We provide a framework for health services-related researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to guide future health disparities research in areas ranging from detecting differences in health and health care to understanding the determinants that underlie disparities to ultimately designing interventions that reduce and eliminate these disparities. To do this, we identify potential selection biases and definitions of vulnerable groups when detecting disparities. The key factors to understanding disparities were multilevel determinants of health disparities, including individual beliefs and preferences, effective patient-provider communication, and the organizational culture of the health care system. We encourage interventions that yield generalizable data on their effectiveness, and that promote further engagement of communities, providers, and policy makers to ultimately enhance the application and the impact of health disparities research.