae and less frequently during the day by 3 species of flies (Diptera) in Syrphidae. The most frequent visitor to flowers was Euxoa serricornis (Noctuidae), followed by Digrammia colorata (Geometridae) and Peridroma saucia (Noctuidae), a widespread agricultural pest. Most flies at flowers were 2 large species of Copestylum. Flowers were also visited by the migratory butterfly Vanessa cardui (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pollen was carried mainly on the proboscis of moths and butterflies and on the anterior thorax of flies. Lycium cooperi pollen grains in brightfield microscopy are trilobed in polar view, elliptic in equatorial view, and grainy in appearance. A higher mean proportion of L. cooperi pollen was carried by moths and butterflies (0.50) compared with flies (0.21), and moths in Noctuidae carried a higher proportion of conspecific pollen (0.59) compared with moths in Geometridae (0.25). Insects pollinated only 19.8% of the profuse flowers produced by shrubs. Pollination of L. cooperi primarily by moths corresponds with the shrub&apos;s partially white and tubular flowers. Similar flowers on most other Lycium species in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts indicate a likelihood of similar pollination by moths.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.3398/064.080.0308</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20659</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20659</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilkinson, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westmoreland, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Westmoreland, G. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of spider predation on insect visitation and pollination of Queen Anne&apos;s lace</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Midl. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-367</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3962</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apiaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daucus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drosophila</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predation</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spider</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visitation rate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Densities of crab spiders and jumping spiders were unrelated to the frequency of visitation by most insect taxa; however, jumping spider densities were positively correlated with the frequency of visitation by Drosophilidae. The presence of spiders had no significant effect on fruit production per umbel.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6252</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20772</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20772</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkill, I. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and insects in Great Britain. I</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-273</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5041</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1895</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6281</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20773</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20773</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkill, I. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and insects in Great Britain. II</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-349</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5042</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1903</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6282</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20774</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20774</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis, J. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burkill, I. H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flowers and insects in Great Britain. III</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Bot.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539-570</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5043</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flower</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1903</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6283</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>23691</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">23691</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willmer, Pat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Finlayson, Kathryn</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Big bees do a better job: intraspecific size variation influences pollination effectiveness</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Big bees do a better job: intraspecific size variation influences pollination effectiveness.</style></short-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Pollination Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus terrestris</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinca</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen deposition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proboscis length</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geranium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Echium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diurnal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal difference</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1920-7603</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bumblebees ( Bombus spp.) are efficient pollinators of many flowering plants, yet the pollen deposition performance of individual bees has not been investigated. Worker bumblebees exhibit large intraspecific and intra-nest size variation, in contrast with other eusocial bees; and their size influences collection and deposition of pollen grains. Laboratory studies with B. terrestris workers and Vinca minor flowers showed that pollen grains deposited on stigmas in single visits (SVD) were significantly positively related to bee size; larger bees deposited more grains, while the smallest individuals, with proportionally shorter tongues, were unable to collect or deposit pollen in these flowers. Individuals did not increase their pollen deposition over time, so handling experience does not influence SVD in Vinca minor. Field studies using Geranium sanguineum and Echium vulgare , and multiple visiting species, confirmed that individual size affects SVD. All bumblebee species showed size effects, though even the smallest individuals did deposit pollen, whereas there was no detectable effect with Apis with its limited size variation. Two abundant hoverfly species also showed size effects, particularly when feeding for nectar. Mean size of foragers also varied diurnally, with larger individuals active earlier and later, so that pollination effectiveness varies through a day; flowers routinely pollinated by bees may best be served by early morning dehiscence and visits from larger individuals. Thus, while there are well-documented species-level variations in pollination effectiveness, the fine-scale individual differences between foragers should also be taken into account when assessing the reproductive outputs of biotically-pollinated plants.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.pollinationecology.org/index.php?journal=jpe&amp;amp;page=article&amp;amp;op=view&amp;amp;path%5B%5D=301</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20785</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20785</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willmer, P. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal constraints on activity patterns in nectar-feeding insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol. entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Entomology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455-469</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2690</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#foraging</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">    * 1&#xD;      All the insects visiting Tilia and Heracleum flowers showed diel patterns of activity, which could best be explained in terms of weather. Of the recorded parameters, solar radiation gave the best correlations with activity.&#xD;    * 2&#xD;      Correlations between activity and radiation depended on the size and colour of particular groups of insects; small bright species visited fully insolated flowers, (r high), while large dark forms visited early and late in the day (r low or negative).&#xD;    * 3&#xD;      Consequently mean reflectance and mean weight of foragers showed consistent trends through a day and predictable relations with radiation for both flowers, suggesting that thermal costs are a critical determinant of feeding times.&#xD;    * 4&#xD;      By contrast, the nectar reward (as sugar amounts) in flowers was poorly correlated with timing of insect visits, indicating that caloric reward is not limiting; although nectar concentration (only measurable for Tilia) did correlate reasonably well with total visitation.&#xD;    * 5&#xD;      The exception to this pattern was Bombus. This endothermic species visited early in the day when nectar was abundant. Thus visits correlated well with reward and negatively with radiation, showing a dependence on high rewards to offset thermoregulatory metabolic costs.&#xD;    * 6&#xD;      For most insects foraging appeared to be largely determined by the visitors thermal requirements and the restrictions imposed by avoidance of overheating. Nectar rewards were not critical, and nectar concentration, itself dependent upon climatic parameters, was probably only incidentally correlated with diel patterning for all but the largest (endothermic) insects.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6288</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">all insects on Tilia and Heracleum flowers showed diel patterns of acticity which could best be explained by weather, especially solar radiation. correlations depend on size and color of insects; poor correlation with nectar production. Bombus differs from most insects, much less dependent on thermal restraints.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20810</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20810</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willson, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bertin, R. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Price, P. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nectar production and flower visitors of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Asclepias verticillata</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Am. Midl. Nat.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Midland Naturalist</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-35</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1755</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asclepias</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Willson</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6305</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20823</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20823</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willson, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schemske, D. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollinator limitation, fruit production, and floral display in pawpaw (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Asimina triloba</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">401-408</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2095</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetlevisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pawpaw</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willson</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1980</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6311</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greater set from hand pollination than open, demonstrating pollen-limitation. some indication that fruit production may be resource limited sometimes.</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20835</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20835</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson, B. H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lieux, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen grains in the guts of field collected tabanids in Louisiana</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of the Entomological Society of America</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1264-1266</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5010</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gut</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tabanidae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1972</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen grains in the guts of field-collected flis indicate that tabanid flies obtain carbohydrates from a variety of plants in Louisiana. In alluvial areas, oak (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) pollen was most frequently observed in gut contents. In salt marsh areas, grass (Gramineae), composite (Compositae), and oak polln grains were most abundant.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6314</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20880</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20880</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winder, J. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field observations on Ceratopogonidae and other Diptera: Nematocera associated with cocoa flowers in Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulletin of Entomological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bull. Entomol. Res.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-63</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4953</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cocoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crop</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theobroma</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1977</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6333</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20923</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20923</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wirth, W. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Heleid midges involved in the pollination of rubber trees in America (Diptera: Heleidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-250</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5046</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RUBBER</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1956</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6343</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20924</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20924</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wirth, W. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New and little-known species of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Forcipomyia</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with cocoa pollination in Brazil</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-175</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3685</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cocoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1991</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6344</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>20957</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">20957</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolda, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabrosky, C. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Insect visitors to two forms of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Aristolochia pilosa</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> in Las Cumbres, Panama</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biotropica</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-299</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4700</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIA</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARISTOLOCHIACEAE</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6352</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citation from Endress 1994; Milichiidae, Chloropidae</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>26597</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">26597</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wróblewska, Ada</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szczepaniak, Lech</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bajguz, Andrzej</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jędrzejczyk, Iwona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tałałaj, Izabela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ostrowiecka, Beata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brzosko, Emilia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jermakowicz, Edyta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirski, Paweł</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deceptive strategy in </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Dactylorhiza </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orchids: multidirectional evolution of floral chemistry</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Botany</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1005-1016</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dactylorhiza</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral scent</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deceptive pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strangalia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alosterna</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beetle</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volucella</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0305-7364</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The deception strategies of orchids remain poorly understood, especially in regard to the chemical compounds emitted from their flowers and their interaction with various taxonomic groups of pollinators. We investigated the phylogenetic relationships and compared the variation of floral chemical compounds between food-deceptive Dactylorhiza taxa (D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca, D. fuchsii and D. majalis) from populations in north-eastern Poland. We propose a model of the evolution of deception based on floral chemical signals in this genus.A Bayesian approach based on polymorphic plastid DNA (trnL, trnF and psbC–trnK), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and flow cytometry data was applied to confirm the taxonomic status of the studied orchids. We also identified and classified the pollinators and flower visitors in each Dactylorhiza population to the taxonomic level and compared our results with literature data. The chemical composition of pentane and diethyl ether extracts from the flowers was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Variation of the floral chemical components was visualized by non-metric multidimensional scaling based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity.The genetic distinctiveness of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis was confirmed. No hybrids between them were found, but the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), ITS haplotypes and flow cytometry showed genetic similarity between D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. incarnata var. ochroleuca. We determined that Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera) was the only shared pollinator of these taxa. Strangalia attenuata and Alosterna tabacicolor (Coleoptera) and Volucella pellucens and V. bombylans (Hymenoptera) were observed pollinating D. fuchsii. Visualization of the emission rates of the 61 floral chemical compounds detected from pentane extracts (mainly hydrocarbons and aldehydes) and the 51 from diethyl extracts (with abundant groups of benzenoids and non-aromatic acids) strongly differentiated D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, while those of the two varieties of D. incarnata (var. incarnata and var. ochroleuca) were almost identical.While the genetic data clearly supported the distinct lineages of D. incarnata, D. fuchsii and D. majalis, the patterns of emission of their flower chemical compounds were more complex within the series of shared compounds (alkanes and aldehydes) and taxon-specific compounds (benzenoids and esters). Their floral bouquet can influence the sexual, social and feeding behaviour of pollinators in different ways. We observed that the floral chemical compounds attracted both shared and species-specific pollinators to Dactylorhiza, confirming the multidirectional character of floral chemical signals in these food-deceptive taxa. Reduction of species-specific pollination levels in Dactylorhiza orchid taxa may promote hybridization between them.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz003</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aob/mcz003</style></electronic-resource-num><access-date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6/28/2019</style></access-date></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>25323</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">25323</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wu, Yun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Qing-Jun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotypic selection on flowering phenology and pollination efficiency traits between </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Primula </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">populations with different pollinator assemblages</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology and Evolution</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7599-7608</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator assemblages</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypic selection</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primula</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primulaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flowering phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral traits</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar robbing</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2045-7758</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floral traits have largely been attributed to phenotypic selection in plant–pollinator interactions. However, the strength of this link has rarely been ascertained with real pollinators. We conducted pollinator observations and estimated selection through female fitness on flowering phenology and floral traits between two Primula secundiflora populations. We quantified pollinator-mediated selection by subtracting estimates of selection gradients of plants receiving supplemental hand pollination from those of plants receiving open pollination. There was net directional selection for an earlier flowering start date at populations where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies, and flowering phenology was also subjected to stabilized quadratic selection. However, a later flowering start date was significantly selected at populations where the dominant pollinators were legitimate (normal pollination through the corolla tube entrance) and illegitimate bumblebees (abnormal pollination through nectar robbing hole which located at the corolla tube), and flowering phenology was subjected to disruptive quadratic selection. Wider corolla tube entrance diameter was selected at both populations. Furthermore, the strength of net directional selection on flowering start date and corolla tube entrance diameter was stronger at the population where the dominant pollinators were syrphid flies. Pollinator-mediated selection explained most of the between-population variations in the net directional selection on flowering phenology and corolla tube entrance diameter. Our results suggested the important influence of pollinator-mediated selection on floral evolution. Variations in pollinator assemblages not only resulted in variation in the direction of selection but also the strength of selection on floral traits.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3258</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1002/ece3.3258</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21135</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21135</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wyatt, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hellwig, R. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors determining fruit set in heterostylous bluets, </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Houstonia caerulea</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Rubiaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systematic Botany</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-114</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3709</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterostyly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1979</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6414</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21159</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21159</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yafuso, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermogenesis of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia odora</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Araceae) and the role of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Colocasiomyia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae) as cross-pollinators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Entomology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ. Entomol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environ Entomol</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental entomology</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">601-606</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5037</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alocasia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Araceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#floral biology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermogenesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6418</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21196</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21196</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yasukawa, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kato, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yamaoka, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanaka, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arai, H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kawano, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive and pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Magnolia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and its allied genera (Magnoliaceae) I. Floral volatiles of several </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Magnolia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Michelia </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species and their roles in attracting insects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biol.</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Species Biology</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-140</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">amino acid</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">floral fragrance</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liriodendron</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnolia</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magnoliaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatiles from flowers of 8 Magnolia taxa were identified using GC-MS. Volatiles are primarily monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, acetogenins, and phenylpropanoids. Free amino acids in pollen of 12 Magnolia and 1 Liriodendron species were also analyzed and their value as food sources for pollinators evaluated.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6426</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeboah Gyan, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Woodell, S. R. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of insect pollen loads and pollination efficiency of some common insect visitors of four species of woody Rosaceae</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional Ecology</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-274</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5054</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen load</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">revision</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bagged buds, watched for single insect visits to flowers, counted pollen grains.  First use of this technique?</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2235</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21252</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21252</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanism of pollination by Phoridae (Diptera) in some </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Herrania </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species (Sterculiaceae) in Costa Rica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">503-518</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4687</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herrania</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sterculiaceae</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1984</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6439</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies of cecidomyiid midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) as cocoa pollinators (</style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Theobroma cacao</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">) in Central America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-79</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cacao</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midge</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theobroma</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5565</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1985</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6441</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21258</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21258</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young, A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination biology of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Theobroma </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Herrania </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Sterculiaceae). IV. Major volatile constituents of steam-distilled floral oils as field attractants to cacao-associated midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae and Ceratopogonidae) in Costa Rica</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></full-title></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turrialba</style></full-title></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">454-458</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3521</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpene</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6445</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terpenes and hydrocarbons function as attractants; ; ;,</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21304</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21304</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yumoto, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ecological pollination syndromes of insect-pollinated plants in an alpine meadow</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-95</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5009</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpine</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insect</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource partitioning</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrphidae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1986</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The insect pollination of an alpine plant community consisting of herbs and shrubs, was observed on Mt. Kisokoma-ga-take, central Honshu, Japan. There were two main groups of pollinators, syrphid flies and bumble bees. Although some shrubs were visited by both types of insects, other shrubs and the herbs were visited by either syrphid flies or bumble bees. Two types of herbs categorized by the difference of flower-visiting insects, the Syrphid-type and the Bombus-type, exhibited some clearly contrasting ecological characteristics such as the flowering behavior of individual plants, spatial distribution of the plant populations and segregation of flowering phenology at the community level. The Syrphid-type herbs were densely distributed throughout wide areas in the tall herb stand, and all the flowers borne by an individual plant bloomed simultaneously. Each species did not markedly segregate its flowering time from that of other species of the same type. The Bombus-type herbs were distributed locally and/or at low density, and the individual flowers borne by an individual plant showed staggered flowering times. Each species had a more strictly segregated flowering time. These ecological characteristics of these two flower types seemed to be related to the behavioral characteristics&#xD;of their pollinators.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6466</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veratrum stamineum was one of the species observed - mostly syrphid visitors.</style></notes><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/content/3u263l0335m48690/fulltext.pdf</style></url></related-urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21305</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21305</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yumoto, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination systems in a warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest on Yaku Island</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-145</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5008</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">island</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenology</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morisita</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal pollination in a warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest was observed on Yaku-shima Island, south of Kyushu, Japan. Three groups of plants were categorized: canopy-flowering tree species, understory-flowering tree species, and climber and epiphyte species. Each of these formed different pollination systems. The canopy-flowering tree species had shallow, dish-shaped flowers and utilized various types of opportunistic pollinators. Most of the climber and epiphyte species had deep, tube-shaped flowers and specialized pollinators, although some climber species which bloomed in the canopy especially in winter, had opportunistic pollinators. The understory-flowering tree species had large dish- or funnel-shaped flowers and endothermic pollinators able to tolerate the dark and cold conditions under the canopy. The individual trees of canopy-flowering tree species produced large numbers of flowers simultaneously (mass-flowering) and had a well synchronized flowering period. Each canopy-flowering tree species segregated its flowering time from those of the anothers. Climber and epiphyte species and most of the understory-flowering tree species produced small numbers of flowers sequentially (extended flowering) and showed a long flowering period.</style></abstract><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6467</style></label><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">used Morisita&apos;s index to look at clustering of phenology times; bird-pollinated species were different from others</style></notes><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>22371</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">22371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhang, Ai-Qin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiong, Ying-Ze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, Shuang-Quan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maintenance of self-incompatibility in peripheral populations of a circumboreal woodland subshrub</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AoB Plants</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AoB Plants</style></full-title></periodical><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linnaea</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit set</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clonal reproduction</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clone size</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geitonogamy</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January 1, 2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compared with self-incompatible (SI) species, species that shift to self-compatibility (SC) are more likely to colonize a new habitat. Self-incompatibility and fruit-set failure have been widely reported in European populations of Linnaea borealis (twinflower), whereas at the eastern margin of its North American distribution it showed potential SC. We investigated the breeding system of L. borealis in northwestern China, the eastern margin of the species&apos; distribution in Eurasia. Pollinators, breeding system and pollen limitation were examined in a nature reserve with thousands of L. borealis individuals. To investigate whether fruit set was limited by mating opportunity, we compared fruit set in high-, medium- and low-density patches of L. borealis. To examine whether clonal reproduction resulted in higher fruit-set failure, we compared fruit set among different sizes of clonal ramets. Flies contributed most pollinator visits in the studied population. It was strictly SI and natural fruit set depended on insect visits. Patch density comparisons showed that L. borealis was not pollen limited in low-density patches that had significantly fewer flowers. However, it produced significantly fewer fruits per flower when clonal ramet size increased, suggesting that the high failure of fruit set in larger clones with more flowers may be caused by geitonogamy. Generalist pollinators and clonal reproduction may help L. borealis to colonize in marginal areas without the transition of the breeding system from SI to SC, but experiencing fruit-set failure resulting from geitonogamy within clones.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://aobpla.oxfordjournals.org/content/6/plu063.abstract</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/aobpla/plu063</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21415</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21415</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng, Guiling</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Li, Peng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pemberton, Robert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luo, Yibo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mixed bumblebee and blowfly pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium flavum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Orchidaceae) in Sichuan, China</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Research</style></full-title><abbr-1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecol Res</style></abbr-1></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">453-459</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cypripedium</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orchidaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blowfly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calliphoridae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollinator</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Japan</style></publisher><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0912-3814</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most Cypripedium species are specialized orchids pollinated by, in a broad sense, bees or flies. Here we present the first evidence that a slipper orchid, Cypripedium flavum, is pollinated by both bees and flies, i.e., bumblebees and blowflies. Artificial pollination experiments demonstrated that the flowers of C. flavum are self-compatible, but need pollen vectors for successful reproduction. Field observations detected 25 insects visiting the flowers, and 14 of these insects entered into the labellum of the flowers, but only female bumblebees, Bombus hypnorum, B. remotus, and the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria exited of the labellum with pollen smears of C. flavum. The floral functional morphology of C. flavum appears to be more suited to bumblebees than to blowflies. The bumblebees are more efficient pollinators of the orchid, but blowflies are more frequent visitors, so they pollinated more flowers despite being less efficient.</style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-010-0798-8</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1007/s11284-010-0798-8</style></electronic-resource-num></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21429</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21429</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zietsman, P. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollination of </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Ziziphus mucronata</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> subsp. </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">mucronata </style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">(Rhamnaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of South African Botany</style></alt-title></titles><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">350-355</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diptera</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fly</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5414</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">#pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhamnaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ziziphus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1990</style></year></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6490</style></label><urls></urls></record><record><database name="Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl" path="C:\Users\dwino\Dropbox\Data\EndNote 2020\Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl">Inouye EndNote database 2021.enl</database><source-app name="EndNote" version="19.3">EndNote</source-app><rec-number>21583</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="dvf2dx5sb5tvvjeraet5z0ds9fareewxzafd">21583</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zych, Marcin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stpiczyńska, Małgorzata</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roguz, Katarzyna</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reproductive biology of the Red List species </style><style face="italic" font="default" size="100%">Polemonium caeruleum</style><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> (Polemoniaceae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</style></full-title></periodical><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-107</style></pages><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173</style></volume><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></number><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bumble bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bombus</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">honey bee</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apis</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar composition</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nectar production</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollination</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protandry</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-incompatibility</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flyvisit</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1095-8339</style></isbn><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The majority of flowering plants, including many rare and threatened species, are pollinated by animals, but little is known of pollination and breeding systems of many endangered species. Polemonium caeruleum (Polemoniaceae) is a red-listed species and is regarded as dichogamous, self-compatible and bee pollinated. However, some studies show that it is visited by a vast assemblage of anthophilous insects from many taxonomic orders and that breeding systems vary greatly between closely related taxa of this genus. Over a period of 3 years we investigated breeding system, dichogamy, nectar secretion and composition, insect visitations and pollen loads in flowers of P. caeruleum in north-eastern Poland to determine whether the reproductive biology of the plant explains its rarity. Contrary to published data, our study plants were self-incompatible and showed a high degree of outcrossing. Our experimental work confirmed the occurrence of protandry in this species, revealed that nectar is sucrose-dominant and proline-rich and, for the first time for Polemoniaceae, that nectar secretion and nectar sugar concentration in flowers of P. caeruleum is female-biased. Although flowers were visited by at least 39 species of insects from five taxonomic orders, overall the plant exhibited many characters associated with bee pollination, and analysis of insect performance showed that bumblebees and honeybees are the key pollinators; occasionally hoverflies and butterflies may also be involved. We conclude that, in terms of pollination system, P. caeruleum demonstrates high apparent generalization, but low realized generalization, and is a functional specialist, as most pollinators belong to a single functional group (guild). Its conservation status, at least in our study population, cannot be explained in terms of the biological properties of its breeding or pollination systems; rather, the present decline of the species is caused by habitat loss. However, if this process and bumblebee decline in Europe continue, P. caeruleum populations may diminish in numbers and density and, owing to the self-incompatibility of the species, quickly become severely pollen-limited, thereby accelerating further local extinctions. </style></abstract><urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12071</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1111/boj.12071</style></electronic-resource-num></record></records></xml>