# FLYVISIT

Notes:
caught on or near flowers, maybe not a pollinator


Notes:
4.7% of visits by pollen-collecting Syrphidae; most by nectar-robbing Bombus


Notes:
eats pollen, probably incidental pollination if any


Notes:
a palm; flies were seen visiting both female and male inflorescences


Notes:
glasshouse strawberries in an experiment


Notes:
almost as common as Apis, behavior indicated they were pollinators


Notes:
worked well as pollinators, cheaper than bud pollination


Notes:
abstract doesn't say which of 3 flower species they visited


Notes:
"some evidence that they are pollinators"


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating; frequent visitor


Notes:
eating nectar, pollen; abundant (7 specimens)


Notes:
not carrying any Brassica pollen, just other


Notes:
feeding on stray pollen, non-pollinating


Notes:
high Andes; check spelling of genus (spelled 3 ways in paper)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (2 specimens)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (1 specimen)


Notes:
418/485 fly visits, 418/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae)


Notes:
14/485 fly visits, 14/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyliidae)


Notes:
37/485 fly visits, 37/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyllidae)


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/58 species


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (8 specimens)


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
11/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
5/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
3/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
4/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
10/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in motane area - 1983


Notes:
6/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
16/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
"occasional visitors", along with a variety of other taxa


Notes:
"regular visitors", along with some other taxa


Notes:
"occasional visitors", mostly bees and wasps


Notes:
syrphids (mostly this species) were 29.1% of pollinators in one year, 10.1% the next.


Notes:
observed rarely, resting on inflorescence


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
1 specimen, feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen; frequent visitor


Notes:
8/32 fly visits, or 8/90 visits by all insects in 1986 paper


Notes:
most abundant late-season visitor; used legs and proboscis to feed on pollen; 20/32 fly visits or 20/90 overall in 1986


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Eristalis sp.


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Calliphora sp.


Notes:
cited as frequent visitors, along with small bees.


Notes:
taking nectar, pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
Tuberfera (Eristalis), males and females


Notes:
Loken has a picture, cites Schremmer paper as source of info.


Notes:
1 - 10% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 23% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
4 - 43% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 56% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
probable pollinator, reported in another study


Notes:
with other syrphids, 3-3.5% of pollinators


Notes:
Date = date added to database.  Didn't add column for date and notes until 2/2/91.


Notes:
cited in Stelleman and Meeuse 1976, foraging in botanical garden


Notes:
frequent visitor on male and female flowers


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen (3 specimens)


Notes:
frequent visitor; 1/74 species (22 Diptera)


Notes:
3.8% of visits - about half of Bombus, close to Halictids; most Apis


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen, abundant (8 specimens)


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/10 species


Notes:
1/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species; feeding on pollen


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
3/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
3/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
1/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
frequent visitor to male and female flowers


Notes:
20/21 fly visits or 21/47 overall (rest were Apis)


Notes:
2/140 fly visits, 2/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/140 fly visits, 8/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/8 fly visits, 8/32 overall; rest mostly Bombus


Notes:
Tilia was intermediate between platyphyllos and X vulgaris


Notes:
attracted to "embossed" false nectaries on flowers


Notes:
the "most important pollinator", probes for nectar at corolla base


Notes:
carried pollen but as important a pollinator as bees.


Notes:
set about as many seeds as specialist moth


Notes:
no hummingbirds or bees, but seed produced by syrphid flies, apparently


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? only insect collected on species


Notes:
3 females, 1 male collected; 1/17 species, 4/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females collected; 1/10 species, 2/14 individuals collected


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? 1/12 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male collected; 1/18 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1/27 species, 2/91 individuals collected; 1 male, 1 ?


Notes:
3 males, 1/27 species, 3/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/29 species, 1/46 individuals collected


Notes:
14 males, 1/46 species, 14/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/38 species, 1/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/21 species, 1/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only insect collected on this plant species


Notes:
1 male, 1/2 species, 1/2 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/15 species, 2/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males collected; 1/40 species, 3/68 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/18 species, 1/51 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/21 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/189 species, 3/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/16 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/10 species, 2/16 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/17 species, 2/35 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, only species and individual collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/21 species, 2/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/17 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/28 species, 1/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/51 species, 3/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/67 species, 2/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
no quantitative data; commercial strawberry


Notes:
commercial strawberry - from de Oliveira and Savoie


Notes:
2 females, 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/25 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/7 species, 3/9 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 8 males, 1/19 species, 13/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
4 males, 1/19 species, 4/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/31 species, 2/66 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1 male, 1/75 species, 4/150 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/33 species, 2/49 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/21 species, 3/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/11 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 4 males, 1/44 species, 6/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/46 species, 292 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/7 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/10 species, 2/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/9 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/9 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/12 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only species collected on this plant


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
12 females, 7 males, 1/189 species, 19/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/8 species, 1/8 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/17 species, 1/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/25 species, 3/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/33 species, 1/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/67 species, 3/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/44 species, 1/76 individuals collected


Notes:
1/16 species (2 Diptera), feeding on pollen


Notes:
1/33 species (9 Diptera); frequent visitor


Notes:
Flies (including 3+ families) were 2.5% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 19.9% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 7.3% of visitors


Notes:
Most visitors were Coleoptera, Hymenoptera


Notes:
Foraging for pollen, sucking petal secretions


Notes:
56.8% of flower visitors were Drosophilidae


Notes:
all 5 carrying pollen; common visitors, important pollinators


Notes:
They eat pollen, may effect pollination.


Notes:
Several species, apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
Apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
visitors from 8 other Dipteran families but not seen with pollinia.


Notes:
frequent flower visitors, often coated with pollen


Notes:
less frequent, rarely entered the floral tube


Notes:
carry pollen on heads and mouthparts, are primary visitors; plant is specialized for long-tongued flies


Notes:
flies are by far the most frequent flower visitors


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 31 individuals


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 45 individuals


Notes:
males had more pollen in gut than females


Notes:
Probably pollinators, seen visiting male and female inflorescences


Notes:
primarily nectar thieves, but often had pollen on bodies


Notes:
ate pollen on anthers and stigmas, many had pollen on bodies


Notes:
fly observed on flower had pollen on its frons; probably mostly moth pollinated


Notes:
visiting pseudoflowers induced by a rust fungus


Notes:
may not spring the trip on flowers they visit for nectar


Notes:
Muscidae and Anthomyiidae are the most frequent visitors and pollinators


Notes:
Bombyliidae made 17% of visits, Anthophoridae (long-tongued bees) 81%


Notes:
citation from Aronne et al.; check original paper for fly information


Notes:
highly elaborate pitcher flowers adapted for pollination by small flies


Notes:
"fly pollination with open flowers" - Endress 1994


Notes:
may involve mimicry, but pollination biology is unknown


Notes:
flies lay eggs on flowers, apparently by mistake, but pollinate


Notes:
congregate and mate on flowers, also pollinate


Notes:
look at original paper; flies visit a rust, spread it.


Notes:
"pollinated by a wide variety of Diptera"


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; very common


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; common


Notes:
also pollinated by a variety of small bees, Apis, other flies; more flies than bees on female plants


Notes:
"pollinated almost exclusively by small bees and flies"


Notes:
visited by Bombus as well as small bees and flies


Notes:
carrying pollinia, territorial, chasing other species of flies away


Notes:
carrying pollinia; some gall gnats are trapped on flowers and die


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators; p. 643 has a picture of pseudocopulation by a male fly


Notes:
this citation is from Chase and Peacor 1987


Notes:
had pollinaria, but Apis was much more common


Notes:
cites this from Vernall, British Flies 1:47.  Gall midges


Notes:
apparently no data from nature; flies were visiting cultivated plants


Notes:
eggs and larvae, but flowers weren't pollinated


Notes:
Delpino found flies in a plant in a greenhouse in Italy


Notes:
Ziegenspeck 1928 found flies in cultivated flowers


Notes:
"catches flies in the tropics"; produces oil as secondary food reward


Notes:
Pohl 1935 and Ridley 1890 observed flies


Notes:
Ridley 1890 reports minute diptera on flowers


Notes:
visting flowers at Missouri Botanical Garden


Notes:
"observed being visited by several drosophila-like flies"; Dodson 1965


Notes:
Dodson 1962 reported pollination by flies attracted by foul odor


Notes:
observed several kinds of small flies and mosquitoes visiting


Notes:
cites Ridley 1896 as describing fly pollination


Notes:
cites Hagerup 1951  "the only pollinator"; apparently has some nectar


Notes:
cites Silen 1906; large mosquitoes collecting nectar, removing pollinia; co-visitors with ichneumonids


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; this was most common species, laid eggs in flowers


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; maybe preying on eggs and adults of other flies


Notes:
91% of visitors recorded were Diptera, 96% of these were this species, 97% were males


Notes:
Found numerous eggs in the stigmatic mucilage, furrows of staminodes, and floral torus; "flowers highly adapted to sapromyophily"


Notes:
North American species, growing in botanical garden


Notes:
Citation from a letter to DWI from Whitehead, 1/7/91; haven't seen reference yet


Notes:
Carrying pollen; probably mostly beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably bee pollinated


Notes:
occasional Bombus weren't carrying pollen, syrphids were eating it; no nectar


Notes:
Deposited pollinia, but an Anthophorid bee was more common


Notes:
a pollinator; 3 females on a male flower, 5 females on a female flower


Notes:
carrying pollen when trapped on female plant


Notes:
35.1% of all visitors; 89 males, 8 females


Notes:
7.2% of all visitors; 22 males, 9 females


Notes:
less common than bees, syrphids, calliphorids and tachinids


Notes:
One of two 'most common visitors', apparently pollinators


Notes:
Diptera are non-pollinating visitors; beetle-pollinated


Notes:
most frequent and abundant visitor, foraging for pollen from anthers or on perianth


Notes:
"pollinator" but no data on whether they carry pollen


Notes:
role in pollination not assessed, but common on flowers


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 1 collected


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 2 collected


Notes:
observed pollinating; seems to be the primary pollinator (only visitor observed)


Notes:
pollinator.  Cited in Johnson and Steiner 1995.


Notes:
pollinator, can carry over 150 pollen grains and effect full pollination


Notes:
they cite Proctor and Yeo 1973, but I don't see mention in Proctor, Yeo and Lack 1996


Notes:
predacious but also collect nectar; sometimes have pollinia attached (but this species?)


Notes:
females feed on pollen; males too sometimes


Notes:
males feed occasionally (more on another species)


Notes:
pollen in gut; Xylota specialize in taking pollen and other nutrients from leaf surfaces


Notes:
carrying pollen, but the tree is a cultivated European species


Notes:
not carrying pollen (but tree is a cultivated European species)


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are Diptera


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are bumblebees or syrphids


Notes:
apparently didn't differentiate between these two species


Notes:
NA species, observed in Germany; morphology suggests myiophily


Notes:
both males and females bask and apparently feed


Notes:
an endemic plant visited primarily by this endemic syrphid


Notes:
high arctic; doesn't say what flowers, but females eat pollen


Notes:
probably a pollen thief; bumblebee pollinated


Notes:
pollinates; check plant ID - should be mango


Notes:
also mimics the anthophorid bees that are pollinators


Notes:
Name misspelled as Somalia in Drabble and Drabble


Notes:
cites Hamilton 1890 "responsible for pollination in greenhouses"


Notes:
feeding on corn pollen (both adults and larvae)


Notes:
cites Metcalf 1913 as saying lots get trapped by pollinia (up to 20/flower cluster)


Notes:
cites Osburn 1920: hundreds of flies caught by their proboscises


Notes:
appears to be a specific association, first recorded for Acroceridae


Notes:
cites Melander 1946 as saying these are anthophilous


Notes:
collect nectar and suck "pollen sap" by piercing grains


Notes:
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and V. myrtilloides Michaux not differentiated


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 426; says 'gnat'


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 432; probably Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae


Notes:
sitting on flowers (which are rarely visited, self-fertile)


Notes:
reporting observations from Westerbergh and Saura 1994


Notes:
probably pollinated by Moegistorhynchus longirostris


Notes:
pollinates some of the 20-species guild of flowers


Notes:
citing observation of Smith in Robertson 1889


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers; on flowers or leaves??


Notes:
green-house pollination trial - seems to do some pollinatin


Notes:
picking up pollen from male inflorescences; visit females too??


Notes:
citing Drapalik 1969 dissertation, flies with pollinia


Notes:
never saw pollinators, but conclude it is fly pollinated


Notes:
citing Drummond and Hammond 1993; most numerous insect


Notes:
information in e-mail message from Peter Bernhardt


Notes:
inferred member of Moegistorhyncus - Philoliche pollination guild


Notes:
inferred member of Prosoeca ganglbaueri - Pro. Robusta pollination system


Notes:
possibly Philoliche rostrata observed visiting it


Notes:
unidentified fly - citing van Jaarsveld in Struck 1997


Notes:
citing a conference proceeding by Lövei et al. 1993


Notes:
plant recorded as Jawar, dictionary says this is millet


Notes:
putative pollinator and an introduced species


Notes:
probable pollinator along with some bees


Notes:
New name Diplodium alobulum (Hatch) D. L. Jones, Molloy et M. A. Clem.


Notes:
photo of it on a leaf after foraging at a flower (of what?)


Notes:
data from Vanbergen's supplementary data files 2017


Notes:
couldn't differentiate from Cheilosia ranunculi (Doczkal) 2000


# flyvisit 2011

Notes:
caught on or near flowers, maybe not a pollinator


Notes:
4.7% of visits by pollen-collecting Syrphidae; most by nectar-robbing Bombus


Notes:
eats pollen, probably incidental pollination if any


Notes:
a palm; flies were seen visiting both female and male inflorescences


Notes:
glasshouse strawberries in an experiment


Notes:
almost as common as Apis, behavior indicated they were pollinators


Notes:
worked well as pollinators, cheaper than bud pollination


Notes:
abstract doesn't say which of 3 flower species they visited


Notes:
"some evidence that they are pollinators"


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating; frequent visitor


Notes:
eating nectar, pollen; abundant (7 specimens)


Notes:
not carrying any Brassica pollen, just other


Notes:
feeding on stray pollen, non-pollinating


Notes:
high Andes; check spelling of genus (spelled 3 ways in paper)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (2 specimens)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (1 specimen)


Notes:
418/485 fly visits, 418/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae)


Notes:
14/485 fly visits, 14/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyliidae)


Notes:
37/485 fly visits, 37/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyllidae)


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/58 species


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (8 specimens)


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
11/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
5/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
3/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
4/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
10/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in motane area - 1983


Notes:
6/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
16/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
"occasional visitors", along with a variety of other taxa


Notes:
"regular visitors", along with some other taxa


Notes:
"occasional visitors", mostly bees and wasps


Notes:
syrphids (mostly this species) were 29.1% of pollinators in one year, 10.1% the next.


Notes:
observed rarely, resting on inflorescence


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
1 specimen, feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen; frequent visitor


Notes:
8/32 fly visits, or 8/90 visits by all insects in 1986 paper


Notes:
most abundant late-season visitor; used legs and proboscis to feed on pollen; 20/32 fly visits or 20/90 overall in 1986


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Eristalis sp.


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Calliphora sp.


Notes:
cited as frequent visitors, along with small bees.


Notes:
taking nectar, pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
Tuberfera (Eristalis), males and females


Notes:
Loken has a picture, cites Schremmer paper as source of info.


Notes:
1 - 10% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 23% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
4 - 43% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 56% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
probable pollinator, reported in another study


Notes:
with other syrphids, 3-3.5% of pollinators


Notes:
Date = date added to database.  Didn't add column for date and notes until 2/2/91.


Notes:
cited in Stelleman and Meeuse 1976, foraging in botanical garden


Notes:
frequent visitor on male and female flowers


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen (3 specimens)


Notes:
frequent visitor; 1/74 species (22 Diptera)


Notes:
3.8% of visits - about half of Bombus, close to Halictids; most Apis


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen, abundant (8 specimens)


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/10 species


Notes:
1/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species; feeding on pollen


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
3/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
3/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
1/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
frequent visitor to male and female flowers


Notes:
20/21 fly visits or 21/47 overall (rest were Apis)


Notes:
2/140 fly visits, 2/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/140 fly visits, 8/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/8 fly visits, 8/32 overall; rest mostly Bombus


Notes:
Tilia was intermediate between platyphyllos and X vulgaris


Notes:
attracted to "embossed" false nectaries on flowers


Notes:
the "most important pollinator", probes for nectar at corolla base


Notes:
carried pollen but as important a pollinator as bees.


Notes:
set about as many seeds as specialist moth


Notes:
no hummingbirds or bees, but seed produced by syrphid flies, apparently


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? only insect collected on species


Notes:
3 females, 1 male collected; 1/17 species, 4/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females collected; 1/10 species, 2/14 individuals collected


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? 1/12 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male collected; 1/18 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1/27 species, 2/91 individuals collected; 1 male, 1 ?


Notes:
3 males, 1/27 species, 3/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/29 species, 1/46 individuals collected


Notes:
14 males, 1/46 species, 14/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/38 species, 1/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/21 species, 1/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only insect collected on this plant species


Notes:
1 male, 1/2 species, 1/2 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/15 species, 2/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males collected; 1/40 species, 3/68 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/18 species, 1/51 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/21 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/189 species, 3/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/16 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/10 species, 2/16 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/17 species, 2/35 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, only species and individual collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/21 species, 2/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/17 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/28 species, 1/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/51 species, 3/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/67 species, 2/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
no quantitative data; commercial strawberry


Notes:
commercial strawberry - from de Oliveira and Savoie


Notes:
2 females, 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/25 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/7 species, 3/9 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 8 males, 1/19 species, 13/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
4 males, 1/19 species, 4/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/31 species, 2/66 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1 male, 1/75 species, 4/150 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/33 species, 2/49 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/21 species, 3/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/11 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 4 males, 1/44 species, 6/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/46 species, 292 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/7 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/10 species, 2/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/9 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/9 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/12 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only species collected on this plant


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
12 females, 7 males, 1/189 species, 19/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/8 species, 1/8 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/17 species, 1/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/25 species, 3/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/33 species, 1/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/67 species, 3/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/44 species, 1/76 individuals collected


Notes:
1/16 species (2 Diptera), feeding on pollen


Notes:
1/33 species (9 Diptera); frequent visitor


Notes:
Flies (including 3+ families) were 2.5% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 19.9% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 7.3% of visitors


Notes:
Most visitors were Coleoptera, Hymenoptera


Notes:
Foraging for pollen, sucking petal secretions


Notes:
56.8% of flower visitors were Drosophilidae


Notes:
all 5 carrying pollen; common visitors, important pollinators


Notes:
They eat pollen, may effect pollination.


Notes:
Several species, apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
Apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
visitors from 8 other Dipteran families but not seen with pollinia.


Notes:
frequent flower visitors, often coated with pollen


Notes:
less frequent, rarely entered the floral tube


Notes:
carry pollen on heads and mouthparts, are primary visitors; plant is specialized for long-tongued flies


Notes:
flies are by far the most frequent flower visitors


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 31 individuals


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 45 individuals


Notes:
males had more pollen in gut than females


Notes:
Probably pollinators, seen visiting male and female inflorescences


Notes:
primarily nectar thieves, but often had pollen on bodies


Notes:
ate pollen on anthers and stigmas, many had pollen on bodies


Notes:
fly observed on flower had pollen on its frons; probably mostly moth pollinated


Notes:
visiting pseudoflowers induced by a rust fungus


Notes:
may not spring the trip on flowers they visit for nectar


Notes:
Muscidae and Anthomyiidae are the most frequent visitors and pollinators


Notes:
Bombyliidae made 17% of visits, Anthophoridae (long-tongued bees) 81%


Notes:
citation from Aronne et al.; check original paper for fly information


Notes:
highly elaborate pitcher flowers adapted for pollination by small flies


Notes:
"fly pollination with open flowers" - Endress 1994


Notes:
may involve mimicry, but pollination biology is unknown


Notes:
flies lay eggs on flowers, apparently by mistake, but pollinate


Notes:
congregate and mate on flowers, also pollinate


Notes:
look at original paper; flies visit a rust, spread it.


Notes:
"pollinated by a wide variety of Diptera"


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; very common


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; common


Notes:
also pollinated by a variety of small bees, Apis, other flies; more flies than bees on female plants


Notes:
"pollinated almost exclusively by small bees and flies"


Notes:
visited by Bombus as well as small bees and flies


Notes:
carrying pollinia, territorial, chasing other species of flies away


Notes:
carrying pollinia; some gall gnats are trapped on flowers and die


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators; p. 643 has a picture of pseudocopulation by a male fly


Notes:
this citation is from Chase and Peacor 1987


Notes:
had pollinaria, but Apis was much more common


Notes:
cites this from Vernall, British Flies 1:47.  Gall midges


Notes:
apparently no data from nature; flies were visiting cultivated plants


Notes:
eggs and larvae, but flowers weren't pollinated


Notes:
Delpino found flies in a plant in a greenhouse in Italy


Notes:
Ziegenspeck 1928 found flies in cultivated flowers


Notes:
"catches flies in the tropics"; produces oil as secondary food reward


Notes:
Pohl 1935 and Ridley 1890 observed flies


Notes:
Ridley 1890 reports minute diptera on flowers


Notes:
visting flowers at Missouri Botanical Garden


Notes:
"observed being visited by several drosophila-like flies"; Dodson 1965


Notes:
Dodson 1962 reported pollination by flies attracted by foul odor


Notes:
observed several kinds of small flies and mosquitoes visiting


Notes:
cites Ridley 1896 as describing fly pollination


Notes:
cites Hagerup 1951  "the only pollinator"; apparently has some nectar


Notes:
cites Silen 1906; large mosquitoes collecting nectar, removing pollinia; co-visitors with ichneumonids


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; this was most common species, laid eggs in flowers


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; maybe preying on eggs and adults of other flies


Notes:
91% of visitors recorded were Diptera, 96% of these were this species, 97% were males


Notes:
Found numerous eggs in the stigmatic mucilage, furrows of staminodes, and floral torus; "flowers highly adapted to sapromyophily"


Notes:
North American species, growing in botanical garden


Notes:
Citation from a letter to DWI from Whitehead, 1/7/91; haven't seen reference yet


Notes:
Carrying pollen; probably mostly beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably bee pollinated


Notes:
occasional Bombus weren't carrying pollen, syrphids were eating it; no nectar


Notes:
Deposited pollinia, but an Anthophorid bee was more common


Notes:
a pollinator; 3 females on a male flower, 5 females on a female flower


Notes:
carrying pollen when trapped on female plant


Notes:
35.1% of all visitors; 89 males, 8 females


Notes:
7.2% of all visitors; 22 males, 9 females


Notes:
less common than bees, syrphids, calliphorids and tachinids


Notes:
One of two 'most common visitors', apparently pollinators


Notes:
Diptera are non-pollinating visitors; beetle-pollinated


Notes:
most frequent and abundant visitor, foraging for pollen from anthers or on perianth


Notes:
"pollinator" but no data on whether they carry pollen


Notes:
role in pollination not assessed, but common on flowers


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 1 collected


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 2 collected


Notes:
observed pollinating; seems to be the primary pollinator (only visitor observed)


Notes:
pollinator.  Cited in Johnson and Steiner 1995.


Notes:
pollinator, can carry over 150 pollen grains and effect full pollination


Notes:
they cite Proctor and Yeo 1973, but I don't see mention in Proctor, Yeo and Lack 1996


Notes:
predacious but also collect nectar; sometimes have pollinia attached (but this species?)


Notes:
females feed on pollen; males too sometimes


Notes:
males feed occasionally (more on another species)


Notes:
pollen in gut; Xylota specialize in taking pollen and other nutrients from leaf surfaces


Notes:
carrying pollen, but the tree is a cultivated European species


Notes:
not carrying pollen (but tree is a cultivated European species)


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are Diptera


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are bumblebees or syrphids


Notes:
apparently didn't differentiate between these two species


Notes:
NA species, observed in Germany; morphology suggests myiophily


Notes:
both males and females bask and apparently feed


Notes:
an endemic plant visited primarily by this endemic syrphid


Notes:
high arctic; doesn't say what flowers, but females eat pollen


Notes:
probably a pollen thief; bumblebee pollinated


Notes:
pollinates; check plant ID - should be mango


Notes:
also mimics the anthophorid bees that are pollinators


Notes:
cites Hamilton 1890 "responsible for pollination in greenhouses"


Notes:
feeding on corn pollen (both adults and larvae)


Notes:
cites Metcalf 1913 as saying lots get trapped by pollinia (up to 20/flower cluster)


Notes:
cites Osburn 1920: hundreds of flies caught by their proboscises


Notes:
appears to be a specific association, first recorded for Acroceridae


Notes:
cites Melander 1946 as saying these are anthophilous


Notes:
collect nectar and suck "pollen sap" by piercing grains


Notes:
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and V. myrtilloides Michaux not differentiated


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 426; says 'gnat'


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 432; probably Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae


Notes:
sitting on flowers (which are rarely visited, self-fertile)


Notes:
reporting observations from Westerbergh and Saura 1994


Notes:
probably pollinated by Moegistorhynchus longirostris


Notes:
pollinates some of the 20-species guild of flowers


Notes:
citing observation of Smith in Robertson 1889


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers; on flowers or leaves??


Notes:
green-house pollination trial - seems to do some pollinatin


Notes:
picking up pollen from male inflorescences; visit females too??


Notes:
citing Drapalik 1969 dissertation, flies with pollinia


Notes:
never saw pollinators, but conclude it is fly pollinated


Notes:
citing Drummond and Hammond 1993; most numerous insect


Notes:
information in e-mail message from Peter Bernhardt


Notes:
inferred member of Moegistorhyncus - Philoliche pollination guild


Notes:
inferred member of Prosoeca ganglbaueri - Pro. Robusta pollination system


Notes:
possibly Philoliche rostrata observed visiting it


Notes:
unidentified fly - citing van Jaarsveld in Struck 1997


Notes:
citing a conference proceeding by Lövei et al. 1993


Notes:
plant recorded as Jawar, dictionary says this is millet


Notes:
putative pollinator and an introduced species


Notes:
probable pollinator along with some bees


Notes:
New name Diplodium alobulum (Hatch) D. L. Jones, Molloy et M. A. Clem.


# flyvisit 2013

Notes:
caught on or near flowers, maybe not a pollinator


Notes:
4.7% of visits by pollen-collecting Syrphidae; most by nectar-robbing Bombus


Notes:
eats pollen, probably incidental pollination if any


Notes:
a palm; flies were seen visiting both female and male inflorescences


Notes:
glasshouse strawberries in an experiment


Notes:
almost as common as Apis, behavior indicated they were pollinators


Notes:
worked well as pollinators, cheaper than bud pollination


Notes:
abstract doesn't say which of 3 flower species they visited


Notes:
"some evidence that they are pollinators"


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating; frequent visitor


Notes:
eating nectar, pollen; abundant (7 specimens)


Notes:
not carrying any Brassica pollen, just other


Notes:
feeding on stray pollen, non-pollinating


Notes:
high Andes; check spelling of genus (spelled 3 ways in paper)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (2 specimens)


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (1 specimen)


Notes:
418/485 fly visits, 418/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae)


Notes:
14/485 fly visits, 14/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyliidae)


Notes:
37/485 fly visits, 37/993 overall (rest mostly Andrenidae, Bombyllidae)


Notes:
the major pollinator; Motten et al. 1981 also cites nectar and pollen eating


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/58 species


Notes:
feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating (8 specimens)


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
11/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
5/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
3/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
4/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
10/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
1/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in motane area - 1983


Notes:
6/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
16/84 visitors, mostly flies; also in montane area - 1983


Notes:
"occasional visitors", along with a variety of other taxa


Notes:
"regular visitors", along with some other taxa


Notes:
"occasional visitors", mostly bees and wasps


Notes:
syrphids (mostly this species) were 29.1% of pollinators in one year, 10.1% the next.


Notes:
observed rarely, resting on inflorescence


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
1 specimen, feeding on pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
eating nectar and pollen; frequent visitor


Notes:
8/32 fly visits, or 8/90 visits by all insects in 1986 paper


Notes:
most abundant late-season visitor; used legs and proboscis to feed on pollen; 20/32 fly visits or 20/90 overall in 1986


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Eristalis sp.


Notes:
about half flies and half bees; also some Calliphora sp.


Notes:
cited as frequent visitors, along with small bees.


Notes:
taking nectar, pollen, but non-pollinating


Notes:
Tuberfera (Eristalis), males and females


Notes:
Loken has a picture, cites Schremmer paper as source of info.


Notes:
1 - 10% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 23% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
4 - 43% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
2 - 56% of visitors, depending on weather


Notes:
probable pollinator, reported in another study


Notes:
with other syrphids, 3-3.5% of pollinators


Notes:
Date = date added to database.  Didn't add column for date and notes until 2/2/91.


Notes:
cited in Stelleman and Meeuse 1976, foraging in botanical garden


Notes:
frequent visitor on male and female flowers


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen (3 specimens)


Notes:
frequent visitor; 1/74 species (22 Diptera)


Notes:
3.8% of visits - about half of Bombus, close to Halictids; most Apis


Notes:
feeding on nectar and pollen, abundant (8 specimens)


Notes:
eating pollen, non-pollinating; 1/10 species


Notes:
1/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species; feeding on pollen


Notes:
2/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
3/24 specimens on staminate flowers; 1/42 species


Notes:
2/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
3/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
1/66 specimens on staminate & pistillate flowers; 1/17 species


Notes:
frequent visitor to male and female flowers


Notes:
20/21 fly visits or 21/47 overall (rest were Apis)


Notes:
2/140 fly visits, 2/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/140 fly visits, 8/162 overall; most Bombylius


Notes:
8/8 fly visits, 8/32 overall; rest mostly Bombus


Notes:
Tilia was intermediate between platyphyllos and X vulgaris


Notes:
attracted to "embossed" false nectaries on flowers


Notes:
the "most important pollinator", probes for nectar at corolla base


Notes:
carried pollen but as important a pollinator as bees.


Notes:
set about as many seeds as specialist moth


Notes:
no hummingbirds or bees, but seed produced by syrphid flies, apparently


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? only insect collected on species


Notes:
3 females, 1 male collected; 1/17 species, 4/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females collected; 1/10 species, 2/14 individuals collected


Notes:
only 1 female collected; maybe accidental? 1/12 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male collected; 1/18 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1/27 species, 2/91 individuals collected; 1 male, 1 ?


Notes:
3 males, 1/27 species, 3/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/29 species, 1/46 individuals collected


Notes:
14 males, 1/46 species, 14/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/38 species, 1/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/21 species, 1/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only insect collected on this plant species


Notes:
1 male, 1/2 species, 1/2 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/15 species, 2/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males collected; 1/40 species, 3/68 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/18 species, 1/51 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/21 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/189 species, 3/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/16 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/10 species, 2/16 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/17 species, 2/35 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/23 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, only species and individual collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male; 1/21 species, 2/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/51 species, 1/137 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/17 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/28 species, 1/91 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/51 species, 3/137 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/67 species, 2/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/189, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
no quantitative data; commercial strawberry


Notes:
commercial strawberry - from de Oliveira and Savoie


Notes:
2 females, 1/38 species, 2/59 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/25 species, 2/48 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/7 species, 3/9 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 8 males, 1/19 species, 13/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
4 males, 1/19 species, 4/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/31 species, 2/66 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1 male, 1/75 species, 4/150 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/33 species, 2/49 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/21 species, 3/44 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/11 species, 1/14 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/189 species, 1/457 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 4 males, 1/44 species, 6/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/46 species, 292 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/7 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/10 species, 2/58 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/9 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 2 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/9 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/4 species, 1/4 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/6 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/12 species, 1/15 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/75 species, 1/150 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/12 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/19 species, 2/37 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/7 species, 1/11 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, only species collected on this plant


Notes:
1 female, 1 male, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
5 females, 1/67 species, 1/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/40 species, 1/68 individuals collected


Notes:
12 females, 7 males, 1/189 species, 19/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/19 species, 1/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/46 species, 1/92 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/8 species, 1/8 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/33 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/17 species, 1/35 individuals collected


Notes:
2 males, 1/189 species, 2/457 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/3 species, 1/10 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/10 species, 1/58 individuals collected


Notes:
3 females, 1/25 species, 3/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/25 species, 1/48 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/16 species, 1/20 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
3 males, 1/19 species, 3/29 individuals collected


Notes:
1 female, 1/45 species, 1/71 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/15 species, 1/18 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/33 species, 1/49 individuals collected


Notes:
2 females, 1 male, 1/67 species, 3/155 individuals collected


Notes:
1 male, 1/44 species, 1/76 individuals collected


Notes:
1/16 species (2 Diptera), feeding on pollen


Notes:
1/33 species (9 Diptera); frequent visitor


Notes:
Flies (including 3+ families) were 2.5% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 19.9% of visitors


Notes:
Flies (including 2+ families) were 7.3% of visitors


Notes:
Most visitors were Coleoptera, Hymenoptera


Notes:
Foraging for pollen, sucking petal secretions


Notes:
56.8% of flower visitors were Drosophilidae


Notes:
all 5 carrying pollen; common visitors, important pollinators


Notes:
They eat pollen, may effect pollination.


Notes:
Several species, apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
Apparently pollinating, collecting nectar and pollen.


Notes:
visitors from 8 other Dipteran families but not seen with pollinia.


Notes:
frequent flower visitors, often coated with pollen


Notes:
less frequent, rarely entered the floral tube


Notes:
carry pollen on heads and mouthparts, are primary visitors; plant is specialized for long-tongued flies


Notes:
flies are by far the most frequent flower visitors


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 31 individuals


Notes:
feed on nectar, but no pollinia, 45 individuals


Notes:
males had more pollen in gut than females


Notes:
Probably pollinators, seen visiting male and female inflorescences


Notes:
primarily nectar thieves, but often had pollen on bodies


Notes:
ate pollen on anthers and stigmas, many had pollen on bodies


Notes:
fly observed on flower had pollen on its frons; probably mostly moth pollinated


Notes:
visiting pseudoflowers induced by a rust fungus


Notes:
may not spring the trip on flowers they visit for nectar


Notes:
Muscidae and Anthomyiidae are the most frequent visitors and pollinators


Notes:
Bombyliidae made 17% of visits, Anthophoridae (long-tongued bees) 81%


Notes:
citation from Aronne et al.; check original paper for fly information


Notes:
highly elaborate pitcher flowers adapted for pollination by small flies


Notes:
"fly pollination with open flowers" - Endress 1994


Notes:
may involve mimicry, but pollination biology is unknown


Notes:
flies lay eggs on flowers, apparently by mistake, but pollinate


Notes:
congregate and mate on flowers, also pollinate


Notes:
look at original paper; flies visit a rust, spread it.


Notes:
"pollinated by a wide variety of Diptera"


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; very common


Notes:
pollinated by a wide variety of small insects; common


Notes:
also pollinated by a variety of small bees, Apis, other flies; more flies than bees on female plants


Notes:
"pollinated almost exclusively by small bees and flies"


Notes:
visited by Bombus as well as small bees and flies


Notes:
carrying pollinia, territorial, chasing other species of flies away


Notes:
carrying pollinia; some gall gnats are trapped on flowers and die


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators


Notes:
Nectar-collecting flies listed as pollinators; p. 643 has a picture of pseudocopulation by a male fly


Notes:
this citation is from Chase and Peacor 1987


Notes:
had pollinaria, but Apis was much more common


Notes:
cites this from Vernall, British Flies 1:47.  Gall midges


Notes:
apparently no data from nature; flies were visiting cultivated plants


Notes:
eggs and larvae, but flowers weren't pollinated


Notes:
Delpino found flies in a plant in a greenhouse in Italy


Notes:
Ziegenspeck 1928 found flies in cultivated flowers


Notes:
"catches flies in the tropics"; produces oil as secondary food reward


Notes:
Pohl 1935 and Ridley 1890 observed flies


Notes:
Ridley 1890 reports minute diptera on flowers


Notes:
visting flowers at Missouri Botanical Garden


Notes:
"observed being visited by several drosophila-like flies"; Dodson 1965


Notes:
Dodson 1962 reported pollination by flies attracted by foul odor


Notes:
observed several kinds of small flies and mosquitoes visiting


Notes:
cites Ridley 1896 as describing fly pollination


Notes:
cites Hagerup 1951  "the only pollinator"; apparently has some nectar


Notes:
cites Silen 1906; large mosquitoes collecting nectar, removing pollinia; co-visitors with ichneumonids


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; this was most common species, laid eggs in flowers


Notes:
main pollinators are Apis and Bombus; maybe preying on eggs and adults of other flies


Notes:
91% of visitors recorded were Diptera, 96% of these were this species, 97% were males


Notes:
Found numerous eggs in the stigmatic mucilage, furrows of staminodes, and floral torus; "flowers highly adapted to sapromyophily"


Notes:
North American species, growing in botanical garden


Notes:
Citation from a letter to DWI from Whitehead, 1/7/91; haven't seen reference yet


Notes:
Carrying pollen; probably mostly beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably beetle pollinated


Notes:
Not carrying pollen; probably bee pollinated


Notes:
occasional Bombus weren't carrying pollen, syrphids were eating it; no nectar


Notes:
Deposited pollinia, but an Anthophorid bee was more common


Notes:
a pollinator; 3 females on a male flower, 5 females on a female flower


Notes:
carrying pollen when trapped on female plant


Notes:
35.1% of all visitors; 89 males, 8 females


Notes:
7.2% of all visitors; 22 males, 9 females


Notes:
less common than bees, syrphids, calliphorids and tachinids


Notes:
One of two 'most common visitors', apparently pollinators


Notes:
Diptera are non-pollinating visitors; beetle-pollinated


Notes:
most frequent and abundant visitor, foraging for pollen from anthers or on perianth


Notes:
"pollinator" but no data on whether they carry pollen


Notes:
role in pollination not assessed, but common on flowers


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 1 collected


Notes:
role in pollinatio not assessed, only 2 collected


Notes:
observed pollinating; seems to be the primary pollinator (only visitor observed)


Notes:
pollinator.  Cited in Johnson and Steiner 1995.


Notes:
pollinator, can carry over 150 pollen grains and effect full pollination


Notes:
they cite Proctor and Yeo 1973, but I don't see mention in Proctor, Yeo and Lack 1996


Notes:
predacious but also collect nectar; sometimes have pollinia attached (but this species?)


Notes:
females feed on pollen; males too sometimes


Notes:
males feed occasionally (more on another species)


Notes:
pollen in gut; Xylota specialize in taking pollen and other nutrients from leaf surfaces


Notes:
carrying pollen, but the tree is a cultivated European species


Notes:
not carrying pollen (but tree is a cultivated European species)


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are Diptera


Notes:
rare species in Netherlands, most visitors are bumblebees or syrphids


Notes:
apparently didn't differentiate between these two species


Notes:
NA species, observed in Germany; morphology suggests myiophily


Notes:
both males and females bask and apparently feed


Notes:
an endemic plant visited primarily by this endemic syrphid


Notes:
high arctic; doesn't say what flowers, but females eat pollen


Notes:
probably a pollen thief; bumblebee pollinated


Notes:
pollinates; check plant ID - should be mango


Notes:
also mimics the anthophorid bees that are pollinators


Notes:
cites Hamilton 1890 "responsible for pollination in greenhouses"


Notes:
feeding on corn pollen (both adults and larvae)


Notes:
cites Metcalf 1913 as saying lots get trapped by pollinia (up to 20/flower cluster)


Notes:
cites Osburn 1920: hundreds of flies caught by their proboscises


Notes:
appears to be a specific association, first recorded for Acroceridae


Notes:
cites Melander 1946 as saying these are anthophilous


Notes:
collect nectar and suck "pollen sap" by piercing grains


Notes:
Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and V. myrtilloides Michaux not differentiated


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 426; says 'gnat'


Notes:
cited in Christensen 1994, p. 432; probably Nemestrinidae and Tabanidae


Notes:
sitting on flowers (which are rarely visited, self-fertile)


Notes:
reporting observations from Westerbergh and Saura 1994


Notes:
probably pollinated by Moegistorhynchus longirostris


Notes:
pollinates some of the 20-species guild of flowers


Notes:
citing observation of Smith in Robertson 1889


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers


Notes:
from a literature about Phoridae visiting flowers; on flowers or leaves??


Notes:
green-house pollination trial - seems to do some pollinatin


Notes:
picking up pollen from male inflorescences; visit females too??


Notes:
citing Drapalik 1969 dissertation, flies with pollinia


Notes:
never saw pollinators, but conclude it is fly pollinated


Notes:
citing Drummond and Hammond 1993; most numerous insect


Notes:
information in e-mail message from Peter Bernhardt


Notes:
inferred member of Moegistorhyncus - Philoliche pollination guild


Notes:
inferred member of Prosoeca ganglbaueri - Pro. Robusta pollination system


Notes:
possibly Philoliche rostrata observed visiting it


Notes:
unidentified fly - citing van Jaarsveld in Struck 1997


Notes:
citing a conference proceeding by Lövei et al. 1993


Notes:
plant recorded as Jawar, dictionary says this is millet


Notes:
putative pollinator and an introduced species


Notes:
probable pollinator along with some bees


Notes:
New name Diplodium alobulum (Hatch) D. L. Jones, Molloy et M. A. Clem.


Notes:
Cites Escaravage & Wagner 2004 - diptera are ineffective as pollinators


