# references

title:
Phylogenetic and molecular evidence for allochronic speciation in gall-forming aphids (Pemphigus)

abstract:
Sympatric populations can diverge when variation in phenology or life cycle causes them to mate at distinctly different times. We report patterns consistent with this process (allochronic speciation) in North American gall-forming aphids. in the absence of a host or habitat shift. Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley and P. obesinymphae Aoki form a monophyletic clade within the North American Pemphigus group. They are sympatric on the eastern cottonwood, Populus deltoides (Salicaceae), but have distinctly different life cycles, with sexual stages offset by approximately six months. Field evidence indicates that intermediate phenotypes do not commonly occur, and mitochondrial and bacterial endosymbiont DNA sequences show no maternal gene flow between the two species. Because a genetically distinct population of P. obesinymphae occurs in the southwestern United States on Populus fremontii, we consider the possibility of an initial allopatric phase in the divergence. We discuss the likely origins of the host use patterns in P. obesinymphae, and the larger sequence of evolutionary changes that likely led to the sympatric divergence of P. populi-transversus and P. obesinymphae. A plausible interpretation at this stage of investigation is that a shift in timing of the life cycle in an ancestral population, correlated with an underlying phenological complexity in its host plant, spurred divergence between the incipient species.

citation:
Abbot, P. and Withgott, J.H. 2004. Phylogenetic and molecular evidence for allochronic speciation in gall-forming aphids (Pemphigus). Evolution 58: 539-553.


author:
Abraham, D.; Ryrholm, N.; Wittzel, H.; Holloway,J..D.; Scoble, M.J.; Lofstedt, C.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies in Geometridae (Geometroidea: Lepidoptera)

abstract:
Molecular sequence data from three gene fragments were used to examine critically a provisional phylogenetic classification based on morphological characters of the Geometridae, one of the most species-rich families of moths. The sister group relationship between Geometridae and Drepanidae gained further support from the molecular analysis, which was based on the ND1 mitochondrial gene and the first and second expansion segments of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Although the alignment of the second expansion segment contained regions with many gaps, it provided the most resolution of the gene fragments. Parsimony analysis of the combined data resulted in a cladogram in which species belonging to Drepanidae, Larentiinae, and Sterrhinae formed monophyletic groups. The Ennominae did not form a monophyletic group but rather were contained within a broader monophyletic group including Archiearinae, Geometrinae, and Alsophilinae (represented by only one species per group in the present study). The molecular results were used to explore further the relationship between Sterrhinae and Larentiinae, the question as to whether Ennominae actually represent a monophyletic group, and the relationships between Ennominae and some of the other subfamilies.

citation:
Abraham, D., Ryrholm, N., Wittzel, H., Holloway,J..D., Scoble, M.J. and Lofstedt, C. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies in Geometridae (Geometroidea: Lepidoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20: 65-77.


author:
Ackery, P.R.; de-Jong, R.; Vane-Wright, R.I.

title:
The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea

citation:
Ackery, P.R., de-Jong, R. and Vane-Wright, R.I. 1999. The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 263-300.


title:
Host plant exploitation by aposematic nymphalid butterflies: pre-adaptation versus stepwise sequestration

journal:
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series

citation:
Ackery, P.R. 1993. Host plant exploitation by aposematic nymphalid butterflies: pre-adaptation versus stepwise sequestration. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series 38: 79-82.


title:
Cladistic analysis of fairmairei group of centrotine treehoppers genus Tricentrus Stal (Homoptera: Auchenrrhyncha [Auchenorrhyncha]: Membracidae) with new name for T. planicornis Yasmeen and Ahmad

journal:
Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology

citation:
Ahmad, I. 1992. Cladistic analysis of fairmairei group of centrotine treehoppers genus Tricentrus Stal (Homoptera: Auchenrrhyncha [Auchenorrhyncha]: Membracidae) with new name for T. planicornis Yasmeen and Ahmad. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 12: 207-214.


title:
A review of pentatomine legume bug genus Piezodorus Fieber (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) with its clasidstic [cladistic] analysis

citation:
Ahmad, I. 1995. A review of pentatomine legume bug genus Piezodorus Fieber (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) with its clasidstic [cladistic] analysis. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 15: 329-358.


title:
A revision of the green stink bug tribe Pentatomini Leach (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with special reference to their cladistics

citation:
Ahmad, I. 1996. A revision of the green stink bug tribe Pentatomini Leach (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with special reference to their cladistics. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 16: 41-86.


title:
A revision of the redbug genus Iphita Stal (Hemiptera: Largidae: Physopeltinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with their cladistic relationships

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Abbas, N. 1992. A revision of the redbug genus Iphita Stal (Hemiptera: Largidae: Physopeltinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with their cladistic relationships. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 12: 225-236.


title:
A revision of the redbug genus Dindymus Stal (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with cladistic relationship

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Abbas, N. 1994. A revision of the redbug genus Dindymus Stal (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with cladistic relationship. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14: 69-82.


title:
A review of alydine genera (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae) and their cladistic analysis

citation:
Ahmad, I., Abbas, N. and Parveen, R. 1997. A review of alydine genera (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae) and their cladistic analysis. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 17: 281-289.


title:
A review of taxonomic status of Manoriana maculatus Ahmad and Kamaluddin and Mormidella murriensis Afzal and Hasan (Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Carpocorini) with phylogenetic considerations

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Hussain-Zaidi, R. 1993. A review of taxonomic status of Manoriana maculatus Ahmad and Kamaluddin and Mormidella murriensis Afzal and Hasan (Pentatomidae: Pentatominae: Carpocorini) with phylogenetic considerations. Annotationes Zoologicae et Botanicae 213: 1-8.


title:
New generic status of a rice-feeding tetrodine subgenus Tetrodias Kirkaldy and redescription of Tetroda Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) and their cladistic analysis

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Kamaluddin, S. 1992. New generic status of a rice-feeding tetrodine subgenus Tetrodias Kirkaldy and redescription of Tetroda Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) and their cladistic analysis. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 24: 123-127.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the seventeen genera of the tribe Antestiini Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Oriental and Ethiopian regions

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Kamaluddin, S. 1996. A cladistic analysis of the seventeen genera of the tribe Antestiini Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Oriental and Ethiopian regions. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 16: 269-276.


title:
The Otinotus rufescens complex: redescription of O. rufescens and O. transversus with two new species from Pakistan and notes on their phylogenetic relationships (Hemiptera Membracidae)

journal:
Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Mohammad, F.A. 1998. The Otinotus rufescens complex: redescription of O. rufescens and O. transversus with two new species from Pakistan and notes on their phylogenetic relationships (Hemiptera Membracidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 130: 27-40.


title:
Review of the tribe Anhomoeini Hsiao (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae) with related group, their distribution and their cladistic analysis

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Perveen, R. 1998. Review of the tribe Anhomoeini Hsiao (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae) with related group, their distribution and their cladistic analysis. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 18: 231-238.


title:
A revision of asopine stink bug genera Blachia Walker and Breddiniella Schouteden (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Rana, N.A. 1994. A revision of asopine stink bug genera Blachia Walker and Breddiniella Schouteden (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14: 137-146.


title:
Review of the shesham tree shieldbug genus Deroplax Mayr (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae) with description of two new species from Baluchistan, Palaearctic region

citation:
Ahmad, I., Rizvi, S.A. and Kamaluddin, S. 1998. Review of the shesham tree shieldbug genus Deroplax Mayr (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae) with description of two new species from Baluchistan, Palaearctic region. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 18: 49-56.


title:
A revision of the stink bug genus Mecidea Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatominae: Mecideini) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and their cladistic relationship

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Shah, I.U Rahim. 1994. A revision of the stink bug genus Mecidea Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatominae: Mecideini) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent and their cladistic relationship. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14: 127-136.


author:
Ahmad, I.; Shaukat, S.S.; Kamaluddin, S.

title:
A taxometric study of the tribe Sciocorini Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Pakistan and adjoining areas

citation:
Ahmad, I., Shaukat, S.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1997. A taxometric study of the tribe Sciocorini Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Pakistan and adjoining areas. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 17: 201-209.


title:
Taxometric studies on the tribe Phyllocephalini Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent

citation:
Ahmad, I., Shaukat, S.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1994. Taxometric studies on the tribe Phyllocephalini Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 26: 265-268.


title:
Taxometric studies on the genus Poecilocoris Dallas (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

citation:
Ahmad, I., Shaukat, S.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1994. Taxometric studies on the genus Poecilocoris Dallas (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14: 119-125.


title:
Taxometric studies on pentatomine genera of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent along with three most closely related exotic genera and four genera of related groups (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)

citation:
Ahmad, I., Shaukat, S.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1996. Taxometric studies on pentatomine genera of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent along with three most closely related exotic genera and four genera of related groups (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 16: 183-195.


title:
Taxonomic studies on some New and Old World hayline species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)

citation:
Ahmad, I., Shaukat, S.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1999. Taxonomic studies on some New and Old World hayline species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 19: 299-308.


author:
Ahmad, I.; Siddique, A.S.; Kamaluddin, S.

title:
A review of the genus Catacanthus Spinola (Hemiptera: Pentatominae: Catacanthini) and their cladistic relationships

citation:
Ahmad, I., Siddique, A.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1998. A review of the genus Catacanthus Spinola (Hemiptera: Pentatominae: Catacanthini) and their cladistic relationships. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 18: 9-17.


author:
Ahmad, I.; Siddiqui, A.S.; Kamaluddin, S.

title:
A revision of the lucern stinkbug genus Agonoscelis Spinola (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with description of a new species from Sindh, Pakistan and their cladistic relationships

abstract:
A new species of the stinkbug genus Agonoscelis Spinola is described from Karachi, Sindh. with redescription of a more or less forgotten species A. nubilis (F.) with reference to metathoracic scent auricles and male and female genitalia. The new species is compared with its closest ally A. campbelli Distant, a key is given t all the species of Agonoscelis from the Indo-Pakistani areas and in this light their cladistic relationships are also briefly discussed.

citation:
Ahmad, I., Siddiqui, A.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 2001. A revision of the lucern stinkbug genus Agonoscelis Spinola (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent with description of a new species from Sindh, Pakistan and their cladistic relationships. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 21: 227-240.


title:
A revision of the subgenus Sciocoris s. str. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) from Pakistan and adjoining areas with three new species and their cladistic analysis

journal:
Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences A Zoology

citation:
Ahmad, I., Siddiqui, A.S. and Kamaluddin, S. 1996. A revision of the subgenus Sciocoris s. str. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, Pentatominae) from Pakistan and adjoining areas with three new species and their cladistic analysis. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences A Zoology 15: 71-102.


title:
A review and cladistic analysis of Tricentrus qadrii Yasmeen and Ahmad group (Membracidae: Centrotinae) with their distribution and food plants

citation:
Ahmad, I. and Yasmeen, N. 1998. A review and cladistic analysis of Tricentrus qadrii Yasmeen and Ahmad group (Membracidae: Centrotinae) with their distribution and food plants. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 18: 71-82.


title:
Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pidonia Mulsant from Korea (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

citation:
An, S.L. and Kwon, Y.J. 1993. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Pidonia Mulsant from Korea (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Insecta Koreana 10: 1-24.


title:
Weevils and plants: Phylogenetic versus ecological mediation of evolution of host plant associations in Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

journal:
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada

abstract:
Biology and Phylogeny of Curculionoidea: proceedings of a symposium convened at the 18 International Congress of Entomology, Vancouver, Canada, July 1992

citation:
Anderson, R.S. 1993. Weevils and plants: Phylogenetic versus ecological mediation of evolution of host plant associations in Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165: 197-232.


title:
An evolutionary perspective on diversity in Curculionoidea

journal:
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington

citation:
Anderson, R.S. and Lyall, C.H.C. 1995. An evolutionary perspective on diversity in Curculionoidea.


title:
Notes on the phylogeny of Luehdorfia butterflies

citation:
Aoyama, J. 1994. Notes on the phylogeny of Luehdorfia butterflies. Nature and Insects 29: 8-15.


title:
Review of the southern Palaearctic and Palaeotropical leafhopper genus Hengchunia Vilbaste (Homoptera, Cicadellidae)

citation:
Asche, M. and Webb, M.D. 1994. Review of the southern Palaearctic and Palaeotropical leafhopper genus Hengchunia Vilbaste (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 137: 143-154.


title:
Reconstructed phylogeny and reclassification of the genera of Donaciinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

citation:
Askevold, I.S. 1988. Reconstructed phylogeny and reclassification of the genera of Donaciinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Quaest. Ent. 26: 601-664.


author:
Askevold, I.S.; O'Brien, C.W.; Morimoto, K.

title:
Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the species known from Japan

citation:
Askevold, I.S., O'Brien, C.W. and Morimoto, K. 1994. Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the species known from Japan. Esakia 34: 75-129.


title:
Revision of the genus Lopidea in America north of Mexico (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae)

citation:
Asquith, A. 1991. Revision of the genus Lopidea in America north of Mexico (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae). Theses Zoologicae 16: 1-280.


title:
Evolution of Sarona (Heteroptera, Miridae)

journal:
Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a hot spot archipelago

citation:
Asquith, A. 1995. Evolution of Sarona (Heteroptera, Miridae). Pp. 90-120 in: Wagner, W.L. and Funk, V.A. [eds.], Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.


citation:
Attal, S. 1996. The genus Perisama. Sciences Nat., Venette.


author:
Aubert, J.; Barascud, B.; Descimon, H.; Michel, F.

title:
Systematique moleculaire des argynnes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

journal:
Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie

citation:
Aubert, J., Barascud, B., Descimon, H. and Michel, F. 1996. Systematique moleculaire des argynnes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 319: 647-651.


author:
Aubert, J.; Legal, L.; Descimon, H.; Michel, F.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera)

abstract:
Swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and are currently used as model organisms in several research areas, including genetics, chemical ecology and phylogenetics of host plant utilization and mimicry, mechanisms of speciation, and conservation. We have inferred phylogenetic relationships for a sample of 18 species of the genus Papilio (sensu lato) and five outgroup taxa by sequencing two stretches of mitochondrial DNA that correspond to segments 12886-13370 and 12083-12545 of Drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial DNA and consist of sections of the genes for the large ribosomal RNA and subunit 1 of NADH-dehydrogenase. Our data support the monophyly of Papilio and, within it, of several traditionally recognized subgroups. Species belonging to groups that utilize primarily Rutaceae as larval foodplants form two clusters, corresponding to Old World and American taxa, respectively, while two previously recognized clades-of American and South Asian-Austronesian origin-whose members were known to feed mostly on Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae, are observed to form a clade. The sister group of Papilio is found to be the South Asian genus Meandrusa, which also happens to feed on Lauraceae. The latter plant family is therefore the probable larval host of the ancestor Papilio and the shift to Rutaceae (which four-fifths of extant Papilio species use as foodplants) is more likely to have occured only after the initial diversification of the genus. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

citation:
Aubert, J., Legal, L., Descimon, H. and Michel, F. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 12: 156-167.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among Korean rhynchitis weevils

citation:
Bae, S.A. and Yoon, I.B. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among Korean rhynchitis weevils. Entomological Research Bulletin 20: 84-104.


title:
Cladistics of the Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

citation:
Balcazar-Lara, M.A. and Wolfe, K.L. 1997. Cladistics of the Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 8 S: 1-53.


title:
A xeromontane lycaenid butterfly species: Plebejus plyaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) and its relatives. Part 3. The phylogeny and biogeography of the group

citation:
Balint, Z. 1993. A xeromontane lycaenid butterfly species: Plebejus plyaon (Fischer von Waldheim, 1832) and its relatives. Part 3. The phylogeny and biogeography of the group. Janus Pannonius Muzeum Evkonyve 37: 45-64.


title:
Taxonomic synopsis of the high Andean and Austral lycaenid genus Paralycaeides Nabokov, 1945 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Polyommatini)

journal:
Annales Historico Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici

citation:
Balint, Z. and Johnson, K. 1995. Taxonomic synopsis of the high Andean and Austral lycaenid genus Paralycaeides Nabokov, 1945 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Polyommatini). Annales Historico Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 87: 103-122.


title:
Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae)

citation:
Barcellos, A. and Grazia, J. 2003. Cladistic analysis and biogeography of Brachystethus Laporte (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Edessinae). Zootaxa 256: 1-14.


title:
Evolution of host relationships in the genus Isocolus Forst. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Centaurea (Asteraceae)

abstract:
We investigated the systematics of the genus Isocolus Forst. (gall wasps) attacking mainly flower heads of the host genus Centaurea (Cardueae, Centaureinae). Biochemical and morphometrical techniques provided similar results. Within the genus Isocolus we found two major groups of species attacking two well separated lineages of Centaurea species. This major division within the genus Isocolus may be explained by a scenario of cospeciation. But within each Isocolus group host relationships are more likely caused by niche shifts to different plant structure and host transferes. A general analysis of genetic distances of gall forming insects on thistles and their hosts suggests that cospeciation is rare.

citation:
Baumann, T. and Brandl, R. 1993. Evolution of host relationships in the genus Isocolus Forst. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on Centaurea (Asteraceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21: 341-349.


title:
Studies on the ecology and evolution of Neotropical ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)

publisher:
Imperial College & Natural History Museum

citation:
Beccaloni, G.W. 1995. Studies on the ecology and evolution of Neotropical ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Imperial College & Natural History Museum, London, Ascot.


title:
Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use

abstract:
Determining the macroevolutionary importance of plant chemistry on herbivore host shifts is critical to understanding the evolution of insect-plant interactions. Molecular phylogenies of the ancient and speciose Blepharida (Coleoptera)-Bursera (Burseraceae) system were reconstructed and terpenoid chemical profiles for the plant species obtained. Statistical analyses show that the historical patterns of host shifts strongly correspond to the patterns of host chemical similarity, indicating that plant chemistry has played a significant role in the evolution of host shifts by phytophagous insects.

citation:
Becerra, J.X. 1997. Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use. Science 276: 253-256.


title:
Ecology and evolution of New World Blepharida

journal:
New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae

editor:
Jolivet, P.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Schmitt, M.

citation:
Becerra, J.X. 2004. Ecology and evolution of New World Blepharida. Pp. 137-143 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Macroevolution of insect-plant associations: The relevance of host biogeography to host affiliation

journal:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

abstract:
Identifying the factors that have promoted host shifts by phytophagous insects at a macroevolutionary scale is critical to understanding the associations between plants and insects. We used molecular phylogenies of the beetle genus Blepharida and its host genus Bursera to test whether these insects have been using hosts with widely overlapping ranges over evolutionary time. We also quantified the importance of host range coincidence relative to host chemistry and host phylogenetic relatedness. Overall, the evolution of host use of these insects has not been among hosts that are geographically similar. Host chemistry is the factor that best explains their macroevolutionary patterns of host use. Interestingly, one exceptional polyphagous species has shifted among geographically close chemically dissimilar plants.

citation:
Becerra, J.X. and Venable, D.L. 1999. Macroevolution of insect-plant associations: The relevance of host biogeography to host affiliation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 12626-12631.


title:
Synchronous coadaptation in an ancient case of herbivory

abstract:
Coevolution has long been considered a major force leading to the adaptive radiation and diversification of insects and plants. A fundamental aspect of coevolution is that adaptations and counteradaptations interlace in time. A discordant origin of traits long before or after the origin of the putative coevolutionary selective pressure must be attributed to other evolutionary processes. Despite the importance of this distinction to our understanding of coevolution, the macroevolutionary tempo of innovation in plant defenses and insect counterdefenses has not been documented. Molecular clocks for a lineage of chrysomelid beetles of the genus Blepharida and their Burseraceae hosts were independently calibrated. Results show that these plants' defenses and the insect's counterdefensive feeding traits evolved roughly in synchrony, providing macroevolutionary confirmation of synchronous plant-herbivore coadaptation. The association between these two groups of organisms was determined to be about 112 million years old, the oldest age so far for a specialized plant-herbivore association.

citation:
Becerra, J.X. 2003. Synchronous coadaptation in an ancient case of herbivory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100: 12804-12807.


title:
Molecular systematics of Blepharida beetles (Chrysomelidae : Alticinae) and relatives

abstract:
I investigated the phylogenetic relationships within the New World Blepharida and among related genera, using sequences of the Internal Transcriber Spacer 2 (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and sequences of the COI and COII genes of the mitochondrial genome. Cladistic analyses were performed using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. These methods generated almost identical topologies using the combined data sets. The analyses suggest that Blepharida rhois, the type species, should be separated from the New World Blepharida and that the New World Blepharida might be congeneric with closely related Notozona. Also, according to this phylogeny, all of the New World Blepharida species that feed on Bursera (Burseraceae) form a single monophyletic clade, with the Afrotropical species forming its sister clade. The analyses also identified four main groups of species within the New World Blepharida.

citation:
Becerra, J.X. 2004. Molecular systematics of Blepharida beetles (Chrysomelidae : Alticinae) and relatives. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 107-117.


title:
A new genus and a new species of Ennominae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Russia Far East, with remarks on the phylogeny of the related genera

citation:
Beljaev, E.A. 1997. A new genus and a new species of Ennominae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Russia Far East, with remarks on the phylogeny of the related genera. Tinea 15: 125-130.


title:
A new genus of the Ennominae from East Asia, with notes on the phylogeny of some Holarctic Anagogini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)

citation:
Beljaev, E.A. 1998. A new genus of the Ennominae from East Asia, with notes on the phylogeny of some Holarctic Anagogini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Tinea 15: 266-270.


title:
A revision of the Philippine coroebine genus Obenbergerula Strand (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae)

citation:
Bellamy, C.L. 1991. A revision of the Philippine coroebine genus Obenbergerula Strand (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 5: 541-551.


title:
Further review of the genus Maoraxia Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Bellamy, C.L. 1991. Further review of the genus Maoraxia Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 5: 457-468.


title:
A new subtribe for the monotypic Southern African genus Bulis Laporte and Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Bellamy, C.L. 1995. A new subtribe for the monotypic Southern African genus Bulis Laporte and Gory (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36: 171-175.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of Xyroscelis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Bellamy, C.L. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of Xyroscelis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 569-574.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships and tribal placement of Odettea Baudon (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Bellamy, C.L. and Bily, S. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships and tribal placement of Odettea Baudon (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Oriental Insects 31: 409-418.


author:
Beltran, M.; Jiggins, C.D.; Bull, V.; Linares, M.; Mallet, J.

title:
Phylogenetic discordance at the species boundary: Comparative gene genealogies among rapidly radiating Heliconius butterflies

abstract:
Recent adaptive radiations provide excellent model systems for understanding speciation, but rapid diversification can cause problems for phylogenetic inference. Here we use gene genealogies to investigate the phylogeny of recent speciation in the heliconiine butterflies. We sequenced three gene regions, intron 3 ([approximately equal]550 bp) of sex-linked triose-phosphate isomerase (Tpi), intro 3 ([approximately equal]450 bp) of autosomal mannose-phosphate isomerase (Mpi), and 1,603 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II (COI and COII), for 37 individuals from 25 species of Heliconius and related genera. The nuclear intron sequences evolved at rates similar to those of mitochondrial coding sequences, but the phylogenetic utility of introns was restricted to closely related geographic populations and species due to high levels of indel variation. For two sister species pair, Heliconius erato-Heliconius himera and Heliconius melpomene-Heliconius cydno, there was highly significant discordance between the three genes. At mtDNA and Tpi, the hypotheses of reciprocal monophyly and paraphyly of at least one species with respect to its sister could not be distinguished. In contrast alleles sampled from the third locus, Mpi, showed polyphyletic relationships between both species pairs. In all cases, recent coalescence of mtDNA lineages within species suggests that polyphyly of nuclear genes is not unexpected. In addition, very similar alleles were shared between melphomene and cydno, implying recent gene flow. Our finding of discordant genealogies between genes is consistent with models of adaptive speciation with ongoing gene flow and highlights the need for multiple locus comparison to resolve phylogeny among closely related species.

citation:
Beltran, M., Jiggins, C.D., Bull, V., Linares, M. and Mallet, J. 2002. Phylogenetic discordance at the species boundary: Comparative gene genealogies among rapidly radiating Heliconius butterflies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19: 2176-2190.


title:
[A comparative analysis of the phylogenetic and statistical methods of taxonomy based on the example of moths of the genus Euchristophia Fletch. and Cabera Tr. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae).]

journal:
Chteniya Pamyati Alekseya Ivanovicha Kurentsova

citation:
Belyaev, E.A. 1993. [A comparative analysis of the phylogenetic and statistical methods of taxonomy based on the example of moths of the genus Euchristophia Fletch. and Cabera Tr. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae).]. Chteniya Pamyati Alekseya Ivanovicha Kurentsova 3: 52-63, 71-72.


title:
Female pheromone glands in Arctiidae (Lepidoptera). Evolution and phylogenetic significance

citation:
Bendib, A. and Minet, J. 1998. Female pheromone glands in Arctiidae (Lepidoptera). Evolution and phylogenetic significance. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 321: 1007-1014.


title:
Chemical mediation of coevolution: Phylogenetic evidence for Apiaceae and associates

abstract:
Scientists have long noted the diverse secondary chemistry of Apiaceae, which has probably driven the evolution of its distinctive herbivore complement.  Evolutionary shifts to feeding on Apiaceae have occurred mostly from Asteraceae & Rutaceae.

citation:
Berenbaum, M.R. 2001. Chemical mediation of coevolution: Phylogenetic evidence for Apiaceae and associates. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 45-59.


title:
Generic phylogeny of North American Depressariinae (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) and hypotheses about coevolution

journal:
Annals of the Entomological Society of America

citation:
Berenbaum, M.R. and Passoa, S. 1999. Generic phylogeny of North American Depressariinae (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae) and hypotheses about coevolution. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 971-986.

host taxa:
Asteraceae; Rutaceae; Apiaceae; Betulaceae; Salicaceae;


title:
Certain aspects of Bryomyini gall-midge evolution (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lestremiinae, Micromyidi)

citation:
Berest, Z.L. 1995. Certain aspects of Bryomyini gall-midge evolution (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lestremiinae, Micromyidi). Vestnik Zoologii 4: 63-66.


title:
Radiation and divergence in the Rhagoletis pomonella species group: inferences from allozymes

abstract:
The Rhagoletis pomonella species group has for decades been a focal point for debate over the possibility of sympatric speciation via host shift. Here I present the first extensive analysis of genetic (allozyme) divergence in the pomonella group, including all known taxa/populations except the allopatric Mexican population of R. pomonella. The phylogeny is estimated for all four described species (pomonella, mendax, zephyria, and cornivora) plus two; undescribed species (the ''flowering dogwood fly'' and ''sparkleberry fly''). Allozyme data for two additional populations of uncertain status (the ''plum fly'' and ''mayhaw fly'') are presented for the first time. Two data sets were analyzed, one for 17 loci from 77 populations and one for an additional 12 loci for a subset of 12 of these populations, with more than 4000 flies analyzed in total. Interspecific Nei unbiased genetic distances were generally small, being as low as 0.040. No fixed autapomorphic alleles beyond those already known for R. cornivora and R. zephyria were revealed in the new data, but several loci displaying frequency patterns useful in discriminating the species were discovered. The phylogenetic placement of the flowering dogwood fly differed depending on whether a molecular clock was assumed (UPGMA of Nei distance) or not assumed (frequency parsimony) for tree building. Other than this, however, trees under either assumption were essentially identical. The best tree was used to test the prediction; of the sympatric speciation hypothesis that sister taxa should be broadly sympatric. This prediction was not rejected, but the best tree was weakly supported by bootstrap analysis. An unexpected finding was that R. pomonella populations representing ends of its strong latitudinal clines did not cluster together. One possible explanation is that the current R. pomonella is the result of a genetic fusion of two previously isolated, genetically differentiated populations. Such a fusion prior to the origin of the other species in the group could contribute to the poor resolution of the phylogeny.

citation:
Berlocher, S.H. 2000. Radiation and divergence in the Rhagoletis pomonella species group: inferences from allozymes. Evolution 54: 543-557.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among Thysanoptera (Insecta) with particular reference to the families of the Order Tubulifera

journal:
Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology)

citation:
Bhatti, J.S. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships among Thysanoptera (Insecta) with particular reference to the families of the Order Tubulifera. Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology) 4: 93-130.


title:
Homoptera Coccoidea of New Caledonia. A revision of the Monophlebulini with a redefinition of the genus Tessarobelus Montrouzier (Margarodidae Monophlebinae)

journal:
Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie A Zoologie

citation:
Bhatti, S. 1991. Homoptera Coccoidea of New Caledonia. A revision of the Monophlebulini with a redefinition of the genus Tessarobelus Montrouzier (Margarodidae Monophlebinae). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie A Zoologie 149: 131-149.


title:
Chaetocnema Stephens and related genera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae): a systematic revision, with description of a new genus from the Indian Ocean (Seychelles)

citation:
Biondi, M. 2002. Chaetocnema Stephens and related genera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae): a systematic revision, with description of a new genus from the Indian Ocean (Seychelles). Italian Journal of Zoology (Modena) 69: 355-366.


author:
Blackman, R.L.; Brown, P.A.; Ramirez, C.C.; Niemeyer, H.M.

title:
Karyotype variation in the South American aphid genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Neuquenaphidinae)

abstract:
The endemic South American aphid genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Neuquenaphidinae) forms an important component of the phytophagous insect fauna associated with southern beeches, Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae), but has not previously been studied cytologically. As part of ongoing studies of the taxonomy, evolution and host relationships of this genus, the karyotypes of 12 species are described and illustrated. Species are mostly distinguishable by differences in number and/or relative lengths of chromosomes, with 2n (female) numbers ranging from 6 to 16. The taxonomic and evolutionary significance of the karyotype variation in this group are discussed.

citation:
Blackman, R.L., Brown, P.A., Ramirez, C.C. and Niemeyer, H.M. 2003. Karyotype variation in the South American aphid genus Neuquenaphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Neuquenaphidinae). Hereditas (Lund) 138: 6-10.


author:
Blum, M.J.; Bermingham, E.; Dasmahapatra, K.

title:
A molecular phylogeny of the neotropical butterfly genus Anartia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

abstract:
While Anartia butterflies have served as model organisms for research on the genetics of speciation, no phylogeny has been published to describe interspecific relationships. Here, we present a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Anartia species relationships, using both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Analyses of both data sets confirm earlier predictions of sister species pairings based primarily on genital morphology. Yet both the mitochondrial and nuclear gene phylogenies demonstrate that Anartia jatrophae is not sister to all other Anartia species, but rather that it is sister to the Anartia fatima-Anartia amathea lineage. Traditional biogeographic explanations for speciation across the genus relied on A. jatrophae being sister to its congeners. These explanations invoked allopatric divergence of sister species pairs and multiple sympatric speciation events to explain why A. jatrophae flies alongside all its congeners. The molecular phylogenies are more consistent with lineage divergence due to vicariance, and range expansion of A. jatrophae to explain its sympatry with congeners. Further interpretations of the tree topologies also suggest how morphological evolution and eco-geographic adaptation may have set species range boundaries.

citation:
Blum, M.J., Bermingham, E. and Dasmahapatra, K. 2003. A molecular phylogeny of the neotropical butterfly genus Anartia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 46-55.


title:
Multiple origins of the yucca-yucca moth association

citation:
Bogler, D.J., Neff, J.L. and Simpson, B.B. 1995. Multiple origins of the yucca-yucca moth association. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 6864-6867.


title:
Notes sur le genre Ludia avec description d'une nouvelle espece (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae)

citation:
Bouyer, T. 1997. Notes sur le genre Ludia avec description d'une nouvelle espece (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae). Entomologia Africana 2: 31-35.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA in bark weevils: Phylogeny and evolution in the Pissodes strobi species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

abstract:
The genus Pissodes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae ) contains four species informally grouped into the P. strobi species group: P. strobi, P. nemorensis, P. terminalis, and P. schwarzi. These species have been the focus of extensive investigations into their behavior and ecology in relation to reproductive isolation and evolution. We examined restriction-site polymorphism and divergence of mitochondrial DNA in these species and in an outgroup, P. afinis.; Both diversity and divergence are high relative to that seen in other insects studied. Nucleotide diversity is 0.1%~ 1.3% within species, and net divergence among species is 2.0% 16.0%. Phylogenetic relationships of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes directly contradict several hypotheses of  species relationship from previous studies of morphology, allozyme, and cytogenetic data indicating that mitochondrial and nuclear genes have evolved in distinctly different manners. Hybridization among species and high rates of sequence change may have contributed to these contradictions.

citation:
Boyce, T.M., Zwick, M.E. and Aquadro, C.F. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA in bark weevils: Phylogeny and evolution in the Pissodes strobi species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 183-194.


title:
Basal diversification and the evolution of wings within stick-insects (Phasmatodea)

citation:
Bradler, S., Whiting, M.F. and Klug, R. 2003. Basal diversification and the evolution of wings within stick-insects (Phasmatodea). Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61: 132-133.


title:
A review and key to the genus Phenacephorus Brunner (Insecta: Phasmida: Heteronemiidae: Lonchodinae), including the description of two new species

citation:
Bragg, P.E. 1994. A review and key to the genus Phenacephorus Brunner (Insecta: Phasmida: Heteronemiidae: Lonchodinae), including the description of two new species. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 68: 231-248.


author:
Brailovsky, H.; Schaefer, C.W.; Barrera, E.; Packauskas, R.J.

title:
A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini)

journal:
Journal of the New York Entomological Society

citation:
Brailovsky, H., Schaefer, C.W., Barrera, E. and Packauskas, R.J. 1994. A revision of the genus Thasus (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Nematopodini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 102: 318-343.


author:
Briese, D.T.; Espiau, C.; Pouchot-Lermans, A.

title:
Micro-evolution in the weevil genus Larinus: the formation of host biotypes and speciation

citation:
Briese, D.T., Espiau, C. and Pouchot-Lermans, A. 1996. Micro-evolution in the weevil genus Larinus: the formation of host biotypes and speciation. Molecular Ecology 5: 531-545.


journal:
Beetle-pathogen interactions in conifer forests

citation:
Bright, D.E. 1993. Systematics of bark beetles. Pp. 23-36 in: Schowalter, T.D. and Filip, G.M. [eds.], Beetle-pathogen interactions in conifer forests. Academic Press, London, San Diego etc. .


title:
Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: A phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 1996. Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: A phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50: 195-221.


title:
Patterns of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA sequence divergence among nymphalid butterflies: The utility of wingless as a source of characters for phylogenetic inference

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. and DeSalle, R. 1998. Patterns of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA sequence divergence among nymphalid butterflies: The utility of wingless as a source of characters for phylogenetic inference. Insect Molecular Biology 7: 73-82.


title:
Cladistic analysis of Heliconius butterflies and relatives (Nymphalidae: Heliconiini): A revised phylogenetic position for Eueides based on sequences from mtDNA and a nuclear gene

journal:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. and Egan, M.G. 1997. Cladistic analysis of Heliconius butterflies and relatives (Nymphalidae: Heliconiini): A revised phylogenetic position for Eueides based on sequences from mtDNA and a nuclear gene. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264: 969-977.


title:
Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution

journal:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 1994. Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91: 6491-6495.


title:
A new mimetic species of Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from southeastern Colombia, revealed by cladistic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences

journal:
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 1996. A new mimetic species of Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from southeastern Colombia, revealed by cladistic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 116: 317-332.


title:
The evolution of ecologically important characters in Heliconius butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a cladistic review

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 1997. The evolution of ecologically important characters in Heliconius butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a cladistic review. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 119: 457-472.


title:
A reconsideration of mimicry and aposematism in caterpillars of the Papilio machaon group

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. and Sime, K.R. 1998. A reconsideration of mimicry and aposematism in caterpillars of the Papilio machaon group. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 52: 206-212.


author:
Brown, B.; Dugdale, J.S.; Emberson, R.M.; Paterson, A.M.

title:
Phylogeny of New Zealand hepialid moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) inferred from a cladistic analysis of morphological data

citation:
Brown, B., Dugdale, J.S., Emberson, R.M. and Paterson, A.M. 2000. Phylogeny of New Zealand hepialid moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) inferred from a cladistic analysis of morphological data. Systematic Entomology 25: 1-14.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

citation:
Brown, B., Emberson, R. and Paterson, A. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Wiseana (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 1-14.


author:
Brown, B.; Emberson, R.M.; Paterson, A.M.

title:
Phylogeny of Oxycanus lineages of hepialid moths from New Zealand inferred from sequence variation in the mtDNA COI and II gene regions

citation:
Brown, B., Emberson, R.M. and Paterson, A.M. 1999. Phylogeny of Oxycanus lineages of hepialid moths from New Zealand inferred from sequence variation in the mtDNA COI and II gene regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 13: 463-473.


author:
Brown, J.M.; Pellmyr, O.; Thompson, J.N.; Harrison, R.G.

title:
Phylogeny of Greya (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), based on nucleotide sequence variation in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidae I and II: Congruence with morphological data

citation:
Brown, J.M., Pellmyr, O., Thompson, J.N. and Harrison, R.G. 1994. Phylogeny of Greya (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), based on nucleotide sequence variation in mitochondrial cytochrome oxidae I and II: Congruence with morphological data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 128-141.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) indicates rapid ecological diversification of yucca moths

citation:
Brown, J.M., Pellmyr, O., Thompson, J.N. and Harrison, R.G. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea) indicates rapid ecological diversification of yucca moths. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 795-802.

host taxa:
Agavaceae; Rosaceae; Saxifragaceae; Yucca; Nolinaceae


title:
Systematic revision of Anopinella Powell (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini) and phylogenetic analysis of the Apolychrosis group of genera

citation:
Brown, J.W. and Adamski, D. 2003. Systematic revision of Anopinella Powell (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini) and phylogenetic analysis of the Apolychrosis group of genera. Zootaxa 200: 1-93.


title:
Systematics of the Chrysoxena group of genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini)

journal:
University of California Publications in Entomology

citation:
Brown, J.W. and Powell, J.A. 1991. Systematics of the Chrysoxena group of genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini). University of California Publications in Entomology 111: i-viii, 1-87.


title:
Systematics of Anopina Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini)

citation:
Brown, J.W. and Powell, J.A. 2000. Systematics of Anopina Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini). University of California Publications in Entomology 120: i-xi, 1-128.


author:
Brown, J.K.; Perring, T.M.; Cooper, A.D.; Bedford, I.D.; Markham, P.G.

title:
Genetic analysis of Bemisia (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis

citation:
Brown, J.K., Perring, T.M., Cooper, A.D., Bedford, I.D. and Markham, P.G. 2000. Genetic analysis of Bemisia (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. Biochemical Genetics 38: 13-25.


author:
Brown, K.J.; Emmel, T.C.; Eliazar, P.J.; Suomalainen, E.

title:
Evolutionary patterns in chromosome numbers in Neotropical Lepidoptera. 1. Chromosomes of the Heliconiini (family Nymphalidae: subfamily Nymphalinae)

citation:
Brown, K.J., Emmel, T.C., Eliazar, P.J. and Suomalainen, E. 1992. Evolutionary patterns in chromosome numbers in Neotropical Lepidoptera. 1. Chromosomes of the Heliconiini (family Nymphalidae: subfamily Nymphalinae). Hereditas (Lund) 117: 109-125.


title:
Juvenile stages of Ithomiinae: overview and systematics (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

citation:
Brown, K.S. and Freitas, A.V L. 1994. Juvenile stages of Ithomiinae: overview and systematics (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 5: 9-20.


author:
Brown, K.S.; Klitzke, C.F.; Berlingeri, C.; Euzebio-Rubbo dos Santos,  P.

title:
Neotropical swallowtails: chemistry of food plant relationships, population ecology and biosystematics

journal:
Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology

editor:
Scriber, J.M.; Tsubaki, Y.; Lederhouse, R.C.

citation:
Brown, K.S., Klitzke, C.F., Berlingeri, C. and Euzebio-Rubbo dos Santos,  P. 1995. Neotropical swallowtails: chemistry of food plant relationships, population ecology and biosystematics. Pp. 405-445 in: Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. and Lederhouse, R.C. [eds.], Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville


title:
The evolution of ultraviolet patterns in European Colias butterflies (Lepidoptera, Pieridae): a phylogeny using mitochondrial DNA

citation:
Brunton, C.FA. 1998. The evolution of ultraviolet patterns in European Colias butterflies (Lepidoptera, Pieridae): a phylogeny using mitochondrial DNA. Heredity 80: 611-616.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of brimstone butterflies (genus Gonepteryx) from the Canary Islands and Madeira

journal:
Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

citation:
Brunton, C.F.A. and Hurst, G.DD. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of brimstone butterflies (genus Gonepteryx) from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63: 69-79.


title:
Larval case architecture and implications of host-plant associations for North American Coleophora (Lepidoptera; Coleophoridae)

abstract:
The case-bearing moths of North America are represented by a single genus, Coleophora, which contains approximately 144 described species. All are external seed or leaf miners that inhabit portable silk cases during most of the larval stage. Architectural and ecological characters from larval cases were used in cladistic analysis to investigate existing case groups for 32 North American species of Coleophora. Cladistic analysis confirmed monophyly of certain case groups, but not of others. Host-plant preferences were also examined. The pattern of host plant use reflects more closely preference for certain plant tissues (seeds versus leaves) and growth forms (herbaceous versus woody) with exploitation of different plant taxa, rather than preference for certain plant taxa with exploitation of different plant tissues.

citation:
Bucheli, S., Landry, J.F. and Wenzel, J. 2002. Larval case architecture and implications of host-plant associations for North American Coleophora (Lepidoptera; Coleophoridae). Cladistics 18: 71-93.


title:
Systematics and biology of the Aphalara exilis (Weber & Mohr) species assemblage (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

citation:
Burckhardt, D. and Lauterer, P. 1997. Systematics and biology of the Aphalara exilis (Weber & Mohr) species assemblage (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 28: 271-305.


title:
Jumping plant-lice of the Paurocephalinae (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea): systematics and phylogeny

abstract:
Much confusion exists with respect to the content and definition of the psyllid subfamily Paurocephalinae. Based on a cladistic analysis of 22 morphological characters (16 adult and 6 larva, the subfamily is redefined to comprise the following five valid genera: Aphorma (3 species), Camarotoscena (12 valid species, with 1 new synonymy), Diclidophlebia (= Aconopsylla, Haplaphalara, Paraphalaroida, Sinuonemopsylla and Woldaia; 24 species), Paurocephala (52 species) and Syntomoza (= Anomoterga and Homalocephala; 7 species). The tribe Diclidophlebiini is synonymised with the subfamily Paurocephalinae. The seven new generic synonymies produce 25 new species combinations. A key to genera for adults and fifth instar larvae is presented. In their revised definitions the genera exhibit relatively restricted distributions and host ranges: Aphorma: Palaearctic, Oriental - Ranunculaceae; Camarotoscena: Palaearctic - Salicaceae; Diclidophlebia: pantropical - Tiliaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, Melastomataceae, Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae and Euphorbiaceae; Paurocephala: Old World tropics - Moraceae, Urticaceae, Ulmaceae (all Urticales), Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae (all Malvales) and Clusiaceae (The-ales); Syntomoza: Oriental, Afrotropical, Palaearctic - Flacourtiaceae, Salicaceae. The following taxa which have been referred to the Paurocephalinae are transferred to other taxa: Atmetocranium to the Calophyidae and Primascena to the Aphalaroidinae; Pseudaphorma is symonymised with Aphalara, and P. astigma with A. polygon; the position of Strophingia is confirmed in the Strophingiinae.

citation:
Burckhardt, D. and Mifsud, D. 2003. Jumping plant-lice of the Paurocephalinae (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea): systematics and phylogeny. Contributions to Natural History (Bern) 2: 3-34.


title:
The temperate Neotropical psyllid genus Sphinia (Hemiptera, Psylloidea)

journal:
Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie)

abstract:
Le genre Sphinia, decrit du Chili et monotypique a l'origine, est revu et comprend desormais six especes. Cinq nouvelles especes sont decrites: Sphinia odoriferae, S. colliguajae, S. matilei, S. fratris et S. kageneckiae. Une cle d'identification des adultes et, quand les donnees le permettent, des larves est etabllie. Une analyse cladistique permet de reconnaitre deux groupes naturels, l'un contenant des especes associees a Colliguaja (Euphorbiaceae), et l'autre a Kageneckia (Rosaceae). Quatre especes sont connues du Chili uniquement, une espece d'Argentine, et une derniere de ces deux pays.

citation:
Burckhardt, D. and Ouvrard, D. 2001. The temperate Neotropical psyllid genus Sphinia (Hemiptera, Psylloidea). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 23: 35-46.


title:
The genetics and ecology of sympatric speciation: A case study

journal:
Researches on Population Ecology (Kyoto)

citation:
Bush, G.L. and Smith, J.J. 1998. The genetics and ecology of sympatric speciation: A case study. Researches on Population Ecology (Kyoto) 40: 175-187.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of the tribe Mecinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Curculioninae)

citation:
Caldara, R. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification of the tribe Mecinini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Curculioninae). Koleopterologische Rundschau 71: 171-203.


title:
Relationships of the genera of Australian Strongylurini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

citation:
Calder, A.A. 2000. Relationships of the genera of Australian Strongylurini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14: 863-870.


author:
Campbell, B.C.; Steffen-Campbell, J.D.; Gill, R.J.

title:
Evolutionary origin of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences

citation:
Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D. and Gill, R.J. 1994. Evolutionary origin of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 3: 73-88.


title:
Origin and radiation of whiteflies: an initial molecular phylogenetic assessment

journal:
Bemisia 1995: taxonomy, biology, damage, control and management

citation:
Campbell, B.C., Steffen-Campbell, J.D. and Gill, R.J. 1996. Origin and radiation of whiteflies: an initial molecular phylogenetic assessment. Pp. 29-51 in: Gerling, D. and Mayer, R.T. [eds.], Bemisia 1995: taxonomy, biology, damage, control and management. Intercept Ltd., Andover.


author:
Campbell, D.L.; Brower, A.V.Z.; Pierce, N.E.

title:
Molecular evolution of the wingless gene and its implications for the phylogenetic placement of the butterfly family Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

citation:
Campbell, D.L., Brower, A.V.Z. and Pierce, N.E. 2000. Molecular evolution of the wingless gene and its implications for the phylogenetic placement of the butterfly family Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 684-696.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: implications for the evolution of ant association

journal:
Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight

citation:
Campbell, D.L. and Pierce, N.E. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of the Riodinidae: implications for the evolution of ant association. Pp. 395-408 in: Boggs, C.L., Watt, W.B. and Ehrlich, P.R. [eds.], Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London.


title:
Systematics and new taxa of the Vannius complex (Hemiptera: Miridae: Cylapinae) from the Australian region

abstract:
Erection of the tribe Vanniini and its placement in the subfamily Palaucorinae, as proposed by Gorczyca (1997), is rejected. An informal group, the Vannius complex (Cylapinae: Cylapini) is recognised, comprised of Afrovannius Gorczyca, Austrovannius gen. nov., Paracylapus Carvalho, Vanniopsis Poppius, Vannius Distant, and Vanniusoides Carvalho & Lorenzato. Austrovannius nov. gen. is described, including three new species, A. platnicki sp. nov., A. scutica sp. nov., and A. xepenehense sp. nov. New species belonging to existing genera within the Vannius complex are described, including: Vanniopsis howense sp. nov., Vanniusoides asprokara sp. nov. and Vanniusoides melafrons sp. nov. Vanniopsis rufescens Poppius, 1909 is redescribed and the male genitalia are illustrated for the first time. Illustrations of male and female genitalia are given for the new species. A cladistic analysis of the genera of the Vannius complex is presented and the systematic position of the complex is discussed.

citation:
Cassis, G., Schwartz, M.D. and Moulds, T. 2003. Systematics and new taxa of the Vannius complex (Hemiptera: Miridae: Cylapinae) from the Australian region. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49: 123-151.


author:
Caterino, M.S.; Reed, R.D.; Kuo, M.M.; Sperling, F.A.H.

title:
A partitioned likelihood analysis of swallowtail butterfly phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

abstract:
Although it is widely agreed that data from multiple sources are necessary to confidently resolve phylogenetic relationships, procedures for accommodating and incorporating heterogeneity in such data remain underdeveloped. We explored the use of partitioned, model-based analyses of heterogeneous molecular data in the context of a phylogenetic study of swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Despite substantial basic and applied study, phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of this prominent group remain contentious. We sequenced 3.3 kb of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (2.3 kb of cytochrome oxidase I and II and 1.0 kb of elongation factor-1[alpha], respectively) from 22 swallowtails, including representatives of Baroniinae, Parnassiinae, and Papilioninae, and from several moth and butterfly outgroups. Using parsimony, we encountered considerable difficulty in resolving the deepest splits among these taxa. We therefore chose two outgroups with undisputed relationships to each other and to Papilionidae and undertook detailed likelihood analyses of alternative topologies. Following from previous studies that have demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics among process partitions of these genes, we estimated evolutionary parameters separately for gene-based and codon-based partitions. These values were then used as the basis for examining the likelihoods of possible resolutions and rootings under several partitioned and unpartitioned likelihood models. Partitioned models gave markedly better fits to the data than did unpartitioned models and supported different topologies. However, the most likely topology varied from model to model. The most likely ingroup topology under the best-fitting, six-partition GTR + [GAMMA] model favors a paraphyletic Parnassiinae. However, when examining the likelihoods of alternative rootings of this tree relative to rootings of the classical hypothesis, two rootings of the latter emerge as most likely. Of these two, the most likely rooting is within the Papilioninae, although a rooting between Baronia and the remaining Papilionidae is only nonsignificantly less likely.

citation:
Caterino, M.S., Reed, R.D., Kuo, M.M. and Sperling, F.A.H. 2001. A partitioned likelihood analysis of swallowtail butterfly phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Systematic Biology 50: 106-127.


title:
Papilio phylogeny based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes

citation:
Caterino, M.S. and Sperling, F.A.H. 1999. Papilio phylogeny based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11: 122-137.


title:
Analise cladistica e revisao de Parathona Melichar (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae)

citation:
Cavichioli, R.R. 1998. Analise cladistica e revisao de Parathona Melichar (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 14: 523-537.


author:
Cesaroni, D.; Lucarelli, M.; Allori, P.; Russo, F.; Sbordoni, V.

title:
Patterns of evolution and multidimensional systematics in graylings (Lepidoptera: Hipparchia)

citation:
Cesaroni, D., Lucarelli, M., Allori, P., Russo, F. and Sbordoni, V. 1994. Patterns of evolution and multidimensional systematics in graylings (Lepidoptera: Hipparchia). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 52: 101-119.


title:
Revision and phylogeny of the Caribbean genus Elytrogona Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini)

citation:
Chaboo, C.S. 2000. Revision and phylogeny of the Caribbean genus Elytrogona Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini). Coleopterists Bulletin 54: 379-394.


title:
Revision and phylogenetic analysis of Acromis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini)

abstract:
The cassidine genus Acromis Chevrolat is revised. A key for identification of adults, illustrated descriptions and extensive distribution data for the three species are provided. Eggs and mature larvae of A. spinifex (Linnaeus) are redescribed. A cladistic analysis of species based on 19 morphological characters is done using the stolaine genera Omaspides Chevrolat and Echoma Chevrolat, as well as Delocrania cossyphoides Guerin (Delocraniini) and Himatidium capense Herbst (Imatidiini) as outgroups. The resulting single most parsimonious tree (steps = 20; CI = 87; RI = 90) provides strong support for resolution within Acromis. Biological implications are discussed in light of the cladogram.

citation:
Chaboo, C.S. 2001. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of Acromis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Stolaini). Coleopterists Bulletin 55: 75-102.


title:
Redefinicion del genero Prochoerodes, con la redescripcion de las especies argentinas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

journal:
Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina

abstract:
The genus Prochoerodes Grote, with the species Prochoerodes onustaria (Hubner), Prochoerodes tetragonata (Guenee) and Prochoerodes flexilinea (Warren), is here recorded for the first time for the Argentinean fauna. The genus is redefined on the basis of characters of external morphology and genital structures of both sexes. Their species are redescribed and illustrated, and a key for the identification of species is provided. The monophyly of Prochoerodes is postulated on the basis of four possible synapomorphies: (1) a pair of triangular processes covered with spines in the distal region of the aedeagus, (2) ductus bursae dorsally grooved with different grades of depth, (3) an oval plate furrowed by transverse strations at level of the antrum, and (4) a horn-shaped signum. Comments are made on the phylogenetic relationships of Prochoerodes with the remaining neotropical genera of Ourapterygini.

citation:
Chalup, A. 2003. Redefinicion del genero Prochoerodes, con la redescripcion de las especies argentinas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 62: 91-102.


author:
Chang, H.Y.; Tzeng, C.C.; Tsai, W.H.; Kao, S.S.; Tseng, Y.H.

title:
Phylogenetic study of the Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA

abstract:
Nineteen species of fruit flies trapped from northern and central Taiwan were examined, including 9 species of the tribe Dacini, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. ferruginea, B. cilifera, B. cucurbitae, B. diaphora, B. scutellata, B. synnephes, B. tau, and Dacus formosonus, and 10 outgroup taxa from the other 4 subfamilies of the Tephritidae, Acrotaeniostola sexvittata, Gastrozona fasciventris, Acanthonevra speciosa, Phorelliosoma hexachaeta, Euphranta apicalis, Coelotrypes latilimbata, Carpophthoracidia matsumotoi, Fusciludia ensifera, Spathulina acroleuca, and Rhabdochaeta formosana. Sequence data from about 900 bp within the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced using the dideoxy chain determination method. Based on sequence comparisons, phylogenetic relationships among the included taxa were inferred using Neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. Trees were congruent with the morphological classification and suggested the following phylogenetic relationships: (1) monophyly of the tribe Dacini including Bactrocera and Dacus; (2) a sister group relationship between the tribes Gastrozonini and Dacini; (3) respective monophyly of the tribe Adramini, tribe Trypetini, and tribe Acanthonevrini, and a possible relationship between them and the tribe Dacini remain to be clearified; and (4) the non-monophyletic nature of the Trypetinae between the tribes Adramini and Trypetini. From 16S ribosomal DNA data, we also propose that (1) B. ferruginea is a definite species, and its previous combination as a synonym of B. dorsalis should be revised; and (2) Coelotrypes can be maintained as a separate genus distinct from Euphranta.

citation:
Chang, H.Y., Tzeng, C.C., Tsai, W.H., Kao, S.S. and Tseng, Y.H. 2003. Phylogenetic study of the Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taichung) 45: 1-15.


author:
Chapco, W.; Kuperus, W.R.; Litzenberger, G.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): the genus Melanoplus

citation:
Chapco, W., Kuperus, W.R. and Litzenberger, G. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): the genus Melanoplus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 617-623.


title:
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grasshopper genus Melanoplus Stal (Orthoptera: Acrididae) - an update

abstract:
This research expands upon our previous molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Melanoplus by incorporating additional mitochondrial genes: taxa and specimens. Included are two monotypic genera suspected of close affiliation with Melanoplus: Phoetaliotes and Bohemanella. Portions of four mitochondrial genes, coding for cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit II, were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed using (weighted and unweighted) parsimon and neighbor-joining methods. Maximum resolution of relationships was achieved using weighted parsimony and by treating all sequences, totalin, 1716 base pairs, as a unit. The following large clades emerged in parsimony analyses, supported by moderate to poor bootstrap values: A - sanguinipes, femurrubrum, devastator gaspesiensis, fasciatus, borealis, madeleineae, dawsoni; B - packardii, foedus: angustipennis, gladstoni, aspasmus; C - bivittatus, franciscanus, keeleri, calidus: littoralis, differentialis; D - infantilis, alpinus, aridus, Phoetaliotes, scudderi; and E - confusus, Bohemanella, marginatus, microtatus. M. lakinus was basal to all species. Deviations from the conventional literature in which species are organized into species groups or series are discussed. It is concluded that many such groups are phylogenetically questionable; their validity warrant serious reconsideration. Two phenomena - a rapid burst (or bursts) of speciation occurring, early in the genus' evolution and an absence of complete lineage sorting; for certain closely related species - are nicely illustrated by Melanoplus. We provide evidence that the massive radiation that took place within the past 4 My, inferred previously by Knowles and Otte, extends to a wider base of taxa, beyond the particular species studied by these authors.

citation:
Chapco, W. and Litzenberger, G. 2002. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the grasshopper genus Melanoplus Stal (Orthoptera: Acrididae) - an update. Journal of Orthoptera Research 11: 1-9.


author:
Chapco, W.; Litzenberger, G.; Kuperus, W.R.

title:
A molecular biogeographic analysis of the relationship between North American melanoploid grasshoppers and their Eurasian and South American relatives

abstract:
The Melanoplinae constitute one of the two largest subfamilies of Acrididae. Distributed mainly throughout the New World and parts of Eurasia, this group of grasshoppers includes over 100 genera and 800 species. Over the past five decades there has been considerable speculation on the origins of North and South American taxa. The most favored hypothesis proposes an ancient division of Laurasian taxa accompanying the separation of North America and Eurasia, with subsequent radiations within those continents, followed by a recent incursion of Nearctic melanoplines into the southern hemisphere with the establishment of the Isthmus of Panama. This research tests that scenario by phylogenetic analysis using as characters portions of five mitochondrial gene sequences, totaling 2285 bp. Three tree-building methods, maximum-parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood, strongly support the different view that melanopline grasshoppers originated somewhere in the Americas and spread to the Old World. The feasibility of these findings is discussed within a geological context.

citation:
Chapco, W., Litzenberger, G. and Kuperus, W.R. 2001. A molecular biogeographic analysis of the relationship between North American melanoploid grasshoppers and their Eurasian and South American relatives. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18: 460-466.


author:
Chapco, W.; Martel, R.K.B.; Kuperus, W.R.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of North American band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

citation:
Chapco, W., Martel, R.K.B. and Kuperus, W.R. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of North American band-winged grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90: 555-562.


title:
A molecular phylogeny of eurytomid wasps inferred from DNA sequence data of 28S, 18S, 16S, and COI genes

abstract:
Using partial DNA sequence data from nuclear 28S and 18S genes and mitochondrial 16S and COI genes, we reconstructed a phylogeny of the family Eurytomidae. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods were employed. The analysis revealed a significant incongruence between the mitochondrial genes and the nuclear genes, and we chose the results from the nuclear genes as our preferred hypothesis. Our phylogeny suggested that the family Eurytomidae is not a monophyletic group; neither are the genera Eurytoma and Bruchophagus. The monophyly of genera Sycophila and Plutarchia was well supported, as was the close association of the genera Aiolomorphus, Tenuipetiolus, Bephratelloides, and Phylloxeroxenus. Our phylogeny also revealed an anticipated pattern, in which species groups from the genera Eurytoma and Bruchophagus are often more closely related to other small genera than to other species groups of the same genus. Subsequent taxonomic revisions include elevating the subfamily Rileyinae to a family status and the divisions of the genera Eurytoma and Bruchophagus. [copyright] 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

citation:
Chen, Y., Xiao, H., Fu, J. and Huang, D.W. 2004. A molecular phylogeny of eurytomid wasps inferred from DNA sequence data of 28S, 18S, 16S, and COI genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 300-307.


title:
Comparative morphology and systematics on the female internal genitalia of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera). 1. Genus Pontia

citation:
Cheong, S.W. and Lee, C.E. 1992. Comparative morphology and systematics on the female internal genitalia of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera). 1. Genus Pontia. Metamorphosis 3: 95-99.


title:
Revision du genre Horistus Fieber, 1861 (Heteroptera: Miridae)

journal:
Bulletin and Annales de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie

citation:
Cherot, F. 1997. Revision du genre Horistus Fieber, 1861 (Heteroptera: Miridae). Bulletin and Annales de la Societe Royale Belge d'Entomologie 133: 113-196.


title:
The tribe Mecistoscelini Reuter, 1910 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae): A first cladistic analysis

abstract:
A first cladistic analysis at the generic level (exemplar approach) is provided for the members of the tribe Mecistoscelini. The monophyly of the corresponding clade is established and the relationships within the Mirinae Hahn, 1833 subfamily are briefly discussed.

citation:
Cherot, F. 2002. The tribe Mecistoscelini Reuter, 1910 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae): A first cladistic analysis. Journal of the National Taiwan Museum 55: 25-40.


author:
Cho, S.; Mitchell, A.; Regier, J.C.; Mitter, C.; Poole, R.W.; Friedlander, T.P.; Zhao, S.

title:
A highly conserved nuclear gene for low-level phylogenetics: Elongation factor-1a recovers morphology-based tree for Heliothine moths

abstract:
Molecular systematists need increased access to nuclear genes. Highly conserved, low copy number protein-encoding nuclear genes have attractive features for phylogenetic inference but have heretofore been applied mostly to very ancient divergences. By virtue of their synonymous substitutions, such genes should contain a wealth of information about lower-level taxonomic relationships as well, with the advantage that amino acid conservatism makes both alignment and primer definition straightforward. We tested this postulate for the elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) gene in the noctuid moth subfamily Heliothinae, which has probably diversified since the middle Tertiary. We sequenced 1,240 bp in 18 taxa representing heliothine groupings strongly supported by previous morphological and allozyme studies. The single most parsimonious gene tree and the neighbor-joining tree for all nucleotides show almost complete concordance with the morphological tree. Homoplasy and pairwise divergence levels are low, transition/ transversion ratios are high, and phylogenetic information is spread evenly across gene regions. The EF-1 alpha gene and presumably other highly conserved genes hold much promise for phylogenetics of Tertiary age eukaryote groups. ;

citation:
Cho, S., Mitchell, A., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Poole, R.W., Friedlander, T.P. and Zhao, S. 1995. A highly conserved nuclear gene for low-level phylogenetics: Elongation factor-1a recovers morphology-based tree for Heliothine moths. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 650-656.


title:
A phylogenetic study on genera of Cidariini from the Holarctic and the Indo-Australian areas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae)

citation:
Choi, S.W. 1997. A phylogenetic study on genera of Cidariini from the Holarctic and the Indo-Australian areas (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae). Systematic Entomology 22: 287-312.


title:
Taxonomic review of two genera Pseudodysstroma Heydemann and Paradysstroma gen. n. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae)

citation:
Choi, S.W. 1998. Taxonomic review of two genera Pseudodysstroma Heydemann and Paradysstroma gen. n. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae). Tinea 15: 228-239.


title:
Systematics of the genus Cidaria Treitschke (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae)

citation:
Choi, S.W. 1998. Systematics of the genus Cidaria Treitschke (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 122: 555-580.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the Therini: a new synonym of the Cidariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae)

citation:
Choi, S.W. 2000. A cladistic analysis of the Therini: a new synonym of the Cidariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Larentiinae). American Museum Novitates 3295: 1-25.


title:
Cladistic biogeography of the moth tribe Cidariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions

citation:
Choi, S.W. 2000. Cladistic biogeography of the moth tribe Cidariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the Holarctic and Indo-Chinese regions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 529-547.


title:
Phylogeny of Eulithis Huebner and related genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with an implication of wing pattern evolution

abstract:
This study investigates a mimicry ring in East Asia, comprising the ennomine genus Abraxas Leach and several larentiine genera, including Eulithis Hubner, Chartographa Gumppenberg, Callabraxas Butler, Calleulype Warren, Gandaritis Moore, and Eucosmabraxas Prout. A cladistic analysis of these latter genera was undertaken using six outgroups and 51 morphological characters. The preferred cladogram, derived after the successive weighting, recognized seven monophyletic groups: Antepirrhoe Warren rev. gen., Evecliptopera Inoue, Gandaritis, Callabraxas, Lobogonodes Bastelberger, Eustroma Hubner and Eulithis, and resulted in three new synonyms: Chartographa, a synonym of Callabraxas, and Eucosmabraxas and Calleulype, synonyms of Gandaritis. Three revived combinations are proposed: Antepirrhoe atrifasciata (Hulst), A. semiatrata (Hulst), and A. fasciata (Barnes and McDunnough). Nine new combinations are also proposed: Gandaritis powellata (Ferguson and Choi), G. pyraliata (Denis and Schiffermuller), G. atricolorata (Grote and Robinson), G. placida (Butler), G. whitelyi (Butler), G. evanescens (Butler), Callabraxas fabiolaria (Oberthur), C. plurilineata (Walker), and C. compositata (Guenee). Wing patterns and a distinctive abdomen have undergone convergent evolution, evolving at least twice within Eulithis and related genera: once in the genus Gandaritis, and again in Callabraxas. A key to the genera is provided as well as diagnoses, species lists, biology, and distributions for each.

citation:
Choi, S.W. 2001. Phylogeny of Eulithis Huebner and related genera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), with an implication of wing pattern evolution. American Museum Novitates 3318: 1-37.


title:
Systematics of the tribe Abraxini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) in South Korea

citation:
Choi, S.W., Kim, S.S. and Shin, Y.H. 1998. Systematics of the tribe Abraxini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) in South Korea. Insecta Koreana 15: 41-76.


title:
Historical Ecology of Sub-Antarctic Weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) - Patterns and Processes on isolated islands

abstract:
The Ectemnorhinus-group of weevils is endemic to the South Indian Ocean province Islands of the sub-Antarctic region. Although small (36 species), it is the most diverse monophyletic arthropod taxon in the province. As such it is one of the few groups which allows comparisons of ecological and evolutionary patterns displayed by biotas on the extremely isolated sub-Antarctic archipelagos, with those exhibited by tropical or northern temperate biotas. Current information on habitat use, diet, assemblage structure and the evolution of the group is reviewed and compared with similar studies of tropical or temperate island biotas, as well as with current ideas on the ecology and evolution of island biotas. A recent phylogeny is used as a chronicle on which to base this historical account. The 36 species fall within six genera which have two major lifestyles, viz. angiosperm herbivory or cryptogam herbivory. These feeding habits constrain species in their habitat distributions on the islands and seem to have been a result of climatic forcing associated with Milankovitch cycles, rather than taxon cycles or pulses associated with competition in a centre of origin. At a regional level the influence of climate is pronounced, whereas at a local level the effects of interspecific interactions, or lack thereof, are marked. Circumstantial evidence favours between-island allopatry as the dominant speciation mode in the group, although sympatric speciation in historically young, angiosperm communities may have contributed to rapid diversification in the taxon in general, the patterns and processes documented for weevils on these isolated islands agree closely with those found in biotas from other islands.

citation:
Chown, S.L. 1994. Historical Ecology of Sub-Antarctic Weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) - Patterns and Processes on isolated islands. Journal of Natural History 28: 411-43.


abstract:
Cladograms obtained independently of theories about evolutionary processes, e.g., adaptation, can be used to test such theories. In this paper, we briefly review the steps to be followed in a cladistic approach to the study of adaptation, namely, character mapping and optimisation of binary and multistate characters, and sister group comparisons. Two case studies are presented to exemplify this approach, one dealing with grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and the other with weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea).

citation:
Cigliano, M.M. and Morrone, J.J. 2000. Cladistic methods to analyze adaptation. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 110: 113-124.


author:
Cigliano, M.M.; Ronderos, R.A.; Kemp, W.P.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships of Scotussa and Leiotettix (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

citation:
Cigliano, M.M., Ronderos, R.A. and Kemp, W.P. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Scotussa and Leiotettix (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Cladistics 12: 125-138.


title:
Systematics and phylogeny of Parapholidoptera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae)

abstract:
Genus Parapholidoptera is revised and three species, P. yoruka sp.n., P. bolkarensis sp.n. and P. salmani sp.n., are described. Parapholidoptera delineata Stolyarov is placed in synonymy with P. ziganensis Karabag. Parapholidoptera bodenheimeri Karabag and P. distincta bodenheimeri Karabag are placed in synonymy with P. distincta (Uvarov). Parapholidoptera flexuosa Karabag, previously a subspecies of P. casteneoviridis (Brunner von Wattenwyl), is recognized as a separate species. A key to world species is provided. Cladistic analysis revealed the monophyly of the genus with two major clades. A short account of distribution is presented.

citation:
Ciplak, B. 2000. Systematics and phylogeny of Parapholidoptera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae). Systematic Entomology 25: 411-436.


title:
Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): Evolution within a refugium

abstract:
The genus Anterastes, distributed in southeastern Europe and the western part of Anatolia, is revised based on previous materials and numerous specimens collected from new localities. A key to all species is presented. Two new species, A. antitauricas sp. n. and A. ucari sp. n. are described. Anterastes akdaghensis Ramme is placed in synonymy with A. babadaghi Uvarov. Cladistic analysis confirmed the monophyly of Anterastes. The relationships among the species of Anterastes are: A. zildaghensis + ((A. serbicas + A. burri + A. antitanricus sp. n.) + (A. anatolicus + A. tolunyi + (A. niger + (A. babadaghi + A. turcicus + A. ucari sp. n.)))). The biogeography of the genus shows a correlation with its phylogeny. It is assumed that the genus arose from an ancestral stock in northwestern Anatolia in the Pliocene and the later range of this ancestral population expanded and contracted under the effects of the ice ages (glacial and interglacial periods, respectively). It is postulated that speciation within the genus, suggested by phylogenetic analysis, might have occurred when the range of ancestral populations expanded during glacial periods and contracted in subsequent warm periods. The present species may be the product of relict populations remaining in refugia at higher altitudes with alpine or subalpine vegetation in southern Anatolia.

citation:
Ciplak, B. 2004. Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Anterastes (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Tettigoniinae): Evolution within a refugium. Zoologica Scripta 33: 19-44.


author:
Clark, M.A.; Moran, N.A.; Baumann, P.; Wernegreen, J.J.

title:
Cospeciation between bacterial endosymbionts (Buchnera) and a recent radiation of aphids (Uroleucon) and pitfalls of testing for phylogenetic congruence

abstract:
Previous studies of phylogenetic congruence between aphids and their symbiotic bacteria (Buchnera) supported long-term vertical transmission of symbionts. However, those studies were based on distantly related aphids and would not have revealed horizontal transfer of symbionts among closely related hosts. Aphid species of the genus Uroleucon are closely related phylogenetically and overlap in geographic ranges, habitats, and parasitoids. To examine support for congruence of phylogenies of Buchnera and Uroleucon, sequences from four mitochondrial, one nuclear, and one endosymbiont gene (trpB) were obtained. Congruence of phylogenies based on pooled aphid genes with phylogenies based on trpB was highly significant: Most nodes resolved by trpB corresponded to nodes resolved by the pooled aphid genes. Furthermore, no nodes were both inconsistent between the trees and strongly supported in both trees. Two kinds of analyses testing the null hypothesis of perfect congruence between pairwise combinations of datasets and tree topologies were performed: the Kishino-Hasegawa test and the likelihood-ratio test. Both tests indicated significant disagreement among most pairwise combinations of mitochondrial, nuclear, and symbiont datasets. Because rampant recombination among mitochondrial genomes of different aphid species is unlikely, inaccurate assumptions in the evolutionary models underlying these tests appear to be causing the hypothesis of a shared history to be incorrectly rejected. Moreover, trpB was more consistent with the aphid genes as a set than any single aphid gene was with the others, suggesting that the symbionts show the same phylogeny as the aphids. Overall, analyses support the interpretation that symbionts and aphids have undergone strict cospeciation, with no horizontal transmission of symbionts even among closely related, ecologically similar aphid hosts.

citation:
Clark, M.A., Moran, N.A., Baumann, P. and Wernegreen, J.J. 2000. Cospeciation between bacterial endosymbionts (Buchnera) and a recent radiation of aphids (Uroleucon) and pitfalls of testing for phylogenetic congruence. Evolution 54: 517-525.


title:
Molecular phylogeny of Diabrotica beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) inferred from analysis of combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

abstract:
The phylogenetic relationships of thirteen Diabrotica (representing virgifera and fucata species groups) and two outgroup Acalymma beetle species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were inferred from the phylogenetic analysis of a combined data set of 1323 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and the entire second internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 362 characters. Species investigated were D. adelpha, D. balteata, D. barber!, D. cristata, D. lemniscata, D. longicornis, D. porracea, D. speciosa, D. undecimpunctata howardi, D. u. undecimpunctata, D. virgifera virgifera, D. v. zeae, D. viridula, and outgroup A. blandulum and A. vittatum. Maximum parsimony (MP), minimum evolution (ME), and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of combined COI and ITS-2 sequences clearly place species into their traditional morphological species groups with MP and ME analyses resulting in identical topologies. Results generally confer with a prior work based on allozyme data, but within the virgifera species group, D. barberi and D. longicornis strongly resolve as sister taxa as well as monophyletic with the neotropical species, D. viridula, D. cristata and D. lemniscata also resolve as sister taxa. Both relationships are not in congruence with the prior allozyme-based hypothesis. Within the fucata species group, D. speciosa and D. balteata resolve as sister taxa. Results also strongly supported the D. virgifera and D. undecimpunctata subspecies complexes. Our proposed phylogeny provides some insight into current hypotheses regarding distribution status and evolution of various life history traits for Diabrotica.

citation:
Clark, T.L., Meinke, L.J. and Foster, J.E. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Diabrotica beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) inferred from analysis of combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 10: 303-314.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis reveals new genus of Ipini bark beetle (Scolytidae)

citation:
Cognato, A.I. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis reveals new genus of Ipini bark beetle (Scolytidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 362-366.


author:
Cognato, A.I.; Rogers, S.O.; Teale, S.A.

title:
Species diagnosis and phylogeny of the Ips grandicollis group (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA

citation:
Cognato, A.I., Rogers, S.O. and Teale, S.A. 1995. Species diagnosis and phylogeny of the Ips grandicollis group (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88: 397-405.


author:
Cognato, A.I.; Seybold, S.J.; Wood, D.L.; Teale, S.A.

title:
A cladistic analysis of pheromone evolution in Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

citation:
Cognato, A.I., Seybold, S.J., Wood, D.L. and Teale, S.A. 1997. A cladistic analysis of pheromone evolution in Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Evolution 51: 313-318.


title:
Phylogeny of Ips DeGeer species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 DNA sequence

citation:
Cognato, A.I. and Sperling, F.A.H. 2000. Phylogeny of Ips DeGeer species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 DNA sequence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14: 445-460.


title:
Classification and numerical analysis of Australian listroscelidine katydids

journal:
Tettigoniidae of Australia. Volume 3. The Listroscelidinae, Tympanophorinae, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae

citation:
Colless, D.H. 2001. Classification and numerical analysis of Australian listroscelidine katydids. Pp. 14-20 in: Rentz, D.C.F. [ed.], Tettigoniidae of Australia. Volume 3. The Listroscelidinae, Tympanophorinae, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood.


title:
Oecophorine genera of Australia. 1. The Wingia group (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

citation:
Common, I.F.B. 1994. Oecophorine genera of Australia. 1. The Wingia group (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 3: i-xvi, 1-390.


title:
Evolution of host use in fruit flies of the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae): Cryptic species on sexually dimorphic host plants

abstract:
Blepharoneura, a neotropical genus of tephritid fruit flies, includes newly discovered morphologically cryptic species that are highly host specific.  Several species of fly, each specific to a different host tissue, can infest a single species of sexually dimorphic host.  Using allozyme electrophoresis, we analysed morphologically similar populations of flies reared from various tissues of five species of host plant representing three subtribes of the Cucurbitaceae.  In Venezuela, we found three sympatric species of Blepharoneura feeding on Gurania spinulosa Cogn. (one species on male flowers, another on female flowers, and a third on seeds).  In Costa Rica, we found four non-interbreeding populations of Blepharoneura feeding on G. costaricenses Cogn.: two sympatric 'lowland' populations (one feeding on male flowrs and another on female flowers) and two sympatric 'highland' populations (also specific to flowers of different sexes). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a species-rich clade of specialists associated with flowers of the Guraniinae, and a species-poor clade of generalists associated with seeds of the Guraniinae.  Specilaization on male vs. female flowrs appears to have ocurred repeatedly.  Patters of larval dispersal may underlie differences in diversification of seed vs. flower clades: larvae that feed on seeds are dispersed by bats; larvae feeding on flowers are not dispersed.

citation:
Condon, M.A. and Steck, G.J. 1997. Evolution of host use in fruit flies of the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae): Cryptic species on sexually dimorphic host plants. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 60: 443-466.


title:
Figs and fig wasps: Evolution in a microcosm

citation:
Cook, J.M. and Lopez-Vaamonde, C. 2001. Figs and fig wasps: Evolution in a microcosm. Biologist 48: 105-109.


author:
Cook, J.M.; Rokas, A.; Pagel, M.; Stone, G.N.

title:
Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host-plant organs in Andricus gallwasps

abstract:
Gall-inducing insects have especially intimate interactions with their host plants and generally show great specificity with regard to both the host-plant species and the organ (e.g. flower, leaf) galled. However, the relative roles of shifts between host species and between host-plant organs in the diversification of gall-inducers are uncertain. We employ a novel and general maximum-likelihood approach to show that shifts between host-plant organs occur at a significantly greater rate than shifts between host oak sections in European Andricus gallwasps. This suggests that speciation has more often been associated with gall location shifts than with colonization of new host-plant species, and implies that it may be easier for gall-inducers to colonize new plant organs than new plant species.Andricus gallwasps have complex life cycles, with obligate alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations. Our phylogenetic analyses show that a life cycle with both generations galling white oaks (section Quercus) is ancestral, with a single shift of the sexual generation onto black oaks (section Cerris) to generate a clade with a novel host-alternating life cycle. This new life cycle provided the opportunity for further speciation, but may have also increased the risk of extinction of one or both generations by the demographic requirement for co-existence of both host-plant groups. In summary, it appears that Andricus gallwasp radiation may be a two-level process. Speciation events often involve shifts in gall location on the same host species. However, there are only so many ways to gall an oak, and rare shifts to new oak sections may contribute greatly to long-term diversification by opening up whole new adaptive zones.

citation:
Cook, J.M., Rokas, A., Pagel, M. and Stone, G.N. 2002. Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host-plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution 56: 1821-1830.


title:
A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA

abstract:
Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are a speciose and morphologically specialized group of plant-feeding bugs in which evolutionary relationships and thus higher classification are controversial. Sequences derived from nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA were used to generate a preliminary molecular phylogeny for the Coccoidea based on 39 species representing 14 putative families. Monophyly of the archaeococcoids (comprising Ortheziidae, Margarodidae sensu lato, and Phenacoleachia) was equivocal, whereas monophyly of the neococcoids was supported. Putoidae, represented by Puto yuccae, was found to be outside the remainder of the neococcoid clade. These data are consistent with a single origin (in the ancestor of the neococcoid clade) of a chromosome system involving paternal genome elimination in males. Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) appear to be sister to the rest of the neococcoids and there are indications that Coccidae (soft scales) and Kerriidae (lac scales) are sister taxa. The Eriococcidae (felt scales) was not recovered as a monophyletic group and the eriococcid genus Eriococcus sensu lato was polyphyletic.

citation:
Cook, L.G., Gullan, P.J. and Trueman, H.E. 2002. A preliminary phylogeny of the scale insects (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea) based on nuclear small-subunit ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 43-52.


author:
Cook, M.A.; Harwood, L.M.; Robinson, G.S.

title:
Long-chain fatty acids and systematics of the Tineidae (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Cook, M.A., Harwood, L.M. and Robinson, G.S. 1997. Long-chain fatty acids and systematics of the Tineidae (Lepidoptera). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25: 603-610.


title:
Molytini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)

citation:
Craw, R.C. 1999. Molytini (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae). Fauna of New Zealand 39: 1-65.


title:
Sobre a provavel parafilia de Centrotinae Amyot & Serville (Homoptera, Membracidae)

citation:
Creao-Duarte, A.J. 1992. Sobre a provavel parafilia de Centrotinae Amyot & Serville (Homoptera, Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 9: 197-201.


title:
Analise cladistica dos generos de Membracinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae)

citation:
Creao-Duarte, A.J. and Sakakibara, A.M. 1998. Analise cladistica dos generos de Membracinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Membracidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 15: 823-846.


author:
Crespi, B.; Carmean, D.; Vawter, L.; von-Dohlen, C.

citation:
Crespi, B., Carmean, D., Vawter, L. and von-Dohlen, C. 1996. Molecular phylogenetics of Thysanoptera. Systematic Entomology 21: 79-87.


title:
Ecology and evolution of social behavior among Australian gall thrips and their allies

journal:
The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids

citation:
Crespi, B.J. and Mound, L.A. 1997. Ecology and evolution of social behavior among Australian gall thrips and their allies. Pp. 166-180 in: Choe, J.C and Crespi, B.J. [eds.], The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York & Oakleigh.


title:
Comparative analysis of gall morphology in Australian gall thrips: The evolution of extended phenotypes

abstract:
We used a combination of morphometric, phylogenetic, and life-history information to analyze the evoution and possible adaptive significance of gall morphology in a clade of 24 species of gall-inducing thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on Australian Acacia trees. Principal components analysis revealed that galls varied in morphology along two main axes, spherical versus elongate (PC1) and general size (PC2). A high degree of conservation of gall shape on an independently derived phylogeny of the insects and the presence of nine species of Acacia each bearing two or three morphologically disparate gall forms induced by different thrips species indicate that interspecific variation in gall form is determined predominantly by the insects.  Character optimization of PC1 on the phylogeny of gall thrips suggested that the ancesstral gall form was a simple roll or curl.  The diversification of gal form involved four main processes: (1) the convergent evolution of relatively spherical galls in two clades; (2) the evolution of small elongate and hemispherical galls in one clade; (3) the evolution of a lobed interior in species with a spherical gall and multiple within-gall generation; and (4) the evolution of a lobed interior in a species with a spherical gall and multiple within-gall generations; and (4) the evolution of intraspecific gall polymorphism in a clade of apparent sibling speices.  Comparative analyses indicated that gall sphericity was associated with the presence of physogastry (foundress hyperfecundity) and that small elongate and hemispherical forms may be associated with the presence of multiple generations in a gall and, perhaps, with the presence of soldier castes. The evolution of a lobed interior in one species, which greatly increases inner surface area, coincided with the evolution of multiple generations.  In the clade with intraspecific gall polymorphism in some species, patterns of intraspecific variation mirror patterns of interspecific variation within the clade as a whole.  This is the first study to analyze the evolution of gall size and shape in a phylogenetic context and to investigate the life-history correlates of evolutionary changes in gall form. Taken together, our findings indicate that the main selective pressures driving the evolution of gall form in Australian gall thrips on Acacia involve inner surface area to volume relationships, which change in concert with foundress fecundity and the number of within-gall generations.

citation:
Crespi, B. and Worobey, M. 1998. Comparative analysis of gall morphology in Australian gall thrips: The evolution of extended phenotypes. Evolution 52: 1686-1696.


author:
Crespi, B.J.; Carmean, D.A.; Mound, L.A.; Worobey, M.; Morris, D.

title:
Phylogenetics of social behavior in Australian gall-forming thrips: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence, adult morphology and behavior, and gall morphology

abstract:
Six species of Australian gall-forming thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on Acacia exhibit soldier castes, individuals with reduced wings and enlarged forelegs that defend their gall against interspecific invaders. We used data from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I and 16S rDNA), adult morphology and behavior, and gall morphology to infer a phylogeny for Acacia gall-forming thrips with and without soldiers, and we used this phylogeny to evaluate hypotheses concerning soldier evolution. Phylogenies inferred from each data set analyzed separately yielded large numbers of most-parsimonious trees and weak support for most nodes. However, when analyzed together the data sets complemented and reinforced one; another in such a way as to yield a well-resolved phylogeny. Our phylogeny implies that soldiers originated once or twice early in the history of this clade, that soldiers were lost once or twice, and that soldiers evolved from winged dispersers rather than from nonsoldier within-gall reproductive offspring of foundresses. The phylogeny also provides evidence for long-term morphological stasis, an ancient split between eastern and western gall thrips species, and a high degree of conservatism in host-plant affiliations.

citation:
Crespi, B.J., Carmean, D.A., Mound, L.A., Worobey, M. and Morris, D. 1998. Phylogenetics of social behavior in Australian gall-forming thrips: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence, adult morphology and behavior, and gall morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 163-180.


title:
Phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of ecological specialization in Timema walking-sticks

abstract:
We used phylogenetic and ecological information to study the evolution of host-plant specialization and colour polymorphism in the genus Timema, which comprises 14 species of walking-sticks that are subject to strong selection for cryptic coloration on their host-plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this genus consists of three main lineages. Two of the lineages include highly generalized basal species and relatively specialized distal species, and one of the lineages comprises four specialized species. We tested for phylogenetic conservatism in the traits studied via randomizing host-plant use, and the four basic Timema colour patterns, across the tips of the phylogeny, and determining if the observed number of inferred changes was significantly low compared to the distribution of numbers of inferred changes expected under the null model. This analysis showed that (1) host-plant use has evolved nonrandomly, such that more closely related species tend to use similar sets of hosts and (2) colour pattern evolution exhibits considerable lability. Inference of ancestral states using maximum parsimony, under four models for the relative ease of gain and loss of plant hosts or colour morphs, showed that (1) for all models with gains of host-plants even marginally more difficult than losses, and for most optimizations with gains and losses equally difficult, the ancestral Timema were generalized, feeding on the chaparral plants Ceanothus and Adenostoma and possibly other taxa, and (2) for all models with gains of colour morphs more difficult than losses, the ancestral Timema were polymorphic for colour pattern. Generation of null distributions of inferred ancestral states showed that the maximum-parsimony inference of host-plant generalization was most robust for the most speciose of the three main Timema lineages. Ancestral states were also inferred using maximum likelihood, after recoding host-plant use and colour polymorphism as dichotomous characters. Likelihood analyses provided some support for inference of generalization in host-plant use at ancestral nodes of the two lineages exhibiting mixtures of generalists and specialists, although levels of uncertainty were high. By contrast, likelihood analysis did not estimate ancestral colour morph patterns with any confidence, due to inferred rates of change that were high with respect to speciation rates. Information from biogeography, floristic history and the timing of diversification of the genus are compatible with patterns of inferred ancestral host-plant use.Diversification in the genus Timema appears to engender three main processes: (1) increased specialization via loss of host-plants, (2) retention of the same, single, host-plant and (3) shifts to novel hosts to which lineages were 'preadapted' in colour pattern. Our evidence suggests that the radiation of this genus has involved multiple evolutionary transitions from individual-level specialization (multiple-niche polymorphism) to population-level and species-level specialization. Ecological studies of Timema suggest that such transitions are driven by diversifying selection for crypsis. This paper provides the first phylogeny-based evidence for the macroevolutionary importance of predation by generalist natural enemies in the evolution of specialization.

citation:
Crespi, B.J. and Sandoval, C.P. 2000. Phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of ecological specialization in Timema walking-sticks. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 249-262.


author:
Cryan, J.R.; Wiegmann, B.M.; Deitz, L.L.; Dietrich, C.H.

title:
Phylogeny of the treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae): Evidence from two nuclear genes

abstract:
We present a molecular systematic investigation of relationships among family-group taxa of Membracidae, comprising nearly 3.5 kb of nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear genes elongation factor-1a (EF- 1a: 958 bp) and 28S ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA: 2363 bp); data partitions are analyzed separately and in combination for 79 taxa. Analysis of the combined sequence data provided a better-resolved and more robust hypothesis of membracid phylogeny than did separate analyses of the individual genes. Results support the monophyly of the family Membracidae and indicate; the presence of two major lineages (Centrotinae 1 Stegaspidinae 1 Centrodontinae and Darninae 1 Membracinae 1 Smiliinae). Within Membracidae, molecular data support the following assertions: (1) the previously unplaced genera Antillotolania and Deiroderes form a monophyletic group with Microcentrini; (2) Centrodontini and Nessorhinini are monophyletic clades that arise independently from within the Centrotinae; (3) Centrotinae is paraphyletic with respect to Centrodontinae; (4) the subfamily Membracinae is monophyletic and possibly allied with the darnine tribe Cymbomorphini; (5) the subfamily Darninae is paraphyletic; (6) the subfamily Smiliinae is paraphyletic, with molecular evidence indicating the exclusion of Micrutalini and perhaps Acutalini and Ceresini; and (7) Membracidae arose and diversified in the New World with multiple subsequent colonizations of the Old World. Our phylogenetic results suggest that morphology- based classifications of the Membracidae need to be reevaluated in light of emerging molecular; evidence.

citation:
Cryan, J.R., Wiegmann, B.M., Deitz, L.L. and Dietrich, C.H. 2000. Phylogeny of the treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae): Evidence from two nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 317-334.


title:
Morphological study of male genitalia with phylogenetic inference of Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

citation:
Dang, P.T. 1992. Morphological study of male genitalia with phylogenetic inference of Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist 124: 7-48.


title:
A systematic revision of the mealybug genus Trabutina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

citation:
Danzig, E.M. and Miller, D.R. 1996. A systematic revision of the mealybug genus Trabutina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 30: 7-46.


author:
Davidova-Vilimova, J.; Nejedla, M.; Schaefer, C.

title:
Dorso-abdominal scent glands and metathoracic evaporatoria in adults of central European Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with a discussion of phylogeny and higher systematics

citation:
Davidova-Vilimova, J., Nejedla, M. and Schaefer, C. 2000. Dorso-abdominal scent glands and metathoracic evaporatoria in adults of central European Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with a discussion of phylogeny and higher systematics. European Journal of Entomology 97: 213-221.


title:
A world classification of the Harmacloninae, a new subfamily of Tineidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)

citation:
Davis, D.R. 1998. A world classification of the Harmacloninae, a new subfamily of Tineidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 597: i-iii, 1-81.


citation:
Davis, D.R. 1999. The monotrysian Heteroneura. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 65-90.


author:
Davis, D.R.; Pellmyr, O.; Thompson, J.N.

title:
Biology and Systematics of Greya Busck and Tetragma, new genus (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae)

abstract:
Greya is a genus of particular biological interest, in that it is among the genera closest related to the yucca moths, which are widely quoted in discussions of coevolution. Both Greya and the new genus Tetragma share some morphological and behavioral traits with the yucca moths. In this paper, the general morphology, classification, distribution, and biology of the western North American genera Greya and Tetragma new genus, are reviewed, and a phylogeny is proposed. Sixteen species of Greya are recognized, including seven new species: G. mitellae, G. obscura, G. enchrysa, G. variabilis, G. pectinifera, G. suffusca, and G. powelli. Greya piperella is resurrected as a valid species. The new genus Tetragma is described, with the single, new species T. gei. Keys are provided for all species, and diagnostic characters of all taxa are illustrated by line drawings and photographs.; ;

citation:
Davis, D.R., Pellmyr, O. and Thompson, J.N. 1992. Biology and Systematics of Greya Busck and Tetragma, new genus (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 524: 88 pp..


title:
Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis MacLeay s.s. (Diptera, Tephritidae)

citation:
De Meyer, M. 2000. Systematic revision of the subgenus Ceratitis MacLeay s.s. (Diptera, Tephritidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 439-467.


title:
Die Arten der Lygaeinae-Gattung Apterola Mulsant & Rey (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae)

citation:
Deckert, J. 1995. Die Arten der Lygaeinae-Gattung Apterola Mulsant & Rey (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 42: 1-16.


author:
Delmotte, F.; Sabater-Munoz, B.; Prunier-Leterme, N.; Latorre, A.; Sunnucks, P.

title:
Phylogenetic evidence for hybrid origins of asexual lineages in an aphid species

abstract:
Understanding the mode of origin of asexuality is central to ongoing debates concerning the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. This is because it has profound consequences for patterns of genetic diversity and ecological adaptability of asexual lineages, hence on the outcome of competition with sexual relatives both in short and longer terms. Among the possible routes to asexuality, hybridization is a very common mechanism in animals and plants. Aphids present frequent transitions from their ancestral reproductive mode (cyclical parthenogenesis) to permanent asexuality, but the mode of origin of asexual lineages is generally not known because it has never been thoroughly investigated with appropriate molecular tools. Rhopalosiphum padi is an aphid species with coexisting sexual (cyclically parthenogenetic) and asexual (obligately parthenogenetic) lineages that are genetically distinct. Previous studies have shown that asexual lineages of R. padi are heterozygous at most nuclear loci, suggesting either that they have undergone long-term asexuality (under which heterozygosity tends to increase) or that they have hybrid origins. To discriminate between these alternatives, we conducted an extensive molecular survey combining the sequence analysis of alleles of two nuclear DNA markers and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in sexual and asexual lineages of R. padi. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers clearly showed that many asexual lineages have hybrid origins, the first such demonstration in aphids. Our results also indicated that asexuals result from multiple events of hybridization between R. padi and an unknown sibling species, and are of recent origin (contradicting previous estimates that asexual R. padi lineages were of moderate longevity). This study constitutes another example that putatively ancient asexual lineages are actually of much more recent origin than previously thought. It also presents a robust approach for testing whether hybrid origin of asexuality is also a common phenomenon in aphids.

citation:
Delmotte, F., Sabater-Munoz, B., Prunier-Leterme, N., Latorre, A. and Sunnucks, P. 2003. Phylogenetic evidence for hybrid origins of asexual lineages in an aphid species. Evolution 57: 1291-1303.


title:
Peculiarities of food-plant connection of the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) on upgeneric [sic] levels

citation:
Derzhavets, J. 1993. Peculiarities of food-plant connection of the Sphingidae (Lepidoptera) on upgeneric [sic] levels. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 193: 84-92, 255.


title:
Phylogenetic interrelations of the sphinx moths of the genus Hyles Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)

citation:
Derzhavets, Y.A. 1993. Phylogenetic interrelations of the sphinx moths of the genus Hyles Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 72: 648-663, 731.


title:
Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera)

abstract:
Ensifera present an appropriate and interesting model for the study of acoustic communication, because of their diverse signal and communication modalities, and due to their accessibility for field and laboratory studies. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the acoustic evolution of Ensifera, but they were elaborated without any reference to a falsifiable phylogeny, and were consequently highly speculative. Similarly, phylogenetic relationships between ensiferan clades have not hitherto been studied using modern standard methodology, and the sole cladistic analysis by Gwynne in 1995 was methodologically flawed. No sound hypothesis therefore currently exists for ensiferan phylogeny, which precludes historical analysis of their communication modalities. In the present paper, the phylogeny is established on the basis of morpho-anatomical characters and used to analyse the evolution of acoustic communication in this clade by mapping the characters related to auditory and stridulatory structures onto the resultant trees. Cladistic analyses resulted in two equi-parsimonious cladograms (length 154, C64, CI 58, RI 61) with the following topologies: (1) [(Grylloidea-Gryllotalpidae) (Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae ((Stenopelmatidae-Cooloola) (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae-Lezina))))))))] (2) [(Grylloidea-Gryllotalpidae)(Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae-Cooloola-(Stenopelmatidae (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae-Lezina))))))))]. According to these topologies, Ensifera were ancestrally devoid of acoustic and hearing systems. An acoustic (tegminal or femoro-abdominal) apparatus appeared a number of times independently with convergent structures. Similarly, tibial tympana developed several times independently. Moreover, four hypotheses (each according to a definite pattern of character transformation) can be proposed to explain the evolution of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades and relate it to a definite communicatory context. These hypotheses do not apply equally to ensiferan subclades. Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea could have experienced convergently a direct development of an intraspecific acoustic communication. Acoustic communication in Tettigoniidea has evolved more ambiguously, and may either have resulted from a direct evolution analogous to that having occurred in Gryllidea, or have developed in a completely different behavioural context. Future studies of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades will have to take into account the fact that the involved structures most often are not homologous and that their evolution may not have taken place in similar conditions. Different hypotheses of acoustic communication evolution may apply to different clades, and there may be no single explanation for acoustic communication in Ensifera.

citation:
Desutter-Grandcolas, L. 2003. Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera). Zoologica Scripta 32: 525-561.


title:
Systematics of the leafhopper genus Draeculacephala Ball (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

journal:
Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)

citation:
Dietrich, C.H. 1994. Systematics of the leafhopper genus Draeculacephala Ball (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 120: 87-112.


title:
The role of grasslands in the diversification of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): a phylogenetic perspective

journal:
Proceedings of the Fifteenth North American Prairie Conference

citation:
Dietrich, C.H. 1999. The role of grasslands in the diversification of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): a phylogenetic perspective. Proceedings of the Fifteenth North American Prairie Conference : 44-48.


title:
Two new neotropical treehopper genera and investigation of the phylogeny of the subfamily Membracinae. (Homoptera: Membracidae)

journal:
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

citation:
Dietrich, C.H. and McKamey, S.H. 1995. Two new neotropical treehopper genera and investigation of the phylogeny of the subfamily Membracinae. (Homoptera: Membracidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97: 1-16.


author:
Dietrich, C.H.; Whitcomb, R.F.; Black, W.C.

title:
Phylogeny of the grassland leafhopper genus Flexamia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

abstract:
Leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) are a highly diverse group of sap-sucking insects, many species of which specialize on grasses. Past attempts to examine the roles of host transfer or host plant coevolution in the diversification of leafhopper species using cladistic methods have been hindered by a paucity of discrete, phylogenetically informative morphological characters. To demonstrate the utility of DNA sequence data for species-level phylogenetic studies of Cicadellidae, we estimated phylogenetic relationships among species in the North American grassland leafhopper genus Flexamia DeLong using partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S rDNA and NADH dehydrogenase 1, totaling 1496 base pairs and 810 potentially informative; characters. Analyses of the partitioned and combined sequence data using maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood criteria yielded similar estimates of relationships in which most nodes were well-supported by bootstrap and decay indices. These estimates largely agreed with a previously published, intuitive, morphology-based phylogeny for the genus. A parsimony reconstruction of host associations based on these results suggests that the origins of various Flexamia clades coincided with host transfers among grass subfamilies or genera. Nevertheless, associations; with certain subfamilies, genera, or species of grasses appear to have been largely conserved in the evolutionary diversification of Flexamia.

citation:
Dietrich, C.H., Whitcomb, R.F. and Black, W.C. 1997. Phylogeny of the grassland leafhopper genus Flexamia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8: 139-149.


title:
Revision of the Neotropical treehopper tribe Aconophorini (Homoptera: Membracidae)

journal:
North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin

citation:
Dietrich, C.H. and Deitz, L.L. 1991. Revision of the Neotropical treehopper tribe Aconophorini (Homoptera: Membracidae). North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin 293: 1-134.


author:
Dietrich, C.H.; Fitzgerald, S.J.; Holmes, J.L.; Black, W.; Nault, L.R.

title:
Reassessment of Dalbulus leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

citation:
Dietrich, C.H., Fitzgerald, S.J., Holmes, J.L., Black, W. and Nault, L.R. 1998. Reassessment of Dalbulus leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91: 590-597.


author:
Dietrich, C.H.; McKamey, S.H.; Deitz, L.L.

title:
Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea)

abstract:
A parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis of eighty-three morphological characters of adults and immatures of seventy representatives of the tribes and subfamilies of Membracidae and two outgroup taxa was conducted to evaluate the status and relationships of these taxa. Centrotinae apparently gave rise to Nessorhinini and Oxyrhachini (both formerly treated as subfamilies, now syn.n. and syn.reinst., respectively, of Centrotinae). In contrast to previous analyses, a clade comprising Nicomiinae, Centronodinae, Centrodontinae, and the unplaced genera Holdgatiella Evans, Euwalkeria Goding and Antillotolania Ramos was recovered, but relationships within this clade were not well resolved. Nodonica bispinigera, gen.n. and sp.n., is described and placed in Centrodontini based on its sister-group relationship to a clade comprising previously described genera of this tribe. Membracinae and Heteronotinae were consistently monophyletic. Neither Darninae nor Smiliinae, as previously defined, was monophyletic on the maximally parsimonious cladograms, but constraining both as monophyletic groups required only one additional step. The monophyly of Stegaspidinae, including Deiroderes Ramos (unplaced in Membracidae), was supported on some but not all equally parsimonious cladograms. More detailed analyses of individual subfamilies, as well as morphological data on the undescribed immatures of several membracid tribes and genera, will be needed to elucidate relationships among tribes and genera. A key to the subfamilies and tribes is provided.

citation:
Dietrich, C.H., McKamey, S.H. and Deitz, L.L. 2001. Morphology-based phylogeny of the treehopper family Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea). Systematic Entomology 26: 213-239.


author:
Dietrich, C.H.; Rakitov, R.A.; Holmes, J.L.; Black, W.

title:
Phylogeny of the major lineages of Membracoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) based on 28S rDNA sequences

abstract:
Analysis of sequences from a 3.5-kb region of the nuclear ribosomal 28S DNA gene spanning divergent domains D2-D10 supports the hypothesis, based on fossil, biogeographic, and behavioral evidence, that treehoppers (Aetalionidae and Membracidae) are derived from leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). Maximum-parsimony analysis indicated that treehoppers are the sister group of a lineage comprising the currently recognized cicadellid subfamilies Agalliinae, Megophthalminae, Adelungiinae, and Ulopinae. Based on this phylogenetic estimate, the derivation of treehoppers approximately coincided with shifts in physiology and behavior, including loss of brochosome production and a reversal from active, jumping nymphs to sessile, nonjumping nymphs. Myerslopiidae, traditionally placed as a tribe of the cicadellid subfamily Ulopinae, represented a basal lineage distinct from other extant membracoids. The analysis recovered a large leafhopper lineage comprising a polyphyletic Deltocephalinae (sensu stricto) and its apparent derivatives Koebeliinae, Eupelicinae (polyphyletic), Selenocephalinae, and Penthimiinae. Clades comprising Macropsinae, Neocoelidiinae, Scarinae, Iassinae, Coelidiinae, Eurymelinae + Idiocerinae, Evacanthini + Pagaroniini, Aphrodinae + Ledrinae (in part), Stenocotini + Tartessinae, and Cicadellini + Proconiini were also recovered with moderate to high branch support. Cicadellinae (sensu lato), Ledrinae, Typhlocybinae, and Xestocephalinae were consistently polyphyletic on the most-parsimonious topologies, but constraining these groups to be monophyletic did not significantly increase the length of the cladograms. Relationships among the major lineages received low branch support, suggesting that more data are needed to provide a robust phylogenetic estimate.

citation:
Dietrich, C.H., Rakitov, R.A., Holmes, J.L. and Black, W. 2001. Phylogeny of the major lineages of Membracoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) based on 28S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18: 293-305.


title:
Resolving relationships over a wide taxonomic range in Delphacidae (Homoptera) using the COI gene

abstract:
Using a combination of different methods to investigate the suitability of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI), we succeeded in partially resolving phylogenetic relationships in Delphacidae from the level of species to subfamily. Spectral analysis applied to the relatively noisy COI data proved to be especially useful. It clearly showed when phylogenetic signals were not completely randomized and it was very helpful for identifying problem areas in the dataset. Relationships among the four sampled subfamilies were completely resolved. In contrast to the tree based on morphological characters, we found evidence that Asiraca and Ugyops are sister groups (supporting monophyly of Asiracinae) and that Stenocraninae are the sister group of Kelisiinae. Contradictory signals were observed within Delphacini, but there are characters that support a close relationship between Conomelus and Megamelus. Other than this, the COI data gave support for the monophyly of Kelisiinae, Delphacinae, Chloriona and Javesella. Although third codon positions may appear to be saturated within the 'modern' Delphacidae (Delphacini), they still contain important phylogenetic signals at the deepest taxonomic level. The easiest explanation for this is the difference in amino acid usage between Asiracinae and non-Asiracinae. Overall, this fragment of the COI gene seems to be useful for a rather wide taxonomic range in Delphacidae, except maybe for resolving generic relationships in the large tribe Delphacini.

citation:
Dijkstra, E., Rubio, J.M. and Post, R.J. 2003. Resolving relationships over a wide taxonomic range in Delphacidae (Homoptera) using the COI gene. Systematic Entomology 28: 89-100.


title:
The Nepticuloidea & Tischerioidea (Lepidoptera) - a global review, with strategic regional revisions

citation:
Diskus, A. and Puplesis, R. 2003. The Nepticuloidea & Tischerioidea (Lepidoptera) - a global review, with strategic regional revisions. Lutute Publishers, Kanaus.


title:
Evolutionary aspects of defense by recycled plant compounds in herbivorous insects

abstract:
Plant secondary compounds play a decisive role in the evolution of host associations of herbivorous insects. Here, I focus on the use of secondary compounds for the anti-predator defense of herbivores. Cardenolides, iridoid glycosides and pyrrolizidine alkaloids are used as examples to illustrate the stepwise adaptations that are necessary to adopt chemical defense by these substances. Longitarsus flea beetles provide an example where sequestration of plant derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids and iridoid glycosides occurs in at least 11 and 5 species, respectively. These species feed on several different plant families containing either class of compounds. A comparison with a phylogeny of Longitarsus based on mtDNA sequences shows that sequestration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids as well as of iridoid glycosides has been adopted multiple times independently. This situation contradicts the hypothesis of a single colonization of plants with either class of deterrent compounds followed by radiation across plant families to chemically similar plants.

citation:
Dobler, S. 2001. Evolutionary aspects of defense by recycled plant compounds in herbivorous insects. Basic and Applied Ecology 2: 15-26.


title:
The evolution of adaptations to plant secondary compounds in Chrysochus leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae)

citation:
Dobler, S. 2004. The evolution of adaptations to plant secondary compounds in Chrysochus leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae). Pp. 117-123 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Sequestration of plant compounds in a leaf beetle's defensive secretion: cardenolides in Chrysochus

citation:
Dobler, S., Daloze, D. and Pasteels, J.M. 1998. Sequestration of plant compounds in a leaf beetle's defensive secretion: cardenolides in Chrysochus. Chemoecology 8: 111-118.


title:
Host use evolution in Chrysochus milkweed beetles: evidence from behaviour, population genetics and phylogeny

abstract:
In two sister species of leaf beetles with overlapping host associations, Chrysochus auratus and C. cobaltinus, we established diet breadth and food preference of local populations for evaluation together with genetic differentiation between populations. While C. auratus turned out to be monophagous on the same plant wherever we collected the beetles, the studied populations of C. cobaltinus fed on three different plant species in the field. Plant preference and ranking of the potential host plants significantly differed between these populations. The amount of genetic differentiation between populations was measured by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay of a 1300 bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. In addition, the dominant genotypes of all populations were sequenced. No genetic differentiation between the populations of C. auratus could be detected in the RFLP assay and sequence divergence was low (= 0.3%). In C. cobaltinus, on the other hand, genetic differentiation between populations was high, revealing a lack of gene flow over a much smaller scale and a maximum of 1.3% sequence divergence. C. cobaltinus thereby has the prerequisites for host race formation on different plants from the original host spectrum. Our sequence-based phylogeny estimate allows us to reconstruct historical diet evolution in Chrysochus Starting from an original association with Asclepiadaceae, the common ancestor of C. auratus and C. cobaltinus included Apocynaceae in its diet. The strict specialization on Apocynum and the loss of acceptance of Asclepiadaceae observed in C. auratus could have resulted from a process similar to that displayed by C. cobaltinus populations.

citation:
Dobler, S. and Farrell, B.D. 1999. Host use evolution in Chrysochus milkweed beetles: evidence from behaviour, population genetics and phylogeny. Molecular Ecology 8: 1297-1307.


author:
Dobler, S.; Mardulyn, P.; Pasteels, J.M.; Rowell-Rahier, M.

title:
Host-plant switches and the evolution of chemical defense and life history in the leaf beetle genus Oreina

abstract:
Insect-plant interactions have played a prominent role in investigating phylogenetic constraints in the evolution of ecological traits. The patterns of host association among specialized insects have often been described as highly conservative, yet not all specialized herbivorous insect lineages display the same degree of fidelity to their host plants. In this paper, we present an estimate of the evolutionary history of the leaf beetle genus Oreina. This genus displays an amazing flexibility in several aspects of its ecology and life history: (1) host plant switches in Oreina occurred between plant families or distantly related tribes within families and thereby to more distantly related plants than in several model systems that have contributed to the idea of parallel cladogenesis; (2) all species of the genus are chemically defended, but within the genus a transition between autogenous production of defensive toxins and sequestration of secondary plant compounds has occurred; and (3) reproductive strategies in the genus range from oviparity to viviparity including all intermediates that could allow the gradual evolution of viviparity. Cladistic analysis of 18 allozyme loci found two most parsimonious trees that differ only in the branching of one species. According to this phylogeny estimate, Oreina species were originally associated with Asteraceae, with an inclusion of Apiaceae in the diet of one oligophagous species and an independent switch to Apiaceae in a derived clade. The original mode of defense appears to be the autogenous production of cardenolides as previously postulated; the additional sequestration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids could have either originated at the base of the genus or have arisen three times independently in all species that switched to plants containing these compounds. Viviparity apparently evolved twice in the genus, once without matrotrophy, through a retention of the eggs inside the female's oviducts, and once in combination with matrotrophy. We hypothesize that the combination of autogenous defense and a life history that involves mobile externally feeding larvae allowed these beetles to switch host plants more readily than has been reported for highly conservative systems.

citation:
Dobler, S., Mardulyn, P., Pasteels, J.M. and Rowell-Rahier, M. 1996. Host-plant switches and the evolution of chemical defense and life history in the leaf beetle genus Oreina. Evolution 50: 2373-2386.


title:
Phylogeny of the Baldratiina (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) inferred from morphological, ecological and molecular data sources, and evolutioxnary patterns in plant-galler relationships

abstract:
The phylogeny of the gall-midge subtribe Baldratiina (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) was reconstructed from molecular (partial sequence of the mitochondrial 12S rDNA), morphological and ecological data sets, using 16 representative species of most of the genera. The morphological and ecological data were combined in a single character matrix and analyzed separately from the molecular data, resulting in an eco-morphological cladogram and a molecular cladogram. Attributes of galls and host associations were superimposed on the molecular cladogram in order to detect possible trends in the evolution of these traits. The cladograms resulting from the two independent analyses were statistically incongruent, although both provide evidence for the monophyly of the genera Baldratia and Careopalpis and the paraphyly of the genera Stefaniola and Izeniola. The results suggest a minor impact of the morphological characters traditionally used in the classification of the Baldratiina, whereas ecological data had a major impact on the phylogenetic inference. Mapping of gall and host attributes on the molecular cladogram suggests that multi-chambered stem galls constitute the ancestral state in the subtribe, with several subsequent shifts to leaf galls. It is concluded that in contrast to other studied groups of gall insects, related baldratiine species induce different types of galls, attesting to speciation driven by gall-type shifts at least as often as host shifts.

citation:
Dorchin, N., Freidberg, A. and Mokady, O. 2004. Phylogeny of the Baldratiina (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) inferred from morphological, ecological and molecular data sources, and evolutioxnary patterns in plant-galler relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 503-515.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification

abstract:
Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are small, plant-sucking insects which comprise the second largest family of scale insects (Coccoidea). Relationships among many pseudococcid genera are poorly known and there is no stable higher level classification. Here we review previous hypotheses on relationships and classification and present the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Pseudococcidae based on analysis of nucleotide sequence data. We used three nuclear genes, comprising two noncontiguous fragments of elongation factor 1[alpha] (EF-1[alpha] 5' and EF-1[alpha] 3'), fragments of the D2 and D10 expansion regions of the large subunit ribosomal DNA gene (28S), and a region of the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene (18S). We sampled sixty-four species of mealybug belonging to thirty-five genera and representing each of the five subfamilies which had been recognized previously, and included four species of Puto (Putoidae) and one species each of Aclerda (Aclerdidae) and Icerya (Margarodidae), using Icerya as the most distant outgroup. A combined analysis of all data found three major clades of mealybugs which we equate to the subfamilies Pseudococcinae, Phenacoccinae and Rhizoecinae. Within Pseudococcinae, we recognize the tribes Pseudococcini (for Pseudococcus, Dysmicoccus, Trionymus and a few smaller genera), Planococcini (for Planococcus and possibly Planococcoides) and Trabutinini (represented by a diverse range of genera, including Amonostherium, Antonina, Balanococcus, Nipaecoccus and non-African Paracoccus), as well as the Ferrisia group (for Ferrisia and Anisococcus), some ungrouped African taxa (Grewiacoccus, Paracoccus, Paraputo and Vryburgia), Chaetococcus bambusae and Maconellicoccus. The 'legless' mealybugs Antonina and Chaetococcus were not closely related and thus we confirmed that the Sphaerococcinae as presently constituted is polyphyletic. In our analyses, the subfamily Phenacoccinae was represented by just Phenacoccus and Heliococcus. The hypogeic mealybugs of the Rhizoecinae usually formed a monophyletic group sister to all other taxa. Our molecular data also suggest that the genera Pseudococcus, Dysmicoccus, Nipaecoccus and Paracoccus are not monophyletic (probably polyphyletic) and that Phenacoccus may be paraphyletic, but further sampling of species and genes is required. We compare our phylogenetic results with published information on the intracellular endosymbionts of mealybugs and hypothesize that the subfamily Pseudococcinae may be characterized by the possession of [beta]-Proteobacteria (primary endosymbionts) capable of intracellular symbiosis with [gamma]-Proteobacteria (secondary endosymbionts). Furthermore, our data suggest that the identities of the secondary endosymbionts may be useful in inferring mealybug relationships. Finally, cloning polymerase chain reaction products showed that paralogous copies of EF-1[alpha] were present in at least three taxa. Unlike the situation in Apis and Drosophila, the paralogues could not be distinguished by either the presence/absence or position of an intron.

citation:
Downie, D.A. and Gullan, P.J. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) based on DNA sequences from three nuclear genes, and a review of the higher classification. Systematic Entomology 29: 238-259.


title:
A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)

citation:
Duckett, C.N. 1999. A preliminary cladistic analysis of the subtribe Disonychina with special emphasis on the series Paralactica (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). Pp. 105-136 in: Cox, M.L. [ed.], Advances in Chrysomelidae biology. Backhuys, Leiden.


author:
Duckett, C.N.; Gillespie, J.J.; Kjer, K.M.

title:
Relationships among the subfamilies of Chrysomelidae inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA and morphology, with special emphasis on the relationship among the flea beetles and the Galerucinae

citation:
Duckett, C.N., Gillespie, J.J. and Kjer, K.M. 2004. Relationships among the subfamilies of Chrysomelidae inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA and morphology, with special emphasis on the relationship among the flea beetles and the Galerucinae. Pp. 3-18 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Pheromone and morphology-based phylogenies in New Zealand tortricid moths

journal:
Insect pheromone research: new directions

citation:
Dugdale, J.S. 1997. Pheromone and morphology-based phylogenies in New Zealand tortricid moths. Pp. 463-472 in: Carde, R.T. and Minks, A.K. [eds.], Insect pheromone research: new directions. Chapman & Hall, New York, Albany etc. .


author:
Dugdale, J.S.; Kristensen, N.P.; Robinson, G.S.; Scoble, M.J.

citation:
Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. and Scoble, M.J. 1999. The Yponomeutoidea. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 119-130.


citation:
Dugdale, J.S. 1994. Hepialidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 30: 1-161.


title:
Chrysorthenches new genus, conifer associated plutellid moths (Yponomeutoidea, Lepidoptera) in New Zealand and Australia

citation:
Dugdale, J.S. 1996. Chrysorthenches new genus, conifer associated plutellid moths (Yponomeutoidea, Lepidoptera) in New Zealand and Australia. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23: 33-59.


title:
Ideas on the systematics of the genus Diabrotica Wilcox and other related leaf beetles

citation:
Eben, A. and Espinosa de los Monteros, A. 2004. Ideas on the systematics of the genus Diabrotica Wilcox and other related leaf beetles. Pp. 59-73 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Forester moths. The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Jordanita Verity, 1946, and Adscita Retzius, 1783 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae)

citation:
Efetov, K.A. and Tarmann, G.M. 1999. Forester moths. The genera Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Jordanita Verity, 1946, and Adscita Retzius, 1783 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae). Apollo Books, Stenstrup.


title:
Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution

citation:
Ehrlich, P.R. and Raven, P.H. 1964. Butterflies and plants: A study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.


title:
On the problem of classification and phylogeny of the family Delphacidae (Homoptera, Cicadina) taking into consideration larval characteristics

citation:
Emeljanov, A.F. 1995. On the problem of classification and phylogeny of the family Delphacidae (Homoptera, Cicadina) taking into consideration larval characteristics. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 74: 780-794, 944-94.


title:
On the system and phylogeny of the family Derbidae (Homoptera, Cicadina)

citation:
Emeljanov, A.F. 1995. On the system and phylogeny of the family Derbidae (Homoptera, Cicadina). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 73: 783-811, 946-94.


title:
Revision and phylogeny of the limacodid-group families, with evolutionary studies on slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea)

citation:
Epstein, M.E. 1996. Revision and phylogeny of the limacodid-group families, with evolutionary studies on slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 582: 1-102.


author:
Epstein, M.E.; Geertsema, H.; Naumann, C.M.; Tarmann, G.M.

citation:
Epstein, M.E., Geertsema, H., Naumann, C.M. and Tarmann, G.M. 1999. The Zygaenoidea. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 159-180.


author:
Es, E.D.; Gentili, P.; Horak, M.; Kristensen, N.P.; Nielsen, E.S.

citation:
Es, E.D., Gentili, P., Horak, M., Kristensen, N.P. and Nielsen, E.S. 1999. The cossoid/sesioid assemblage. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 181-197.


title:
Cladistic taxonomy of the tribe Errhomenini (Insecta: Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

citation:
1995. Cladistic taxonomy of the tribe Errhomenini (Insecta: Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 11: 485-495.


author:
Fang, Q.; Black, W.C.; Blocker, H.D.; Whitcomb, R.F.

title:
A phylogeny of New World Deltocephalus-like leafhopper genera based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences

citation:
Fang, Q., Black, W.C.I.V, Blocker, H.D. and Whitcomb, R.F. 1993. A phylogeny of New World Deltocephalus-like leafhopper genera based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 119-131.


title:
Cladistic analysis of Nearctic Deltocephalus-like leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) using morphological and molecular data

citation:
Fang, Q., Blocker, H.D. and Black, W. 1995. Cladistic analysis of Nearctic Deltocephalus-like leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) using morphological and molecular data. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88: 316-323.


author:
Fang, Q.; Blocker, H.D.; Black, W.; Whitcomb, R.F.

title:
Molecular systematics of Deltocephalus-like leafhoppers. What can it tell us?

citation:
Fang, Q., Blocker, H.D., Black, W. and Whitcomb, R.F. 1994. Molecular systematics of Deltocephalus-like leafhoppers. What can it tell us?. Tymbal 20: 21-24.


title:
Evolutionary rates in the adaptive radiation of beetles on plants

abstract:
Herbivorous insects and other small consumers are often specialized both in use of particular host taxa and in use of particular host tissues. Such consumers also often seem to show consistent differences in the rates of evolution of these two dimensions of host use, implying common processes, but this has been little studied. Here we quantify these rates of change in host use evolution in a major radiation of herbivorous insects, the Chrysomeloidea, whose diversity has been attributed to their use of flowering plants. We find a significant difference in the rates of evolutionary change in these two dimensions of host use, with host taxon associations most labile. There are apparently similar differences in rates of host use evolution in other parasite groups, suggesting the generality of this pattern. Divergences in parasite form associated with use of different host tissues may facilitate resource partitioning among successive adaptive radiations on particular host taxa.;

citation:
Farrell, B.D. and Sequeira, A.S. 2004. Evolutionary rates in the adaptive radiation of beetles on plants. Evolution 58: 1984-2001.


title:
Phylogenesis of insect plant interactions - have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel?

abstract:
Phylogenesis of insect plant interactions - have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel?

citation:
Farrell, B. and Mitter, C. 1990. Phylogenesis of insect plant interactions - have Phyllobrotica leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) and the Lamiales diversified in parallel?. Evolution 44: 1389-1403.


title:
"Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles?

abstract:
The phylogeny of the Phytophaga, the Largest and oldest radiation of herbivorous beetles, was reconstructed from 115 complete DNA sequences for the 18S nuclear ribosomal subunit and from 212 morphological characters. The results of these analyses were used to interpret the role of angiosperms in beetle diversification. Jurassic fossils represent basal Lineages that are still associated with conifers and cycads. Repeated origins of angiosperm-feeding beetle Lineages are associated with enhanced rates of beetle diversification, indicating a series of adaptive radiations. Collectively, these radiations represent nearly half of the species in the order Coleoptera and a similar proportion of herbivorous insect species.

citation:
Farrell, B.D. 1998. "Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles? Science 281: 555-559.


title:
Evolutionary assembly of the milkweed fauna: Cytochrome oxidase I and the age of Tetraopes beetles

abstract:
The insects that feed on the related plant families Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae (here collectively termed "milkweeds") comprise a "component community" of highly specialized, distinctive lineages of species that frequently sequester toxic cardiac glycosides from their host plants for defense against predators and are thus often aposematic, advertising their consequent unpalatability. Such sets of specialized lineages provide opportunities for comparative studies of the rate of adaptation, diversification, and habitat-related effects on molecular evolution. The cerambycid genus Tetraopes is the most diverse of the new world milkweed herbivores and the species are generally host specific, being restricted to single, different species of Asclepias, more often so than most other milkweed insects. Previous work revealed correspondence between the phylogeny of these beetles and that of their hosts. The present study provides analyses of near-complete DNA sequences for Tetraopes and relatives that are used to establish a molecular clock and temporal framework for Tetraopes evolution with their milkweed hosts. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

citation:
Farrell, B.D. 2001. Evolutionary assembly of the milkweed fauna: Cytochrome oxidase I and the age of Tetraopes beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18: 467-478.


title:
The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have co-evolved?

abstract:
Ehrlich and Raven's essay on coevolution has stimulated voluminous work on the mechanisms of insect/plant interaction, but few explicit tests of their model's prediction that the evolutionary success of entire insect and plant clades is governed by their putative reciprocal adaptations. This paper begins an inquiry into possible coevolutionary diversification for North American milkweeds of the genus Asclepias and one of their few major herbivores, the longhorn beetle genus Tetraopes, focusing first on the historical duration and continuity of the interaction. A phylogeny for Tetraopes and relatives, estimated from morphology and allozymes, shows evident similarity to a morphology based hostplant cladogram synthesized from the literature, though the significance of the correspondence under heuristic statistical tests depends on the treatment of one beetle species reported (without certainty) from multiple host species. Fossils and biogeography support the interpretation that cladogram correspondence reflects synchronous diversification of these two clades, hence opportunity for coevolution, rather than beetle 'host-tracking' of previously-diversified plants. Cladogram correspondence is more evident at higher than at lower levels, as expected under Ehrlich and Raven's model. An apparent phylogenetic progression in the potency and location of milkweed cardenolides: seemingly related to species diversity of both Asclepias and Tetraopes subclades, provides further suggestive evidence for that model. The phylogeography of the Tetraopes/Asclepias assemblage suggests that extant species evolved largely in their current, often quite localized biomes, facilitating potential experimental tests for hypotheses of adaptation and counteradaptation and their importance to diversification. (C) 1998 The Linnean Society of London.

citation:
Farrell, B.D. and Mitter, C. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) and Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae) have co-evolved? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63: 553-577.


title:
Speciation by host-switching in pinyon Cinara (Inseca: Hemiptera: Aphididae)

abstract:
Parasite-host cospeciation has received much attention as an important mechanism in the diversification of phytophagous insects. However, studies have shown that for certain taxa, it is not host fidelity but host-switching that plays the critical role in speciation. Cinara are aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) that feed exclusively on the woody parts of conifers of the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae. They are unusual aphids because most Pinaceae play host to several species of Cinara. The aphids show relatively strong host fidelity, and as a consequence historically have been treated based on the taxonomy of their hosts. The historical paradigm of aphid evolution implies that Cinara species have radiated to different parts of the same host species and/or speciated with their host. Using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and nuclear elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequences, we performed molecular phylogenctic analysis of Cinara species, concentrating on those associated with pinyon pines in the southwestern USA. We determined that switching hosts has played a key role in the speciation of the genus, reflected in the polyphyly of pinyon-feeding Cinara. Furthermore, species sharing a common feeding site on different hosts were more closely related to each other than to those sharing the same host but at different feeding sites, suggesting that feeding site fidelity plays a more important role in speciation than does host fidelity in general. This study also elucidated the primary taxonomy of various species: it suggested that Cinara rustica Hottes is a junior synonym of C edulis (Wilson) and that C wahtolca Hottes represents two species on the two different pinyon pine species, Pinus edulis Englem. and P. monophylla Torr. Frem.

citation:
Favret, C. and Voegtlin, D.J. 2004. Speciation by host-switching in pinyon Cinara (Inseca: Hemiptera: Aphididae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 139-151.


title:
Review of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) developing on Fabaceae with abstract of Kazakhstan fauna

abstract:
In the Palearctic 213 species of gall midges are registered, among which 203 species from 26 genera are phytophagous injuring 165 species from 44 Fabaceae genera. In Kazakhstan 98 species of 14 genera developing on 90 species form 21 Fabaceae genera are found. Only Astragalomyia, Deseromyia and Halimodendromyia among 15 genera, specific for Fabaceae, are described in the desert. Fifteen types of damages, predominantly associated with vegetative organs, are distinguished. Peculiarities of biology, distribution, life cycles and phylogenetic relations between systematic gall midges groups and plant-hosts are shown.;

citation:
Fedotova, Z.A. 1997. Review of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) developing on Fabaceae with abstract of Kazakhstan fauna. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 76: 448-459.


title:
Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) developing on Rosaceae in the Palaearctic and a summary of the Kazakhstan fauna. Report 1

abstract:
In the Palaearctic, 96 species of gall midges from 31 genera were registered. They were found on 63 species from 21 genera of Rosaceae. The majority of gall midges, 69 species from 22 genera are phytophagans, 13 species from 5 genera are predators, 14 species from 45 genera are mycetophagans. In Kazakhstan, 42 species of 16 genera developing on 40 species from 17 Rosaceae genera were found. From 15 genera of gall midges, specific for Rosaceae, 12 are monotypic. Only Potentillomyia and Spiraeanthomyia are described in the desert; the rest are found in humid habitats. Specific features of biology, distribution, life cycles and phylogenetic relationships between taxonomic groups of gall midges and their host plants are shown.

citation:
Fedotova, Z.A. 2002. Gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) developing on Rosaceae in the Palaearctic and a summary of the Kazakhstan fauna. Report 1. Zoologichesky Zhurnl 81: 60-70.


title:
Review of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), damaging Astragalus spp. in Kazakhstan. Communication 2

citation:
Fedotova, Z.A. 1993. Review of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), damaging Astragalus spp. in Kazakhstan. Communication 2. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 72: 90-105.


title:
Gall-midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brassicaceae (review of Palaearctic fauna with the description of new species from Kazakhstan). Report 3

citation:
Fedotova, Z.A. 1994. Gall-midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brassicaceae (review of Palaearctic fauna with the description of new species from Kazakhstan). Report 3. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 73: 91-102.


title:
Chemical constraints on the evolution of swallowtail butterflies

journal:
Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions

editor:
Price, P.W.; Lewinsohn, T.M.; Fernandez, G.W.; Ben

citation:
Feeny, P.P. 1991. Chemical constraints on the evolution of swallowtail butterflies. Pp. 315-340 in: Price, P.W., Lewinsohn, T.M., Fernandez, G.W. and Benson, W.W. [eds.], Plant-Animal Interactions: Evolutionary Ecology in Tropical and Temperate Regions. John Wiley and Sons, New York.


title:
Speciation and biogeography in eriophyid mites: a review

journal:
Acarid phylogeny and evolution: adaptation in mites and ticks. Proceedings of the IV Symposium of the European Association of Acarologists

editor:
Bernini, F.; Nannelli, R.; Nuzzaci, G.; de Lillo,

citation:
Fenton, B. 2002. Speciation and biogeography in eriophyid mites: a review. Pp. 27-34 in: Bernini, F., Nannelli, R., Nuzzaci, G. and de Lillo, E. [eds.], Acarid phylogeny and evolution: adaptation in mites and ticks. Proceedings of the IV Symposium of the European Association of Acarologists. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston & London.


author:
Fenton, B.; Birch, A.N.E.; Malloch, G.; Lanham, P.G.; Brennan, R.M.

title:
Gall mite molecular phylogeny and its relationship to the evolution of plant host specificity

abstract:
The phylogenetic relationships of all seven known species of Cecidophyopsis mites (Acari: Eriophyidae) with Ribes hosts have been inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences. This analysis found groups of closely related mites. The five gall-forming species, four of which are monophagous and one which has two hosts, were found in two groups. Another group consisted of the two non gall-forming species, one of which has two hosts, while the other is monophagous. The molecular phylogeny of their known Ribes host plants was calculated using the equivalent ribosomal regions as the mites. The structure of the two trees (mites vs hosts) was clearly different, implying that mite speciation did not closely follow speciation events in the plant hosts. Instead, the three groups of Ribes-infesting Cecidophyopsis mites have derived from a common galling ancestor millions of years ago. Each mite group has recently diversified onto different primary hosts. One group of mites has also lost the galling habit. The results have implications for host range changes and the durability of mite-resistance genes in cultivated Ribes.

citation:
Fenton, B., Birch, A.N.E., Malloch, G., Lanham, P.G. and Brennan, R.M. 2000. Gall mite molecular phylogeny and its relationship to the evolution of plant host specificity. Experimental and Applied Acarology 24: 831-861.


title:
The tribe Clivinematini: cladistic analysis, geographic distribution and biological considerations (Heteroptera, Miridae)

citation:
Ferreira, P.S Fiuza. 1998. The tribe Clivinematini: cladistic analysis, geographic distribution and biological considerations (Heteroptera, Miridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 42: 53-57.


title:
Reassessment of the Colias alexandra group, the legume-feeding species, and preliminary cladistic analysis of the North American Colias (Pieridae: Coliadinae)

citation:
Ferris, C.D. 1993. Reassessment of the Colias alexandra group, the legume-feeding species, and preliminary cladistic analysis of the North American Colias (Pieridae: Coliadinae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 138: 1-91.


author:
Filipenko, M.L.; Timofeeva, O.A.; Gusachenko, A.M.; Sergeev, M.G.; Vysotskaya, L.V.

title:
Reconstruction of the phylogeny of grasshoppers from the family Acrididae (Orthoptera) based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence

citation:
Filipenko, M.L., Timofeeva, O.A., Gusachenko, A.M., Sergeev, M.G. and Vysotskaya, L.V. 2000. Reconstruction of the phylogeny of grasshoppers from the family Acrididae (Orthoptera) based on the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Genetika 36: 1355-1361.


title:
Combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and implications for their higher systematics

citation:
Flook, P.K., Klee, S. and Rowell, C.H.F. 1999. Combined molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Orthoptera (Arthropoda, Insecta) and implications for their higher systematics. Systematic Biology 48: 233-253.


title:
A review of the Neotropical genus Prionodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae) with description of a new genus

citation:
Flowers, R.W. 2004. A review of the Neotropical genus Prionodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae) with description of a new genus. Zootaxa 631: 1-54.


title:
A taxonomic revision of Limacoccus Bondar with a cladistic analysis of its relationships with other scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)

citation:
Foldi, I. 1995. A taxonomic revision of Limacoccus Bondar with a cladistic analysis of its relationships with other scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology 20: 265-288.


title:
Les Xylococcinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae): characteristiques des especies et description d'un nouveau genre

journal:
Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France

citation:
Foldi, I. 1997. Les Xylococcinae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae): characteristiques des especies et description d'un nouveau genre. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 33: 185-195.


title:
Systematics of Cyclanthura gen. n., a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

abstract:
Cyclanthura, gen. n., is described to accommodate the following 15 new Neotropical species of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae): C. laticola, sp. n.; C. sphaerata, sp. n.; C. cordata, sp. n.; C. dentata, sp. n.; C. pilosa, sp. n.; C. capitulata, sp. n.; C. tenuicola, sp. n.; C. carinata, sp. n.; C. uncinata, sp. n.; C. oculata, sp. n.; C. cultrata, sp. n.; C. striata, sp. n.; C. bipartita, sp. n.; C. crepidula, sp. n.; and C. palmata, sp. n. The monophyly of Cyclanthura is indicated by the putatively synapomorphic elytral elevations and impressions, the posteriorly explanate female tergum VIII, and the posteriorly emarginate female tergum IX. These and various other characteristics [long dash] e.g. transformations in the apical region of the male median lobe [long dash] distinguish Cyclanthura from Phyllotrox Schonherr to which its species would have been assigned until now. Particular species of Cyclanthura are considered to pollinate and reproduce on the inflorescences of Araceae (Anthurium) and Cyclanthaceae (Asplundia, Carludovica, Sphaeradenia, and Cyclanthus). Several significant host plant transitions appear to have evolved within the genus. These patterns are discussed in the light of a phylogeny of the species of Cyclanthura which is based on an analysis of 22 taxa and 32 characters.

citation:
Franz, N.M. 2003. Systematics of Cyclanthura gen. n., a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 34: 153-198.


title:
Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil-Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae)

abstract:
The evolutionary history of the interaction among species of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Derelomini) and the Panama-hat palm Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae) is analysed with emphasis on the congruence of (1) topologies and (2) character state transformations in each of the Neotropical clades. For this purpose cladistic analyses are complemented with host plant records, natural history information and selected morphological studies of the associated taxa. The interaction is specialized, involving pollination, oviposition into the inflorescences and the predation of seeds (particularly within Systenotelus). As results from a range of standard coevolutionary methods of analysis indicate, however, events of colonization, extinction and independent (non-reciprocal) speciation have been abundant throughout the history of the association. At the same time it is possible to specify the homology and succession of characters among species of derelomines and Carludovica and interpret them as reciprocal adaptations to attack and protect the seeds, respectively. It is argued that in light of the limited evolutionary stability of many insect-plant interactions the question of coevolution is most effectively addressed by combining information from the character- and topology-based approaches.

citation:
Franz, N.M. 2004. Analysing the history of the derelomine flower weevil-Carludovica association (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cyclanthaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81: 483-517.

taxkey:
Curculionoidea; Systenotelus; Perelleschus; Ganglionus; Curculionidae


title:
Revision and phylogeny of Perelleschus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with notes on its association with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae)

citation:
Franz, N.M. and O'Brien, C.W. 2001. Revision and phylogeny of Perelleschus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with notes on its association with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 127: 255-287.


title:
A new species of Craspedoxantha Bezzi from Tanzania and a revised phylogeny for the genus (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Freidberg, A. 1999. A new species of Craspedoxantha Bezzi from Tanzania and a revised phylogeny for the genus (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 382-390.


title:
Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera)

abstract:
A generic-level phylogeny for the butterfly family Nymphalidae was produced by cladistic analysis of 234 characters from all life stages. The 95 species in the matrix (selected from the 213 studied) represent all important recognized lineages within this family. The analysis showed the taxa grouping into six main lineages. The basal branch is the Libytheinae, with the Danainae and Ithomiinae on the next branch. The remaining lineages are grouped into two main branches: the Heliconiinae-Nymphalinae, primarily flower-visitors (but including the fruit-attracted Coeini); and the Limenitidinae ( sensu strictu ), Biblidinae, and the satyroid lineage (Apaturinae, Charaxinae, Biinae, Calinaginae, Morphinae, Brassolinae, and Satyrinae), primarily fruit-attracted. Data partitions showed that the two data sets (immatures and adults) are very different, and a partitioned Bremer support analysis showed that the adult characters are the main source of conflict in the nodes of the combined analysis tree. This phylogeny includes the widest taxon coverage of any morphological study on Nymphalid butterflies to date, and supports the monophyly and relationships of most presently recognized subgroups, providing strong evidence for the presently accepted phylogenetic scheme.

citation:
Freitas, A.V.L. and Brown, K.S. 2004. Phylogeny of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Biology 53: 363-383.


title:
Revision of Bonesioides Laboissiere, 1925 (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae) from continental Africa

abstract:
Bonesioides Laboissiere, 1925. Galerucinae endemic to Tropical Africa is revised. This group is characterized by the metallic coloration of the entire dorsum or at least parts of it, the prothorax is moderately trapezoidal, posteriorly enlarged, and lacks any pronotal depressions, the basi-metatarsus is moderately elongated, pronotal coxal cavities are open behind, and distinctly shaped male genitalia. Most metallic-coloured species originally described in Barombiella Laboissiere, 1931a are herein transferred to Bonesioides. For each species drawings of the habitus, basal antennal articles, spermatheca and median lobe are given. Species distributions are illustrated in maps, and an identification key is given. In a phylogenetic analysis including other Afrotropical Galerucinae with elongated basi-metatarsi, 'Monoleptites' is found to be a non-monophyletic group. Bonesioides now includes 21 species as follows (including new taxonomical changes): Bonesioides coerulea (Allard, 1889); Bonesioides purpureipennis Laboissiere, 1925 = Bonesioides speciosa Laboissiere, 1937, syn. nov.; Bonesioides dimidiata Laboissiere, 1937: Bonesioides kirschi (Jacoby, 1899), comb. nov. = Monolepta munroi Bryant, 1931. syn. nov., = Barombia lesnei Laboissiere, 1931b, syn. nov., = Barombiella babaulti Laboissiere, 1939, syn. nov.: Bonesioides barombiensis (Jacoby, 1903), comb. nov. = Barombiella graciosa Laboissiere, 1941, syn. nov.; Bonesioides caerulea (Jacoby, 1903), comb. nov.; Bonesioides virens (Weise, 1913), comb. nov. = Barombiella opalina Laboissiere, 1940, syn. nov.. = Monolepta ruwensorica Bryant, 1952, syn. nov.; Bonesioides laboissierei nom. nov. (replacement name for Beiratia coerulea Laboissiere, 1924); Bonesioides laevicollis (Laboissiere, 1940), comb. nov.: Bonesioides jacksoni (Bryant, 1953), comb. nov.: Bonesioides budongoensis sp. nov.: Bonesioides gambiae sp. nov.; Bonesioides godzilla sp. nov.: Bonesioides jacobyi sp. nov.: Bonesioides kamerunensis sp. nov.; Bonesioides marcoi sp. nov.; Bonesioides montana sp. nov.; Bonesioides nitida sp. nov.; Bonesioides pusilla sp. nov.; Bonesioides rubricollis sp. nov.; Bonesioides trispiculata sp.

citation:
Freund, W. and Wagner, T. 2003. Revision of Bonesioides Laboissiere, 1925 (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae) from continental Africa. Journal of Natural History 37: 1915-1976.


title:
Aspectos de la biologia evolutiva de especies de Tephritidae (Diptera) de distribucion chilena

citation:
Frias-L, D. 1992. Aspectos de la biologia evolutiva de especies de Tephritidae (Diptera) de distribucion chilena. Acta Entomologica Chilena 17: 69-79.


title:
Red & black or black & white? Phylogeny of the Araschnia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and evolution of seasonal polyphenism

abstract:
Phylogeny of the butterfly genera Araschnia, Mynes, Symbrenthia and Brensymthia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalini) is reconstructed, based on 140 morphological and ecological characters. The resulting tree shows that Araschnia is a sister group of the clade including Symbrenthia, Mynes and Brensymthia (Symbrenthia is paraphyletic in the respect of remaining genera; Symbrenthia hippalus is a derived species of Mynes). The species-level relationships within Araschnia are robustly supported as follows: (A. davidis (prorsoides ((zhangi doris) (dohertyi (levana burejana))))). Analysis of the wing colour-pattern characters linked with the seasonal polyphenism in the Araschnia species suggests that the black and white coloration of the long-day (summer) generation is apomorphic. Biogeographically, the origin of polyphenism in Araschnia predates the dispersal of some Araschnia species towards the Palaearctic temperate zone, and the ecological cause of the polyphenism itself is then probably not linked with thermoregulation. The possible mimetic/cryptic scenarios for the origin of Araschnia polyphenism are discussed.

citation:
Fric, Z., Konvicka, M. and Zrzavy, J. 2004. Red & black or black & white? Phylogeny of the Araschnia butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and evolution of seasonal polyphenism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 17: 265-278.


author:
Friedlander, T.P.; Horst, K.R.; Regier, J.C.; Mitter, C.; Peigler, R.S.; Fang, Q.Q.

title:
Two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within Attacini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

citation:
Friedlander, T.P., Horst, K.R., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Peigler, R.S. and Fang, Q.Q. 1998. Two nuclear genes yield concordant relationships within Attacini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 131-140.


title:
Phylogenetics and evolution of aphid soldiers

citation:
Fukatsu, T. 1999. Phylogenetics and evolution of aphid soldiers. Biological Sciences (Tokyo) 51: 29-42.


author:
Funk, D.; Futuyma, D.J.; Orti, G.; Meyer, A.

title:
A history of host associations and evolutionary diversification for Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): New evidence from mitochondrial DNA

citation:
Funk, D., Futuyma, D.J., Orti, G. and Meyer, A. 1995. A history of host associations and evolutionary diversification for Ophraella (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): New evidence from mitochondrial DNA. Evolution 49: 1008-1017.


title:
Molecular systematics of cytochrome oxidase I and 16S from Neochlamisus leaf beetles and the importance of sampling

abstract:
If a gene tree is to be judiciously used for inferring the histories of closely related taxa, (1) its topology must be sufficiently resolved and robust that noteworthy phylogenetic patterns can be confidently documented, and (2) sampling of species, populations, and pertinent biological variation must be sufficiently broad that otherwise misleading sources of genetic variation can be detected. These principles are illustrated by the complex gene tree of; Neochlamisus leaf beetles that I reconstructed using 90,000 bp of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from over 100 specimens. Cytochrome oxidase I haplotypes varied up to 25.1% within Neochlamisus and up to 11.1% within the gibbosus species group, while exhibiting very low A1T bias for insect mtDNA (63%), low transition saturation, and conservative patterns of amino acid variation. 16S exhibited lower sequence divergences and greater A1T bias and transition saturation than COI, and substitutions were more constrained in stems than in loops. Comparisons with an earlier study of Ophraella leaf beetles highlighted conservative and labile elements of molecular evolution across genes and taxa. Cytochrome oxidase I parsimony and neighborjoining analyses strongly supported a robust mtDNA genealogy that revealed the monophyly of Neochlamisus and of the gibbosus species group. Phylogeographic relationships suggested that the eastern U.S. gibbosus group derives from southwestern velutinus group ancestors. Haplotypes from individual velutinus group species clustered monophyletically, as expected. However, haplotypes from each of several gibbosus group taxa were polyphyletically distributed, appearing in divergent parts of the tree. 16S provided a less-resolved gibbosus group topology that was congruent with the COI tree and corroborated patterns of mitochondrial polyphyly. By subsampling haplotypes corresponding to particular species, populations, and ecological variants of gibbosus group taxa, I demonstrate that recovered topologies and genetic distances vary egregiously according to sampling regime. This study thus documents the potentially dire consequences of inadequate sampling when inferring the evolutionary history of closely related and mitochondrially polyphyletic taxa.

citation:
Funk, D.J. 1999. Molecular systematics of cytochrome oxidase I and 16S from Neochlamisus leaf beetles and the importance of sampling. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 67-82.


author:
Funk, D. J.; Futuyma, D. J.; Orti, G.; Meyer, A.

title:
Mitochondrial DNA sequences and multiple data sets - a phylogenetic study of phytophagous beetles (Chrysomelidae, Ophraella)

abstract:
This paper presents the phylogenetic infrastructure for an integrated historical and experimental study of host use evolution in the chrysomelid leaf beetle genus Ophraella. We report the collection of sequence data from the 16S ribosomal RNA (446 bp) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (420 bp) mitochondrial genes from 12 species of Ophraella and two outgroups. Sequence analysis revealed a strong A+T nucleotide bias, high interspecific COI sequence divergences (up to 21.4%) that greatly exceeded those for 16S (up to 5.9%), high intraspecific COI divergences (up to 3.8%), a dearth of amino acid substitutions in COI, and differing substitution patterns in ribosomal stems and loops. Intraspecific variation in COI haplotypes generally supported the genealogical coherence of Ophraella lineages, while suggesting two cases of paraphyletic species. Separate phylogenetic analyses of 16S and COI data sets yielded largely congruent trees. A combined 16S + COI analysis yielded a single shortest tree under maximum parsimony that was identical to trees provided by successive approximations, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood methods. This topology proved robust to various forms of weighting and most nodes were highly supported (by bootstrap analysis). Separate parsimony analyses of mtDNA and previously collected morphological and electromorphic data sets revealed congruent estimates of all cladistic relationships except those within one clade. Analysis of the pooled data sets in a combined approach additionally provided support for the basal placement of two species from this clade, although the topology for the remaining species was weakly supported and incongruent with the mtDNA tree. Each data set contained significantly structured phylogenetic signal with respect to this clade, and data sets exhibited limited conflict (character incongruence) with each other. The combined data set, however, was found to lack phylogenetic signal. These observations may imply that pooling heterogeneously evolving classes of data obscured the phylogenetic signal in each, a potential limitation of the combined approach.

citation:
Funk, D. J., Futuyma, D. J., Orti, G. and Meyer, A. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and multiple data sets - a phylogenetic study of phytophagous beetles (Chrysomelidae, Ophraella).


title:
Studies of Oriental and Australian Alticinae genera based on the comparative morphology of the metafemoral spring, genitalia, and hind wing venation

journal:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, 1996

citation:
Furth, D.G. and Suzuki, K. 1998. Studies of Oriental and Australian Alticinae genera based on the comparative morphology of the metafemoral spring, genitalia, and hind wing venation. Pp. 91-124 in: Biondi, M., Daccordi, M. and Furth, D.G. [eds.], Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, 1996. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.


title:
Phylogeny and the evolution of host plant associations in the leaf beetle genus Ophraella (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
Species of Ophraella, a North American genus of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), feed variously on eight genera in four tribes of Asteraceae.  A phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological features and allozymes, was undertaken to deduce the history of host affiliation within the genus.  The two data sets are combined to arrive at a provisional phylogeny of the species, onto which host associations are parsimoniously mapped.  Among and within the 12 species studied, at least two shifts are postulated to have occurred among congeneric plant species, five between genera in the same tribe, and four between different tribes of Asteraceae.The phylogeny of Ophraella appears not to be congruent with that of its hosts.  This and other evidence indicates that many host shifts in Ophraella postdate the divergence of the host plants, a conclusion that may apply commonly to phytophagous insects.  A phenetic analysis of the plants' secondary compounds provides modest support for the hypothesis that host shifts are facilitated by commonalities in plant chemistry.  A possible trend in host shifts is evident, from chemically simpler to chemically more forbidding plants.  The chemical barriers to host shifts in Ophraella appear to require adaptation in both behavior and in physiological attributes.  There is no evidence that the host associations of these insects or the divergence in secondary chemistry of their hosts can be attributed to coevolution.

citation:
Futuyma, D.J. and McCafferty, S.S. 1990. Phylogeny and the evolution of host plant associations in the leaf beetle genus Ophraella (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Evolution 44: 1885-1913.


title:
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Tineidae: Gattung Eudarcia Clemens, 1860 (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

citation:
Gaedike, R. 1997. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Tineidae: Gattung Eudarcia Clemens, 1860 (Insecta: Lepidoptera). Reichenbachia 32: 99-103.


title:
The gall midges of the Neotropical Region

citation:
Gagné, R.J. 1994. The gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Comstock Publishers, Ithaca & London.


title:
Insular evolution, speciation, and revision of the Hawaiian genus Nesiomiris (Hemiptera: Miridae)

citation:
Gagné, W.C. 1997. Insular evolution, speciation, and revision of the Hawaiian genus Nesiomiris (Hemiptera: Miridae). Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology 7: 1-220.


title:
Immature stages of Hipparchia Fabricius and the systematics of the 'Satyrus series' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

citation:
Garcia-Barros, E. and Martin, J. 1991. Immature stages of Hipparchia Fabricius and the systematics of the 'Satyrus series' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematic Entomology 16: 407-426.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and the evolution of host-plant use in palearctic Chrysolina (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) leaf beetles

abstract:
The genus Chrysolina consists of specialized phytophagous leaf-beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) with feed on several plant families. Then is no explicit phylogenetic hypothesis available for this genus, which includes 65 subgenera and more than 400 species with a wide distribution. We obtained 839-bp sequence data from the 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I(COI) mitochondrial genes. Thirty Chrysolina taxa representing eight host-plant affiliations, two species of the closely related genus Oreina, and two outgroups were sampled. These data sets were used separately and combined to obtain the mitochondrial cladogram of the group using maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood criteria. The results were compared to current proposals for Chrysolina systematics that are based on morphological, ecological, and karyological data. The trees obtained were in the most part congruent with the proposed ancestral association of Chrysolina to Lamiaceae based on chromosome number in several lineages. A minimum of five host-plant switches from the ancestral state inferred at the family level and two at the subclass level suggests the absence of parallel evolution of beetles and their host plants, Another switch leading to oligophagy at the family level was deduced to have occurred in the lineage of the subgenus Chrysolina s.str.

citation:
Garin, C.F., Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. 1999. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and the evolution of host-plant use in palearctic Chrysolina (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) leaf beetles. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48: 435-444.


title:
Number cladistics and biogeographic analysis of the Chinese Cochylidae (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea)

journal:
Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology

citation:
Ge, X.s. and Liu, Y.q. 1991. Number cladistics and biogeographic analysis of the Chinese Cochylidae (Lepidoptera: Tortricoidea). Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology 1: 103-111.


title:
Genetics, systematics and evolution of holarctic Pieris napi species group populations (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

journal:
Zeitschrift fur Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung

citation:
Geiger, H. and Shapiro, A.M. 1992. Genetics, systematics and evolution of holarctic Pieris napi species group populations (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Zeitschrift fuer Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 30: 100-122.


title:
Generic revision of the superfamily Pterophoroidea (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Gielis, C. 1993. Generic revision of the superfamily Pterophoroidea (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden) 290: 1-139.


author:
Gillespie, J.J.; Duckett, C.N.; Kjer, K.M.

title:
Identification of a gene region that gives good phylogenetic signal for determining high level divergences within Alticinae and Galerucinae chrysomelids

citation:
Gillespie, J.J., Duckett, C.N. and Kjer, K.M. 2001. Identification of a gene region that gives good phylogenetic signal for determining high level divergences within Alticinae and Galerucinae chrysomelids. Chrysomela 40-41: 10-12.


author:
Gillespie, J.J.; Kjer, K.M.; Duckett, C.N.; Tallamy, D.W.

title:
Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini)

abstract:
Historically, chemical ecologists assumed that cucurbitacin feeding and sequestration in rootworm leaf beetles is a remnant of an ancient association between the Luperini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae) and Cucurbitaceae (ancestral host hypothesis). Under this premise, rootworms that do not develop on cucurbits but undergo pharmacophagous forays for cucurbitacins are thought to do so to supplement novel host diets that lack these bitter compounds. The ancestral host hypothesis is supported from studies of pyrrolizidine alkaloid pharmacophagy in Lepidoptera but has not been subjected to phylogenetic analysis within the Luperini. New evidence that this feeding behavior is better correlated with an adult affinity for pollen than with larval host offers the possibility that Old and New World rootworm species with an affinity for cucurbitacins converged on this behavior through apomorphic taste receptor modifications (loose receptor hypothesis). Here we test the monophyly of cucurbitacin feeding within the Luperini by using nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships among 49 taxa representing tribes of the Galerucinae and subtribes of the Luperini. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis is mostly concordant with existing tribal and subtribal delineations within the Subfamily Galerucinae sensu stricto (Galerucinae not including the flea beetles). The establishment of ancestry among the subtribes of the Luperini refutes the monophyly of cucurbitacin feeding and cucurbit specialization, with the New World Diabroticina being paraphyletic to the Old World Aulacophorina and cosmopolitan Luperina. These data unambiguously support the convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in rootworms and are inconsistent with the ancestral host hypothesis.

citation:
Gillespie, J.J., Kjer, K.M., Duckett, C.N. and Tallamy, D.W. 2003. Convergent evolution of cucurbitacin feeding in spatially isolated rootworm taxa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae; Galerucinae, Luperini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 161-175.


author:
Gillespie, J.J.; Kjer, K.M.; Riley, E.G.; Tallamy, D.W.

title:
The evolution of cucurbitacin pharmacophagy in rootworms: insight from Luperini paraphyly

citation:
Gillespie, J.J., Kjer, K.M., Riley, E.G. and Tallamy, D.W. 2004. The evolution of cucurbitacin pharmacophagy in rootworms: insight from Luperini paraphyly. Pp. 37-57 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


author:
Gleeson, D.; Holder, P.; Newcomb, R.; Howitt, R.; Dugdale, J.

title:
Molecular phylogenetics of leafrollers: application to DNA diagnostics

journal:
Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference

citation:
Gleeson, D., Holder, P., Newcomb, R., Howitt, R. and Dugdale, J. 2000. Molecular phylogenetics of leafrollers: application to DNA diagnostics. Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 53: 157-162.


title:
Molecular systematics and time-scale for the evolution of Timarcha, a leaf-beetle genus with a disjunct Holarctic distribution

abstract:
In recent years we have investigated the evolution of the Holarctic leaf-beetle genus Timarcha using molecular approaches, but to date several important questions remained unanswered, including its systematic arrangement in a temporal context, or the phylogenetic placement of the Nearctic taxa. Here I present a reanalysis of available genetic data together with newly generated data for key taxa (markers 16S rDNA, CO2, ITS-2, and 18S rDNA), including the Nearctic species (subgenus Americanotimarcha), using direct optimization-based phylogenetic reconstructions. Lineage ages are estimated using maximum likelihood branch-length estimates and the molecular clock calibration derived from several presumed vicariance events in the Mediterranean. Phylogenetic analyses and 18S rDNA divergences suggest the ancient divergence of the Nearctic and Palaearctic lineages, related to the North Atlantic opening in the middle Eocene. The diversification of the Palaearctic Timarcha seems closely related to the geological evolution of the Mediterranean area during the Tertiary, with Pleistocenic climate changes affecting species ranges and lineage extinction, but not resulting in extensive speciation.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J. 2004. Molecular systematics and time-scale for the evolution of Timarcha, a leaf-beetle genus with a disjunct Holarctic distribution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 647-665.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Garin, C.F.; Juan, C.; Petitpierre, E.

title:
Mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences and their use as phylogenetic markers in leaf-beetles with special reference to the subfamily Chrysomelinae

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Garin, C.F., Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. 1999. Mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences and their use as phylogenetic markers in leaf-beetles with special reference to the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Pp. 25-38 in: Cox, M.L. [ed.], Advances in Chrysomelidae biology. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
The evolutionary history of the genus Timarcha (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inferred from mitochondrial COII gene and  partial 16S rDNA sequences

abstract:
The apterous genus Timarcha consists of three subgenera and more than 100 species in its Palearctic distribution, with specialized feeding on few plant families. Fifty-four sequences sampled from 31 taxa of the genus plus three outgroup leaf beetles were studied for their complete cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and a fragment of 16S rDNA mitochondrial genes, representing a total of about 1200 bp. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-parsimony and distance methods for each gene separately and for the combined data set gave compatible topologies. The subgenus Metallotimarcha consistently appears in a basal position and is well differentiated from the remaining Timarcha, but no clear monophyletic grouping of Timarchostoma and Timarcha s. str. subgenera can be deduced from our analysis. Calibration of the molecular clock has been done using the opening of the Gibraltar Strait after the Messinian salinity crisis (about 5.5 MYA) as the biogeographic event causing disjunction of two particular taxa. Accordingly, the COII evolutionary rate has been estimated to be of 0.76 3 1028 substitution/site/year in Timarcha. Relation between phylogeny and host-plant use indicates widening of trophic regime as a derived character in Timarcha.

citation:
Gómez-Zurita, J., Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. 2000. The evolutionary history of the genus Timarcha (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inferred from mitochondrial COII gene and  partial 16S rDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14: 304-317.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Juan, C.; Petitpierre, E.

title:
Sequence, secondary structure and phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in the Timarcha leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences of the nuclear rDNA in forty-seven specimens (thirty-four species) of the leaf beetle genus Timarcha have been studied. Timarcha ITS2 (523 bp on average) share some sequence features with other Chrysomeloidea relatives (Chrysolina, Diabrotica and Bruchus) but have no clear similarity with any other arthropod ITS2 sequences. Interspecific divergences are in the range 0.002-0.166, and 0.124-0.206 in the comparisons between subgenera. No evidence of intragenomic divergent ITS2 sequences has been found. Secondary structures are concordant with the four-domain model proposed for vertebrates and yeast, but differs from those proposed for dipterans. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 data confirms the results of a previous study based on mitochondrial sequences, as the basality of the Metallotimarcha subgenus and the absence of phylogenetic support for the Timarchostoma subgenus.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Juan, C. and Petitpierre, E. 2000. Sequence, secondary structure and phylogenetic analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) in the Timarcha leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insect Molecular Biology 9: 591-604.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Kopliku, F.; Theorides, K.; Vogler, A.P.

title:
Resources for a phylogenomic approach in leaf beetle (Coleoptera) systematics

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Kopliku, F., Theorides, K. and Vogler, A.P. 2004. Resources for a phylogenomic approach in leaf beetle (Coleoptera) systematics. Pp. 19-35 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Petitpierre, E.; Juan, C.

title:
Nested cladistic analysis, phylogeography and speciation in the Timarcha goettingensis complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
The Timarcha goettingensis complex is a monophyletic assemblage of closely related leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), distributed from the north half of the Iberian Peninsula to Central Europe. Oligophagy, mountainous habitat and apterism are factors which are assumed to promote speciation in these beetles.  We have used cytochrome oxidase subunit II mitochondrial DNA genealogies obtained from 31 sampling localities and a nested geographical distance analysis to assess the population structure and demographic factors explaining the geographical distributions of the mtDNA haplotypes in the T. goettingensis complex. The results show that there is a significant association between genetic structuring and geography. Inferences about the historical population processes in the species complex are discussed, being in general in accordance with contiguous range expansions and past fragmentations. The use of the cohesion species concept approach suggests the existence of several systematic ranks among the different T. goettingensis populations, which is in part supported by ecological traits such as trophic selection and altitudinal distribution.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Petitpierre, E. and Juan, C. 2000. Nested cladistic analysis, phylogeography and speciation in the Timarcha goettingensis complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Molecular Ecology 9: 557-570.


title:
Incongruent nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeographic patterns in the Timarcha goettingensis species complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
Phylogeographic analyses have mostly been based on single-gene genealogies but it is unclear how conclusions from such studies depend on the choice of gene markers. We conducted a nested geographical clade analysis [A.R. Templeton, E. Routman & C.A. Phillips (1995) Genetics 140: 767-782] based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) sequences in the Timarcha goettingensis species complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), and compared the inferences with an updated version of previously published results using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (COII) sequences. Inferences from ITS2 suggest that patterns of marker distribution are mostly explained by restricted gene flow with isolation by distance. In contrast, COII revealed a history of geographical structure resulting from episodic population contiguous-range expansions. Both markers also show different genealogical patterns, which are associated to the effects of genetic introgression in a putative hybrid zone between two major lineages in the complex. Altogether, these differences are attributed to distinct population and/or evolutionary dynamics of the markers, and offer a more accurate phylogeographic description for the T. goettingensis complex.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J. and Vogler, A.P. 2003. Incongruent nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeographic patterns in the Timarcha goettingensis species complex (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 833-843.


title:
South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part 3: definition of Exoplectrinae Crotch, Azyinae Mulsant, and Coccidulinae Crotch; a taxonomic revision of Coccidulini

citation:
Gordon, R.D. 1994. South American Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Part 3: definition of Exoplectrinae Crotch, Azyinae Mulsant, and Coccidulinae Crotch; a taxonomic revision of Coccidulini. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 38: 681-775.


author:
Goulielmos, G.N.; Loukas, M.; Bondinas, G.; Zouros, E.

title:
Exploring the evolutionary history of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (Adh) duplication in species of the family Tephritidae

abstract:
In the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae and the med fly Ceratitis capitata previous studies have shown the existence of two Adh genes in each species. This observation, in combination with the former finding that various Drosophila species of virilis and repleta group encode two isozymes of ADH which are the result of a gene duplication, challenged us to address a scenario dealing with the evolutionary history of the Adh gene duplication in Tephritidae. In our lab we proceeded to the cloning and sequence analysis of Adh genes from more tephritid species, a prerequisite for further study of this issue. Here we show that phylogenetic trees produced from either the nucleotide or the amino acid sequences of 14 tephritid Adh genes consisted of two main clusters, with Adh sequences of the same type grouping together (i.e., Adh1 sequences form a cluster and Adh2 sequences form a second one), as expected if there was one duplication event before speciation within the family Tephritidae. We used the amount of divergence between the two isozymic forms of Adh of the species carrying both Adh1 and Adh2 genes to obtain an estimate of the age of the duplication event. Interestingly, our data again support the hypothesis that the duplication of an ancestral Adh single gene in the family Tephritidae occurred before the emergence of the genera Bactrocera and Ceratitis, thus suggesting that Adh duplication was based on a prespeciation rather than a postspeciation event that might have involved two independent duplication events, one in each of the two genera.

citation:
Goulielmos, G.N., Loukas, M., Bondinas, G. and Zouros, E. 2003. Exploring the evolutionary history of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (Adh) duplication in species of the family Tephritidae. Journal of Molecular Evolution 57: 170-180.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

citation:
Grazia, J. 1997. Cladistic analysis of the Evoplitus genus group of Pentatomini (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of Comparative Biology 2: 43-48.


title:
Mesozoic thrips and early evolution of the order Thysanoptera (Insecta)

abstract:
The oldest known thrips, order Thysanoptera, are described from the Late Triassic of Virginia and Kazakhstan: Triassothrips virginicus Grimaldi and Fraser, new genus and species (Cow Branch Formation: Carnian), and Kazachothrips triassicus Shmakov, new genus and species (Tologoy Formation: Carnian-Norian). Prior to this the oldest definitive thysanopterans were from the Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan (Kimmeridgian), some 80 My younger. Well-preserved, relatively complete, wing venation indicates the Triassic thrips are phylogenetically the basalmost thysanopterans, and their venation even allows identification and homologizing the highly reduced veins in Recent thrips. Another basal thrips is described from mid-Cretaceous (Turonian) amber of New Jersey, Cretothrips antiquus Grimaldi, new genus and species, which is similar to several Recent genera of Aeolothripidae. A phylogenetic hypothesis of basal relationships in Thysanoptera based on wing venation supports a basal relationship for Aeolothripidae and derived position for Phlaeothripidae among Recent families.

citation:
Grimaldi, D., Shmakov, A. and Fraser, N. 2004. Mesozoic thrips and early evolution of the order Thysanoptera (Insecta). Journal of Paleontology 78: 941-952.


title:
Revision of the genus Parada Horvath (Hemiptera: Tingidae) with cladistic analysis

citation:
Guilbert, E. 2000. Revision of the genus Parada Horvath (Hemiptera: Tingidae) with cladistic analysis. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102: 816-830.


title:
Do larvae evolve the same way as adults in Tingidae; (Insecta: Heteroptera)?

abstract:
A recent cladistic analysis showed that adult traits of Tingidae, which exhibit a great variety of shapes, evolved homoplastically; from simple to complex (Guilbert, 2001). These complex traits, often exaggerated, were hypothesized to be adaptive. However, this; study, as well as another by Lis (1999), both based on adult morphology, contradict the traditional classification of Tingidae. A new; analysis is performed here, that includes larval characters, which, like those of adults, have a great variety of shapes. The results; corroborate the traditional classification of the Tingidae. No clear divisions among Tinginae are drawn from the analysis, but an; evolutionary pattern of shapes among Tingidae emerges from this study. There is a global tendency for larval traits to evolve; convergently from simple to complex, as suggested for adults. The pattern seen in adult and larval traits is independent, but; consistent. These traits can be used in the same anti-predation context, but with different roles.

citation:
Guilbert, E. 2004. Do larvae evolve the same way as adults in Tingidae; (Insecta: Heteroptera)?. Cladistics 20: 139-150.


title:
Is the pronotal punctuation of Tingidae (Heteroptera) related to exaggerated traits?

abstract:
The pronotum of most of the Tingidae (Insecta, Heteroptera) is punctate. Observed with scanning electron microscope, the punctuation is made of pits with or without marginal protuberances at the entry, and with or without an associated sensilla. The distribution of the pits, the shape and number of their protuberances vary according to the species. The evolution of the punctuation may be related to the evolution of the pronotal and hemelytral shapes. The function of this punctuation remains unknown. However, it could be glandular and involved in protection against predators by secreting pheromones, or in an excretion phenomenon by excreting exudate. It could be also sensitive receptors involved in communication within species.

citation:
Guilbert, E. 2004. Is the pronotal punctuation of Tingidae (Heteroptera) related to exaggerated traits?. Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 147-154.


title:
Trans-Tasman Platycoelostoma Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) on endemic Cupressaceae, and the phylogenetic history of margarodids

abstract:
A new species of Platycoelostoma Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) is described from the Tasmanian endemic conifer, Diselma archeri (Cupressaceae), growing in alpine heathland. Its sister species, P. compressa (Maskell), occurs in alpine and subalpine New Zealand on Libocedrus bidwilli (Cupressaceae). Vicariance dating provides a minimum age for Platycoelostoma of about 80 Ma. Cladistic analysis of morphological data from adult females and first-instar nymphs suggests that Platycoelostoma is the sister genus of Callipappus Guerin-Meneville and also is more closely related to members of subfamilies Margarodinae and Xylococcinae than to the New Zealand and South American genera of Coelostomidiinae, to which Platycoelostoma traditionally has been linked. The analysis also indicates that most traditional tribal groupings within Margarodidae are monophyletic, but that three (Coelostomidiinae, Margarodinae and Xylococcinae) of the five subfamilies in the widely used higher classification of Morrison may be either paraphyletic or polyphyletic as currently defined. Only Monophlebinae and Steingeliinae have adequate support from morphological characters. Relationships among subfamilies and many tribes are unresolved. These results lend some support to the classification previously proposed by Koteja, in which all margarodid subfamilies and a few tribes are elevated to the rank of family. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that Marchalini and Monophlebinae (in which all immature female instars have well developed appendages) are derived with respect to other margarodids and thus development via legless intermediate female instars ('cyst' form) may be plesiomorphic within margarodids. This hypothesis is weakly supported and requires corroboration from independent data. Platycoelostoma is transferred to tribe Callipappini, which is redefined, but the subfamily placement of this tribe must remain uncertain until the higher classification and rank of the various margarodid taxa can be re-evaluated. A revised generic description of Platycoelostoma, based on the adult and intermediate female instars and the first instar of both species, and a key to separate the female instars of both species are provided. The first-instar nymph, all female instars and the third-instar male (the prepupa) of Platycoelostoma tasmanicum sp.n. are described and illustrated. Scanning electron micrographs depict the unusual cuticular features of the third-instar female.

citation:
Gullan, P.J. and Sjaarda, A.W. 2001. Trans-Tasman Platycoelostoma Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) on endemic Cupressaceae, and the phylogenetic history of margarodids. Systematic Entomology 26: 257-278.


title:
Systematics of the Papilio glaucus and P. troilus species groups (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): inferences from allozymes

citation:
Hagen, R.H. and Scriber, J.M. 1991. Systematics of the Papilio glaucus and P. troilus species groups (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): inferences from allozymes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84: 380-395.


title:
Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

abstract:
The relationships among the genera and tribal groupings of Riodininae with five forewing radial veins, and between these and tribes with four forewing radial veins, were examined using a phylogenetic analysis. Using the type species from all sixteen genera in the tribal groupings Eurybiini, Mesosemiini and incertae sedis (a presumed paraphyletic group of loosely related genera), and representatives from the four forewing radial-veined riodinine tribes, thirty-five new and traditional characters were coded from adult ecology, wing venation and pattern, the adult head and body, male and female genitalia, and early stage ecology and morphology. The majority of characters are illustrated. Phylogenetic analysis of these data produced five equally most parsimonious cladograms using equal weights and after successive weighting. The strict consensus of these confirms the monophyly of Eurybiini and Mesosemiini as currently conceived, but also indicates several higher-level relationships not previously hypothesized. Mesosemiini is here more broadly defined to also include the entire incertae sedis section, and the tribe is divided into Mesosemiina, for the previously delimited Mesosemiini plus Eunogyra and Teratophthalma, and Napaeina, subtr.n. for the incertae sedis section minus these two genera. The following hypothesis of relationships is tentatively proposed for the basal clades of Riodininae: Mesosemiini + (Eurybiini + remainder of Riodininae). These new hypotheses, and the characters supporting them, are discussed and compared with those previously proposed.

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. 2003. Phylogenetic reassessment of the five forewing radial-veined tribes of Riodininae (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Systematic Entomology 28: 23-37.

host taxa:
Clusiacae; Marantaceae; Araceae; Rubiaceae; Bromeliaceae; Orchidaceae


title:
Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera : Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily

abstract:
Three cladistic analyses, based predominantly on adult morphology, are presented for myrmecophilous riodinid butterflies in the tribe Nymphidiini, The first is a species-level analysis of all 22 species recognized here in Aricoris ( = Audre auctt.) using 27 characters. The second is a species-level analysis of all 24 species recognized here in Synargis using 53 characters. The third is a generic-level analysis of all six genera (Aricoris, Ariconias n. gen., Lemonias,Thisbe, Juditha, and Synargis) recognized here as belonging in the basal clades of the Nymphidiini (=Lemoniadina auctt.) using 17 characters. with members of the Theopeina and Nymphidiina included with the ingroup to assess the monophyly of subtribes. Almost all characters are illustrated. The first analysis indicates that Aricoris consists of five monophyletic species groups, with the relationship ((constantius gr. + colchis gr.) + (chilensis gr. + (aurinia gr. + epulus gr.))), and contains the type species of Eiseleia and Audre. which are synonymized with Aricoris (n. syns.), The second analysis indicates that Synargis consists Of four monophyletic species groups. with the relationship (phliasus gr. + (regulus gr. + (pittheus gr. + abaris gr.))). and contains the type species of Ematurgina and Thysamota. which are synonymized with Synargis (n. syns.). The third analysis indicates that the Lemoniadina, or basal clades of the Nymphidiini, are paraphyletic with respect to the Theopeina and Nymphidiina. with the generic relationship ((Aricoris + Ariconias) + (((Lemonias + Thishe) + (Juditha + Synargis))+ (Theopeina + Nymphidiina))). We therefore restrict the Lemoniadina to include Lemonias, Thishe. Juditha, and Synargis and provide the name Aricorina n. subtribe for Aricoris and Ariconias. All nymphidiine subtribes are characterized and a synonymic checklist for the Aricorina and Lemoniadina is presented. A "supertree" composed of the species-level phylogenies derived here for Aricoris and Synargis. and those derived elsewhere for Ariconias. Lemonias, Thishe, and Juditha, is used to map the distribution of larval host plant and attending ant taxa and the occurrence of aphytophagy. Observed patterns are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. and Harvey, D.J. 2002. Basal subtribes of the Nymphidiini (Lepidoptera : Riodinidae): phylogeny and myrmecophily. Cladistics 18: 539-569.


title:
A review of the genus Sarota (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

citation:
Hall, J.PW. 1998. A review of the genus Sarota (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Tropical Lepidoptera 9 S: 1-21.


title:
A revision of the genus Theope: its systematics and biology (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini)

citation:
Hall, J.PW. 1999. A revision of the genus Theope: its systematics and biology (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.


title:
A phylogenetic review of Charis and Calephelis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. and Harvey, D.J. 2002. A phylogenetic review of Charis and Calephelis (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 407-421.


title:
Patterns of feeding behaviour in adult male riodinid butterflies and their relationship to morphology and ecology

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. and Willmott, K.R. 2000. Patterns of feeding behaviour in adult male riodinid butterflies and their relationship to morphology and ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69: 1-23.


title:
Systematics and range fragmentation of the Nearctic genus Errhomus (Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

abstract:
Biogeographic analysis of flightless leafhoppers of the genus Errhomus (47 known taxa) indicates remarkable genetic stability, populations of 5 taxa having attained at most only subspecific status although separated by huge canyons > 1.5 million years old.  Modern distributions appear to have stabilized long ago; many retain configurations laid down by the ancestral Columbia River canyon of at least 6 million years ago and some may be traced to events of 12 million years ago.  Three subspecies are morphologically distinct and are raised to specific level, whearas evidence of introgression reduces 6 species to subspecific status and 3 other subspecies to hybrid swarms, leaving 23 species in 2 subgenera, Errhomus sensu stricto (12 species) and Erronus new subgenus (11 species).  Twelve new taxa are described: E. lineatus cordatus, E. variabilis erratus, and E. variabilis mimicus from Idaho; E. bracatus, E. camensis, and E. rivalis from Montana; E. affinis attenuatus and E. variabilis gracilis from Oregon; E. naomi from Utah; E. praedictus, E. picturatus, and E. serratus obliteratus from Washington.  Only 4 species are common and widesprea; 10 others are known from only 1 or 2 sites.  The study is baed on 6,000 specimens representing 153 populations of Errhomus (including 7 new state recores and 22 new county records) in addition to the 15,000 specimens of 212 populations recorded in 1987.  The genus belongs to subtribe Bathysmatophorina (subfamily Cicadellinae) that encompasses Eurasian Bathysmatophorus and the western North American Ankosus, Carsonus, Errhomus, Hylaius (new status), and Thatuna.  The subtribe is here removed from Errhomenini (subfamily Aphrodinae) and elevated to tribal status.  No longer included is the genus Lystridea, which is here transferred from Errhomenini to Pagaroniini (subfamily Cicadellidae).

citation:
Hamilton, K.G.A. and Zack, R.S. 1999. Systematics and range fragmentation of the Nearctic genus Errhomus (Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 312-354.


title:
The species of the North American leafhoppers Ceratagallia Kirkaldy and Aceratagallia Kirkaldy (Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

citation:
Hamilton, K.GA. 1998. The species of the North American leafhoppers Ceratagallia Kirkaldy and Aceratagallia Kirkaldy (Rhynchota: Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Canadian Entomologist 130: 427-490.


title:
Taxonomic revision of Paramyiolia Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae) with analyses of their phylogenetic relationships

citation:
Han, H.Y. 1996. Taxonomic revision of Paramyiolia Shiraki (Diptera: Tephritidae) with analyses of their phylogenetic relationships. Entomologica Scandinavica 27: 377-391.


title:
A new Cornutrypeta species from Taiwan with notes on its phylogenetic relationships (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Han, H.Y. 1996. A new Cornutrypeta species from Taiwan with notes on its phylogenetic relationships (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insecta Koreana 13: 113-119.


title:
Molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Trypetini (Diptera: Tephritidae), using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences

citation:
Han, H.Y. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Trypetini (Diptera: Tephritidae), using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28: 501-513.


title:
Phylogenetic study of selected tephritid flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA

citation:
Han, H.Y. and McPheron, B.A. 1994. Phylogenetic study of selected tephritid flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) using partial sequences of the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22: 447-457.


title:
Molecular phylogenetic study of Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera) using partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA

citation:
Han, H.Y. and McPheron, B.A. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic study of Tephritidae (Insecta: Diptera) using partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 17-32.


title:
A systematic revision of the genus Acidiostigma Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae) from China, Korea, and Japan

citation:
Han, H.Y. and Wang, X.J. 1997. A systematic revision of the genus Acidiostigma Hendel (Diptera, Tephritidae) from China, Korea, and Japan. Insecta Koreana 14: 81-118.


title:
Revision of Cornutrypeta Han & Wang, a new tephritid genus proposed for Oriental and Palaearctic species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Han, H.Y., Wang, X.J. and Kim, K.C. 1993. Revision of Cornutrypeta Han & Wang, a new tephritid genus proposed for Oriental and Palaearctic species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 24: 167-184.


title:
Taxonomic review of Pseudina Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae) with descriptions of two new species from China

citation:
Han, H.Y., Wang, X.J. and Kim, K.C. 1994. Taxonomic review of Pseudina Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae) with descriptions of two new species from China. Oriental Insects 28: 103-123.


title:
Origins and evolution of the Afrotropical Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Hancock, D.L. 1993. Origins and evolution of the Afrotropical Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Arnoldia Zimbabwe 9: 557-583.


title:
Notes on the phylogeny and biogeography of Ornithoptera Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

citation:
Hancock, D.L. 1991. Notes on the phylogeny and biogeography of Ornithoptera Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Tyo To Ga 42: 17-36.


title:
Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae): classification and biology

journal:
Systematics Association Special Volume Series

citation:
Harris, K.M. 1994. Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae): classification and biology. Systematics Association Special Volume Series 49: 201-211.


title:
Genetic relationships among Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America as revealed by isozyme studies

citation:
Harvey, G.T. 1996. Genetic relationships among Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in North America as revealed by isozyme studies. Canadian Entomologist 128: 245-262.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the tribes of the Pentatomidae (Heteroptera)

citation:
Hasan, S.A. and Kitching, I.J. 1993. A cladistic analysis of the tribes of the Pentatomidae (Heteroptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 61: 651-669.


title:
Zur phylogenetisch-systematischen Bedeutung der weiblichen Genitalorgane der Tagfalter (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

journal:
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie

citation:
Hauser, C.L. 1993. Zur phylogenetisch-systematischen Bedeutung der weiblichen Genitalorgane der Tagfalter (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 8: 447-449.


title:
Critical comments on the phylogenetic relationships within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Hauser, C.L. 1993. Critical comments on the phylogenetic relationships within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Nota Lepidopterologica 16: 34-43.


author:
Hauser, C.; Naumann, C.M.; Kreuzberg, A.V A.

title:
Zur taxonomischen und phylogenetischen Bedeutung der Feinstruktur der Eischale der Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

citation:
Hauser, C., Naumann, C.M. and Kreuzberg, A.V A. 1993. Zur taxonomischen und phylogenetischen Bedeutung der Feinstruktur der Eischale der Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 67: 239-264.


title:
The evolutionary history of aphids and a hypothesis on the coevolution of aphids and plants

journal:
Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura

citation:
Heie, O.E. 1996. The evolutionary history of aphids and a hypothesis on the coevolution of aphids and plants. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 28: 149-155.


title:
Structure, function, ontogeny, and evolution of feeding in thrips (Thysanoptera)

citation:
Heming, B.S. 1993. Structure, function, ontogeny, and evolution of feeding in thrips (Thysanoptera). Pp. 3-41 in: Schaefer, C.W. and Leschen, R.A.B. [eds.], Functional morphology of insect feeding. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.


title:
Phylogenetic notes of the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae - Part 1 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

citation:
Henning, G.A. 1992. Phylogenetic notes of the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae - Part 1 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Metamorphosis 3: 100-114.


title:
Phylogenetic notes on the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae - part 2. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

citation:
Henning, G.A. 1993. Phylogenetic notes on the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae - part 2. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Metamorphosis 4: 5-18.


title:
Phylogenetic notes on the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae. Part 3. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

citation:
Henning, G.A. 1993. Phylogenetic notes on the African species of the subfamily Acraeinae. Part 3. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Metamorphosis 4: 53-68.


title:
Revisional notes on the genus Aloeides Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

citation:
Henning, G.A. 1993. Revisional notes on the genus Aloeides Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Metamorphosis 4: 144-155.


title:
Cladistic analysis and revision of the stilt bug genera of the world (Heteroptera: Berytidae)

journal:
Contributions of the American Entomological Institute

citation:
Henry, T.J. 1997. Cladistic analysis and revision of the stilt bug genera of the world (Heteroptera: Berytidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 30: 100 pp..


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea

citation:
Henry, T.J. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90: 275-301.


title:
Monograph of the stilt bugs, or Berytidae (Heteroptera), of the Western Hemisphere

citation:
Henry, T.J. 1997. Monograph of the stilt bugs, or Berytidae (Heteroptera), of the Western Hemisphere. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 19: 1-149.


title:
Revision of Keltonia and the cotton fleahopper genus Pseudatomoscelis, with the description of a new genus and an analysis of their relationships (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

citation:
Henry, T.J. 1991. Revision of Keltonia and the cotton fleahopper genus Pseudatomoscelis, with the description of a new genus and an analysis of their relationships (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 99: 351-404.


title:
Phylogeny and host plant specialization: small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) as an example

citation:
Herrebout, W.M. 1991. Phylogeny and host plant specialization: small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) as an example. Symposia Biologica Hungarica 39: 289-300.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis and review of Panacea and Batesia butterflies (Nymphalidae)

abstract:
Phylogenetic analysis of 53 morphological characters for five species of Panacea and Batesia hypochlora supports the separation of the two genera and showed that the monotypic genus Batesia is basal to Panacea. Male genitalia were uniform within Panacea and characters informative for phylogeny reconstruction were restricted to wing coloration. Illustrations of adults and genitalia, a brief diagnosis, and distributions are provided for each species.

citation:
Hill, R.I., Penz, C.M. and DeVries, P.J. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and review of Panacea and Batesia butterflies (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 56: 199-215.


title:
Biogeography of the genus Caleta Fruhstorfer (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

abstract:
The genus Caleta Fruhstrorfer contains 9 species. Some endemic species occur in Borneo, Sulawesi and the Philippines. Results of the cladistic analysis and distribution patterns of Caleta species indicate that Sulawesi has a weak biogeographical association with Borneo, as well as a strong link to Mindanao.

citation:
Hirowatari, T. 1993. Biogeography of the genus Caleta Fruhstorfer (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology 61: 771-782.


title:
Gondwanan Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera)? Systematics and biology of the Ectoedemia (Fomoria) vannifera group

citation:
Hoare, R.JB. 2000. Gondwanan Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera)? Systematics and biology of the Ectoedemia (Fomoria) vannifera group. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142: 299-316.


title:
Classification of the Coccidae and related coccoid families

citation:
Hodgson, C.J. 1997. Classification of the Coccidae and related coccoid families. World Crop Pests 7A: 157-201.


title:
A review of the Eriochiton spinosus (Maskell) species-complex (Eriococcidae: Coccoidea), including a phylogenetic analysis of its relationships

journal:
Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand

citation:
Hodgson, C.J. and Henderson, R.C. 1996. A review of the Eriochiton spinosus (Maskell) species-complex (Eriococcidae: Coccoidea), including a phylogenetic analysis of its relationships. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 26: 143-204.


title:
A new subfamily, two new genera and three new species of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from southern Africa, with a phylogenetic analysis of relationships

abstract:
A new aclerdid genus, Lecanaclerda Hodgson & Millar, closely related to Aclerda but with fully developed legs and antennae, is introduced for a new new species, L. macropoda Hodgson & Millar, for which the male and female are described. In addition, genus Rhodesaclerda McConnell is revised and all known stages of existing species, R. combreticola McConnell and R. halli McConnell, are redescribed. The crawler, second-instar female, pupa and the adult male and female of a new species, R. insleyae Hodgson & Millar, from South Africa are also described. Another new genus, Kwazulaclerda Hodgson & Millar, close to Rhodesaclerda, is introduced and the crawler, second-instar female, second-instar male, pupa and adult male and female of the new species K. loranthi Hodgson & Millar from Kwazulu-Natal are described. A phylogenetic analysis based on adult macropterous male characters was undertaken to look at the relationships of these species with other Coccoidea. It is concluded that Lecanaclerda is closely related to Aclerda, Kwazulaclerda is closely related to Rhodesaclerda, Kwazulaclerda and Rhodesaclerda belong to Aclerdidae, and Aclerdidae should be split into two subfamilies, Rhodesaclerdinae Hodgson & Millar (to include Rhodesaclerda and Kwazulaclerda) and Aclerdinae Cockerell (to include Aclerda, Lecanaclerda and Nipponaclerda). These two subfamilies are diagnosed and a key is given for the separation of the genera now included in Aclerdidae. The relationships of Aclerdidae and Coccidae are discussed.

citation:
Hodgson, C.J. and Millar, I.M. 2002. A new subfamily, two new genera and three new species of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from southern Africa, with a phylogenetic analysis of relationships. Systematic Entomology 27: 469-517.


title:
Sedge and rush-feeding psyllids of the subfamily Liviinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psylloidea): a review

citation:
Hodkinson, I.D. and Bird, J. 2000. Sedge and rush-feeding psyllids of the subfamily Liviinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Psylloidea): a review. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 1-49.


citation:
Holloway, J.D. and Nielsen, E.S. 1999. Biogeography of the Lepidoptera. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 423-462.


title:
Patterns of moth speciation in the Indo-Australian archipelago

journal:
The unity of evolutionary biology: proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Volume 1. University of Ma

citation:
Holloway, J.D. 1991. Patterns of moth speciation in the Indo-Australian archipelago. Pp. 340-372 in: Dudley, E.C. [ed.], The unity of evolutionary biology: proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology. Volume 1. University of Maryland, College Park, USA, July 1990. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.


title:
Revision of the genus Sternocera Eschscholtz of Africa (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

journal:
South Africa Department of Agricultural Development Entomology Memoir

citation:
Holm, E. and Gussmann, S. 1992. Revision of the genus Sternocera Eschscholtz of Africa (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). South Africa Department of Agricultural Development Entomology Memoir 85: 1-84.


title:
Taxonomic notes on Cyphogastra Derolle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), 2. The suturalis-circle

citation:
Holynski, R. 1992. Taxonomic notes on Cyphogastra Derolle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), 2. The suturalis-circle. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 52: 29-33.


title:
Taxonomic notes on Cyphogastra Deyrolle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1. The subgenus Guamia Thery

citation:
Holynski, R. 1992. Taxonomic notes on Cyphogastra Deyrolle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1. The subgenus Guamia Thery. Folia Entomologica Hungarica 52: 21-27.


title:
A review of Chrysodema C.G. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1. The subgenera Tamamushia M.C. and Thymedes Wath

journal:
Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 1994. A review of Chrysodema C.G. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) 1. The subgenera Tamamushia M.C. and Thymedes Wath. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 5: 69-96.


title:
Mroczkowskia-knot and the evolution of the subtribe Chrysochroina (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 1997. Mroczkowskia-knot and the evolution of the subtribe Chrysochroina (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 47: 179-188.


title:
Taxonomic structure of Ovalisia Kerr. s.l. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 2000. Taxonomic structure of Ovalisia Kerr. s.l. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Jewel Beetles 8: 1-18.


title:
MICSEQ, a new method of phylogenetic analysis, with example reconstruction of Dicercomorpha Deyr. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

abstract:
The paper introduces a new method of phylogenetic analysis, based on iterative parsimony with sequential reconstruction of ancestors. General description of the algorithm is provided and illustrated with a commented example reconstruction of the evolutionary tree of the genus Dicercomorpha Deyr. Some general remarks on the relations between objectivity and reliability in scientific studies are made and discussed.

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 2001. MICSEQ, a new method of phylogenetic analysis, with example reconstruction of Dicercomorpha Deyr. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 10-11: 139-168.


title:
Miscellaneous notes on Iridotaenia Deyr. and related genera (Col.: Bupr.)

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 2001. Miscellaneous notes on Iridotaenia Deyr. and related genera (Col.: Bupr.). Jewel Beetles 10: 1-34.


title:
Kolibac (2000), basic principles of scientific work, and phylogeny of the Buprestidae Leach (Coleoptera)

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 2002. Kolibac (2000), basic principles of scientific work, and phylogeny of the Buprestidae Leach (Coleoptera). Jewel Beetles 11: 5-12.


title:
A review of the genus Paratrachys Snd. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

abstract:
SO:  Annals-of-the-Upper-Silesian-Museum-in-Bytom-Entomology. 1992: 115-136; No. 3

citation:
Holynski, R.B. 1992. A review of the genus Paratrachys Snd. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom Entomology 3: 115-136.


title:
A phylogenetic study of the tribe Cecidophyini Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae)

citation:
Hong, X. and Zhang, Z.Q. 1996. A phylogenetic study of the tribe Cecidophyini Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae). Oriental Insects 30: 279-300.


title:
The phycitine genera Faveria Walker, Morosaphycita, gen. nov., Epicrocis Zeller, Ptyobathra Turner and Vinicia Ragonot in Australia (Pyralidae: Phycitinae)

citation:
Horak, M. 1997. The phycitine genera Faveria Walker, Morosaphycita, gen. nov., Epicrocis Zeller, Ptyobathra Turner and Vinicia Ragonot in Australia (Pyralidae: Phycitinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 11: 333-421.


title:
A reassessment and review of the Australian genus Ctenomeristis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)

citation:
Horak, M. 1998. A reassessment and review of the Australian genus Ctenomeristis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae). Entomologica Scandinavica 28: 445-470.


citation:
Horak, M. 1999. The Tortricoidea. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 199-215.


journal:
Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control, Chapter 1.2

citation:
Horak, M. and Brown, R.L. 1991. Taxonomy and phylogeny. Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control, Chapter 1.2 : 23-50.


title:
Host plant affinity in relation to phylogeny of Leptinotarsa beetles

citation:
Hsaio, T.H. 1989. Host plant affinity in relation to phylogeny of Leptinotarsa beetles. Entomography 6: 413-422.


title:
Evolution of host-plant affiliation and chemical defense in Chrysolina-Oreina leaf beetles as revealed by mtDNA phylogenies

citation:
Hsiao, T.H. and Pasteels, J.M. 1999. Evolution of host-plant affiliation and chemical defense in Chrysolina-Oreina leaf beetles as revealed by mtDNA phylogenies. Pp. 321-342 in: Cox, M.L. [ed.], Advances in Chrysomelidae Biology 1. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
Historical and biological relationships among Hispinae inferred from 12S MTDNA sequence data

citation:
Hsiao, T.H. and Windsor, D.M. 1999. Historical and biological relationships among Hispinae inferred from 12S MTDNA sequence data. Pp. 39-50 in: Cox, M.L. [ed.], Advances in Chrysomelidae biology. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
Taxonomy of Evacanthini of Taiwan (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)

journal:
Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science (Taichung)

citation:
Huang, K.W. 1992. Taxonomy of Evacanthini of Taiwan (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). Bulletin of the National Museum of Natural Science (Taichung) 3: 159-185.


title:
The phylogeny of acorn weevils (genus Curculio) from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences: the problem of incomplete data

abstract:
We considered the contribution of two mitochondrial and two nuclear data sets for the phylogenetic reconstruction of 22 species of seed beetles in the genus Curculio (Coleoptera: Cuculionidae). A phylogenetic tree from representatives found on various hosts was inferred from a combined data set of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, mitochondrial cytochrome b, nuclear elongation factor la, and nuclear phosphoglycerate mutase, used for the first time as a molecular marker. Separate parsimony analyses of each data set showed that individual gene trees were mainly congruent and often complementary in the support of clades but the analysis was complicated by failure of PCR amplification of nuclear genes for many taxa and hence missing data entries. When the four gene partitions were combined in a simultaneous analysis despite the missing data, this increased the resolution and taxonomic coverage compared to the individual source trees. Alternative approaches of combining the information via supertree methodology produced a comparatively less resolved tree, and hence seem inferior to combining data matrices even in cases where numerous taxa are missing. The molecular data suggest a classification of the European species into two species groups that are in accordance with morphological characteristics but the data do no support any of the previously recognised American species groups. [copyright] 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

citation:
Hughes, J. and Vogler, A.P. 2004. The phylogeny of acorn weevils (genus Curculio) from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences: the problem of incomplete data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 601-615.


title:
Revision of the Japanese species of Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), 4

citation:
Ikeda, E. 1997. Revision of the Japanese species of Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), 4. Japanese Journal of Entomology 65: 390-403.


title:
The evolution of host plant manipulation by insects: molecular and ecological evidence from gall-forming aphids on Pistacia

abstract:
One of the most striking characteristics of gall-forming insects is the variability in gall position, morphology, and complexity. Our knowledge of the driving forces behind the evolutionary divergence of gall types is limited. Natural enemies, competition, and behavioral constraints might be involved. We present a cladogram, based on sequences of COI and COII (1952bp), of mitochondrial DNA for the evolution of 14 species of gall-forming aphids (Fordinae). These insects induce five gall types with remarkable morphological variation on Pistacia spp. hosts. The parsimony cladogram divides the Fordinae into three lineages, Fordini and Baizongiini, and a third (new) sister group including the previously Fordini member, Smynthurodes betae (West). We then use ecological data to trace and explain the evolution of gall morphology. The aphids seem to have evolved gradually towards better ability to manipulate their host plant, induce stronger sinks, and gain higher reproductive success. We suggest that the ancestral gall type was a;    simple, open, "pea"-sized gall located on the leaflet midvein. Some Fordini and S. betae evolved a two-gall life cycle, inducing a new gall type on the leaflet margin. The Baizongiini improved the manipulation of their host by inducing larger galls near the midvein, with stronger sinks supporting thousands of aphids. Similar gall types are induced at similar sites on different Pistacia hosts suggesting control of the aphids on gall morphology and frequent host shifts. Thus, even extreme specialization (specific gall and host) is flexible.

citation:
Inbar, M., Wink, M. and Wool, D. 2004. The evolution of host plant manipulation by insects: molecular and ecological evidence from gall-forming aphids on Pistacia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 504-511.


title:
Evolution of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in the Alps, based on morphology and stridulation

citation:
Ingrisch, S. 1995. Evolution of the Chorthippus biguttulus group (Orthoptera, Acrididae) in the Alps, based on morphology and stridulation. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 102: 475-535.


title:
Evolution der Chorthippus biguttulus-Gruppe in den Alpen (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

citation:
Ingrisch, S. 1996. Evolution der Chorthippus biguttulus-Gruppe in den Alpen (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Verhandlungen Westdeutscher Entomologentag 1995: 255-256.


title:
Monograph of the Oriental Agraeciini (Insecta, Ensifera, Tettigoniidae): taxonomic revision, phylogeny, biogeography, stridulation and development

citation:
Ingrisch, S. 1998. Monograph of the Oriental Agraeciini (Insecta, Ensifera, Tettigoniidae): taxonomic revision, phylogeny, biogeography, stridulation and development. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 206: 1-391.


title:
A review of the Elimaeini of western Indonesia, Malay Peninsula and Thailand (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae)

citation:
Ingrisch, S. 1998. A review of the Elimaeini of western Indonesia, Malay Peninsula and Thailand (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 141: 65-108.


author:
Ishikawa, Y.; Takanashi, T.; Kim, C.g.; Hoshizaki, S.; Tatsuki, S.; Huang, Y.

title:
Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones

citation:
Ishikawa, Y., Takanashi, T., Kim, C.g., Hoshizaki, S., Tatsuki, S. and Huang, Y. 1999. Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91: 237-244.


author:
Jamnongluk, W.; Baimai, V.; Kittayapong, P.

title:
Molecular evolution of tephritid fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene

abstract:
Fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the major economically important insects in Asia and Australia. Little attention has been given to analyses of molecular phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera subgenera. By using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) sequences, the phylogenetic relationships among four subgenera, Asiadacus, Bactrocera, Hemigymnodacus, and Zeugodacus, were investigated. Nucleotide diversity within subgenera ranged from 11.7 to 12.4%, and the net divergence among subgenera ranged from 11.2 to 15.7%. Phylogenetic trees calculated from both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis methods were highly congruent in terms of tree topologies. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences suggests that tephritid fruit fly species, which attack cucurbit plants, that is, Asiadacus, Hemigymnodacus and Zeugodacus, were more closely related to each other than to fruit fly species of the subgenus Bactrocera, which attack plants of numerous families. Our data supports previous classification of Bactrocera based on morphological characters. However, the phylogenetic tree showed the polyphyletic of fruit flies in subgenus Zeugodacus. Possible causes of speciation among fruit flies species in this genus were also discussed.

citation:
Jamnongluk, W., Baimai, V. and Kittayapong, P. 2003. Molecular evolution of tephritid fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera based on the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Genetica 119: 19-25.


title:
Molecular phylogeny of tephritid fruit flies in the Bactrocera tau complex using the mitochondrial COI sequences

abstract:
We compared sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene of eight species of the Bactrocera tau complex using Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera pyrifoliae, Ceratitis capitata, Anopheles gambiae, and Locusta migratoria as outgroups. A 639-bp variable region was sequenced. The sequence divergence between species in the B. tau complex ranged from 0.06 to 28%, and up to 29% between the complex and its tephritid outgroups, B. dorsalis and C. capitata. According to the phylogenetic relationships, these members of the B. tau complex could be classified into four clades. Thus, species A and D form clades 1 and 3, respectively, while species C and I belong to clade 4. However, species B, E, and F form a distinct group, clade 2, and infested the fruits of non-cucurbit hosts. Host-plant shifts resulting in adaptive radiation and premating isolation among species might play an important role in species differentiation of the B. tau complex.

citation:
Jamnongluk, W., Baimai, V. and Kittayapong, P. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of tephritid fruit flies in the Bactrocera tau complex using the mitochondrial COI sequences. Genome 46: 112-118.


title:
Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant specialization: A case study of the tribe Nymphalini

abstract:
Two general patterns that have emerged from the intense studies on insect-host plant associations are a predominance of specialists over generalists and a taxonomic conservatism in host plant use. In most insect-host plant systems, explanations for these patterns must be based on biases in the processes of host colonizations, host shifts, and specialization, rather than cospeciation. In the present paper, we investigate changes in host range in the nymphalid butterfly tribe Nymphalini, using parsimony optimizations of host-plant data on the butterfly phylogeny. In addition, we performed larval establishment tests to search for larval capacity to feed and survive on plants that have been lost from the female egg-laying repertoire. Optimizations suggested an ancestral association with Urticaceae, and most of the tested species showed a capacity to feed on Urtica dioica regardless of actual host-plant use. In addition, there was a bias among the successful establishments on nonhosts toward plants that are used as hosts by other species in the Nymphalini. An increased likelihood of colonizing ancestral or related plants could also provide an alternative explanation for the observed pattern that some plant families appear to have been colonized independently several times in the tribe. We also show that there is no directionality in host range evolution toward increased specialization, that is, specialization is not a dead end. Instead, changes in host range show a very dynamic pattern.

citation:
Janz, N., Nyblom, K. and Nylin, S. 2001. Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant specialization: A case study of the tribe Nymphalini. Evolution 55: 783-796.


title:
Butterflies and plants: A phylogenetic study

abstract:
A database on host plant records from 437 ingroup taxa has been used to test a number of hypotheses on the interaction between butterflies and their host plants using phylogenetic methods (simple character optimization, concentrated changes test, and independent contrasts test). The butterfly phylogeny was assembled from various sources and host plant clades were identified according to Chase et al.'s rbcl-based phylogeny. The ancestral host plant appears to be associated within a highly derived rosid clade, including the family Fabaceae. As fossil data suggest that this clade is older than the butterflies, they must have colonized already diversified plants. Previous studies also suggest that the patterns of association in most insect-plant interactions are more shaped by host shifts, through colonization and specialization, than by cospeciation. Consequently, we have focused explicitly on the mechanisms behind host shifts. Our results confirm, in the light of new phylogenetic evidence, the pattern reported by Ehrlich and Raven that related butterflies feed on related plants. We show that host shifts have generally been more common between closely related plants than between mon distantly related plants. This finding, together with the possibility of a higher tendency of recolonizing ancestral hosts, helps to explain the apparent large-scale conservation in the patterns of association between insects and their host plants, patterns which at the same time are more flexible on a more detailed level. Plant growth form was an even mon conservative aspect of the interaction between butterflies and their host plants than plant phylogeny. However, this is largely explained by a higher probability of colonizations and host shifts while feeding on trees than on other growth forms.

citation:
Janz, N. and Nylin, S. 1998. Butterflies and plants: A phylogenetic study. Evolution 52: 486-502.


title:
Redefinition of the aphid genus Sitobion Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on cladistic analyses, with emphasis on North American species

citation:
Jensen, A.S. 1997. Redefinition of the aphid genus Sitobion Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on cladistic analyses, with emphasis on North American species. Systematic Entomology 22: 333-344.


title:
Cladistics of a sampling of the world's diversity of whiteflies of the genus Dialeurodes (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

citation:
Jensen, A.S. 1999. Cladistics of a sampling of the world's diversity of whiteflies of the genus Dialeurodes (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 359-369.


title:
A cladistic analysis of Dialeurodes, Massilieurodes and Singhiella, with notes and keys to the Nearctic species and descriptions of four new Massilieurodes species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

abstract:
A large subset of the whitefly genus Dialeurodes was analysed using cladistics. Thirty-five characters and thirty-five species were analysed. The results suggest that the species can be divided into three groups. Appropriate generic names are assigned to these groups based on the placement of the type species of Dialeurodes Cockerell, Massilieurodes Goux and Singhiella Sampson, to each of which species are assigned based on their placement in the cladograms or based on examination of original descriptions. Thirteen species are assigned to Dialeurodes, twenty-four to Singhiella (twenty-three new combinations) and fifteen to Massilieurodes including eleven new combinations and four new species, Massileurodes alabamensis sp.n., M. americanus sp.n., M. curiosa sp.n. and M. myricae sp.n. Discussions of the three genera are provided, along with keys for the identification of the Nearctic species. Descriptions of the adults of three previously described species are presented. Illustrations are provided for all North American members of the three genera.

citation:
Jensen, A.S. 2001. A cladistic analysis of Dialeurodes, Massilieurodes and Singhiella, with notes and keys to the Nearctic species and descriptions of four new Massilieurodes species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Systematic Entomology 26: 279-310.


title:
Macrosiphum on ferns: taxonomy, biology and evolution, including the description of three new species (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

abstract:
The phytophagous insect fauna of ferns has often been described as depauperate, and some have pointed to the paucity of evidence for adaptive radiation of insect groups feeding specifically on ferns. This paper examines the world's species of fern-specific Macrosiphum aphids and attempts to determine whether fern-feeding is a monophyletically derived trait in Macrosiphum. All sixteen species reported to feed on ferns, including three new species, were included in a cladistic analysis, along with fifteen other Macrosiphum species selected to represent the diversity of the genus, Papulaphis sleesmani (Pepper), because of its similarity to fern-feeding Macrosiphum, and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), which was used as outgroup. The results gave good support for the monophyly of fifteen of the sixteen fern-feeders, and also supported a clade consisting of these fifteen fern-feeders plus Macrosiphum equiseti (Holman), an Equisetum-specific aphid. One species, Macrosiphum lapponicum Shaposhnikov, from northern Russia, was concluded to be unrelated to other fern-feeding Macrosiphum. Whether this species truly feeds on a fern requires confirmation. Taxonomic and biological notes are provided for all fern-feeding Macrosiphum of the world. These include one new combination, Macrosiphum cyatheae (Holman) comb.n., and three new species: Macrosiphum longirostratum sp.n. on Woodsia mollis and Woodsia sp. from Mexico (Michoacan), Macrosiphum miho sp.n. on 'Aspidium' sp. from the U.S.A. (Illinois) and Macrosiphum rebecae sp.n. on Adiantum sp. from Mexico (Michoacan). Keys to apterous and alate viviparae of Macrosiphum living on ferns are given.

citation:
Jensen, A.S. and Holman, J. 2000. Macrosiphum on ferns: taxonomy, biology and evolution, including the description of three new species (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Systematic Entomology 25: 339-372.


title:
Evolutionary aspects of host plant specialisation - a study on bruchids (Coleoptera : Bruchidae)

abstract:
We have studied the relationship of bruchids and their legume hosts by extensive field sampling throughout Hungary over 17 years and by rearing the beetles from the samples in the laboratory. The value of the system lies in the accuracy of host affiliations. A total of 138 species and subspecies of plants were sampled. representing approximately 87% of the Leguminosae in Hungary. Only 51 legume species (37.0%) harboured bruchids (12 Bruchus spp. and 15 Bruchidius spp). Bruchids occurred in 38.3%, of the host plant samples. Thirty-seven plant species congeneric with bruchid host species were unoccupied by bruchids.The degree of host specificity ranged from monophagy (at least ecological monophagy) to oligophagy. On the basis of presence/absence data we tested the null hypothesis assuming that plant taxa and seed consuming bruchid species form congruent phyletic relations Lit the species level. We argue that the case for coevolution between the beetles and their hosts is weak. A comparison of the available taxonomic relationships (and presumed phylogenies) best fits a case of sequential evolution. with stronger phylogenetic conservatism in Bruchus species than in Bruchidius species. Bruchid and host plant taxa showed rough congruence only at the tribe level. We suggest that host shifts are best explained by the changes in the bruchids chemosensory system that determines the females' host selection behaviour.

citation:
Jermy, T. and Szentesi, R. 2003. Evolutionary aspects of host plant specialisation - a study on bruchids (Coleoptera : Bruchidae).


author:
Jiggins, C.D.; McMillan, W.O.; Mallet, J.

title:
Host plant adaptation has not played a role in the recent speciation of Heliconius himera and Heliconius erato

citation:
Jiggins, C.D., McMillan, W.O. and Mallet, J. 1997. Host plant adaptation has not played a role in the recent speciation of Heliconius himera and Heliconius erato. Ecological Entomology 22: 361-365.


title:
Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Tortricinae) of Japan: cladistic approach

journal:
Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History

citation:
Jinbo, U. 2000. Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Tortricinae) of Japan: cladistic approach. Tokyo Metropolitan University Bulletin of Natural History 4: 33-75.


title:
A review of the tribe Humboldthripini Johansen (Insecta, Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

citation:
Johansen, R.M. and Mojica-Guzman, A. 1996. A review of the tribe Humboldthripini Johansen (Insecta, Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana 93: 39-70.


title:
Cladistics and the biogeography of two trans-Caribbean hairstreak butterfly genera: Nesiostrymon and Terra (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

citation:
Johnson, K. 1991. Cladistics and the biogeography of two trans-Caribbean hairstreak butterfly genera: Nesiostrymon and Terra (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae).


title:
Phylogenetic distribution of cysteine proteinases in beetles: evidence for an evolutionary shift to an alkaline digestive strategy in Cerambycidae

journal:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

citation:
Johnson, K.S. and Rabosky, D. 2000. Phylogenetic distribution of cysteine proteinases in beetles: evidence for an evolutionary shift to an alkaline digestive strategy in Cerambycidae. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126B: 609-619.


title:
Host plants of the Entomoscelina (Col. Chrysomelidae Chrysomelinae)

citation:
Jolivet, P. 1998. Host plants of the Entomoscelina (Col. Chrysomelidae Chrysomelinae). Pp. 125-136 in: Biondi, M., Daccordi, M. and Furth, D.G. [eds.], Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, 1996. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.


title:
Systematics of brown planthopper and related species using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA

citation:
Jones, P.L., Gacesa, P. and Butlin, R.K. 1996. Systematics of brown planthopper and related species using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Systematics Association Special Volume Series 53: 133-148.


title:
Evolution of the host plant associations of the Anthonomus grandis species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): phylogenetic tests of various hypotheses

abstract:
A phylogenetic analysis was conducted of the Anthonomus grandis species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and used to test various hypotheses concerning the evolution of these weevil species with their host plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the five species of the A. grandis species group comprise two major clades. In the first clade, A. grandis Boheman is the sister taxon of A. hunteri Burke & Cate and A. mallyi Jones & Burke, and the second clade contains A. townsendi Jones & Burke and A. palmeri Jones & Burke. The proposed weevil phylogeny and knowledge of host associations strongly support the hypothesis that the genus Hampea (Malvales: Malvaceae), and not cotton (Gossypium), is the original host plant genus of the A. grandis species group. Comparison of the phylogeny of the A. grandis group with that of a previously published phylogeny of Hampea showed little congruence, suggesting that the species of weevils are associated with Hampea as a result of host shifts and colonization processes, as opposed to co-speciation or coevolution (parallel cladogenesis). Mapping habitat associations and geographic distributions onto the phylogeny of the A. grandis group indicate that weevil preference for general habitat type (montane versus lowland habitats) and geographic proximity of species of Hampea were probably the principal factors responsible for observed associations of the weevils with their respective host plants. Possible characteristics of the A. grandis group, which may favor colonization as opposed to cospeciation processes in the association of its host plants, are discussed in light of these results.

citation:
Jones, R.W. 2001. Evolution of the host plant associations of the Anthonomus grandis species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): phylogenetic tests of various hypotheses. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 51-58.


author:
Jordal, B.H.; Kirkendall, L.R.; Harkestad, K.

title:
Phylogeny of a Macaronesian radiation: host-plant use and possible cryptic speciation in Liparthrum bark beetles

abstract:
The Macaronesian islands are well known for their unique endemic floras of woody plants. Many of these unusual plant groups provide important novel resources for bark and wood boring beetles which breed in dead or moribund parts of their host plants. The bark beetle genus Liparthrum exploits, a wide range of unusual host plants and has its highest proportion of species living on the Macaronesian Islands. We used MA sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene and the nuclear Elongation Factor 1[alpha] gene. and morphological characters. to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among species endemic to these archipelagos. and to trace the evolution of host-plant use. All parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined data, and maximum likelihood analyses of the molecular data. showed that species associated with Euphorbia are monophyletic. We also found genetic and subtle morphological evidence For three cases of cryptic speciation in one polyphyletic species associated with different Euphorbia plants, showing that high levels of host specialisation can occur also in insects breeding in older and very dry, dead plant tissues.

citation:
Jordal, B.H., Kirkendall, L.R. and Harkestad, K. 2004. Phylogeny of a Macaronesian radiation: host-plant use and possible cryptic speciation in Liparthrum bark beetles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 554-571.


author:
Jordal, B.H.; Normark, B.B.; Farrell, B.D.

title:
Evolutionary radiation of an inbreeding haplodiploid beetle lineage (Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

citation:
Jordal, B.H., Normark, B.B. and Farrell, B.D. 2000. Evolutionary radiation of an inbreeding haplodiploid beetle lineage (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 483-499.


title:
Enzyme electrophoretic studies on the Aphis fabae group (Hom., Aphididae)

abstract:
The taxa of the Aphis fabae group s.str. are morphologically difficult to separate or inseparable. Vertical starch gel electrophoresis of members of the Aphis fabae complex s.str. and s.l. was carried out to find specific isozymic characters. Analysis of the banding patterns of 17 genetic loci reveals that each of the 18 taxa investigated can be clearly identified. A biochemical key is presented.

citation:
Jorg, E. and Lampel, G. 1996. Enzyme electrophoretic studies on the Aphis fabae group (Hom., Aphididae). Journal of Applied Entomology 120: 7-18.


title:
Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s. s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)

citation:
Kaila, L. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s. s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea). Systematic Entomology 24: 139-169.


title:
Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an exemplar approach

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships within the megadiverse lepidopteran superfamily Gelechioidea have been poorly understood and consequently the family level classification has been problematic 1 . An analysis of phylogeny using 193 characters, including 241 informative character states, derived from larval, pupal and adult morphology and larval ecology, was performed to resolve the phylogeny of the Gelechioidea. 143 species representing the diversity of the putative Gelechioidea were included, supplemented with 13 species representing 11 other Ditrysian families. The monophyly of the Gelechioidea was supported, although only with homoplastic characters. The putative position of the Gelechioidea as the sister group of the Apoditrysia was not supported, since the Gelechioidea was nested within this clade. The Gelechioidea was divided into two main lineages: (1) the gelechiid lineage constituting Deoclonidae, Syringopainae, a re-composed Coleophoridae (including Coelopoetinae and Batrachedrinae as; paraphyletic with Stathmopodinae, and Coleophorinae nested within it), Momphidae, Pterolonchidae, Scythrididae, Cosmopterigidae, and Gelechiidae, and (2) the oecophorid lineage constituting the _e_eautostichid_f_f family assemblage (including taxa formerly assigned to Autostichinae, Holcopogoninae, Symmocinae, Glyphidoceridae and Lecithoceridae), Xyloryctidae s.l. (including a paraphyletic Xyloryctidae of authors, some oecophorids of authors, Deuterogoniinae and Blastobasinae), Oecophoridae s.s., Amphisbatidae s.s., Carcinidae, Stenomati[n . d]ae, Chimabachidae and Elachistidae (including Depressariinae s.s., Telechrysis, Ethmiinae, Hypertrophinae s.l., miscellaneous _e_eamphisbatids_f_f sensu authors, Aeolanthinae, Parametriotinae, Agonoxeninae and Elachistinae). Detritivory . fungivory may have evolved only twice within Gelechioidea, though the evolution of larval food substrate use frequently reverses. To avoid an unnecessary further proliferation of names, it is recommended that no further family group names are introduced within the Gelechioidea, unless based on a rigorous analysis of inter-relationships.

citation:
Kaila, L. 2004. Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia): an exemplar approach. Cladistics 20: 303-340.


title:
Phylogeny of Elachistinae (Lepidoptera : Gelechioidea : Elachistidae) revisited

citation:
Kaila, L. and Sugisima, K. 2003. Phylogeny of Elachistinae (Lepidoptera : Gelechioidea : Elachistidae) revisited.


title:
Redescription with new systematic position of Kafuba Schouteden, Melampodius Distant and Nimboplax Linnavuori (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae: Cressonini) and their cladistic analysis

citation:
Kamaluddin, S. and Ahmad, I. 1991. Redescription with new systematic position of Kafuba Schouteden, Melampodius Distant and Nimboplax Linnavuori (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae: Cressonini) and their cladistic analysis. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 11: 259-263.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the tribe Phyllocephalini Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent

citation:
Kamaluddin, S. and Ahmad, I. 1994. Cladistic analysis of the tribe Phyllocephalini Amyot and Serville (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14: 89-96.


title:
Cladistic analysis, key to the genera and distributional ranges of Sphingidae of Pakistan

citation:
Kamaluddin, S. and Ahmad, I. 1999. Cladistic analysis, key to the genera and distributional ranges of Sphingidae of Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 19: 159-171.


title:
A cladistic analysis of a diemenine stink bug genus Niarius Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)

abstract:
Cladistic analysis of diemenine stink bug genus Niarius Stal is carried out and the results are compared with those on the taxometric studies of this genus by Ahmad et al. (2000).

citation:
Kamaluddin, S., Ahmad, I. and Rizvi, S.A. 2003. A cladistic analysis of a diemenine stink bug genus Niarius Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 35: 293-299.


author:
Kamaluddin, S.; Shaukat, S.S.; Ahmad, I.

title:
Taxometric studies on the tribe Megarrhamphini Ahmad and Kamaluddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent

citation:
Kamaluddin, S., Shaukat, S.S. and Ahmad, I. 1992. Taxometric studies on the tribe Megarrhamphini Ahmad and Kamaluddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Phyllocephalinae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 12: 255-262.


title:
The phylogeny of the genera in the tribes Deltocephalini, Paralimnini, and their allies (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae)

citation:
Kamitani, S. 1999. The phylogeny of the genera in the tribes Deltocephalini, Paralimnini, and their allies (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). Esakia 39: 65-108.


author:
Kandul, N.P.; Lukhtanov, V.A.; Dantchenko, A.V.; Coleman, J.W.S.; Sekercioglu, C.H.

title:
Phylogeny of Agrodiaetus Huebner 1822 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inferred from mtDNA sequences of COI and COII and nuclear sequences of EF1-[alpha]: karyotype diversification and species radiation

abstract:
Butterflies in the large Palearctic genus Agrodiaetus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are extremely uniform and exhibit few distinguishing morphological characters. However, these insects are distinctive in one respect: as a group they possess among the greatest interspecific karyotype diversity in the animal kingdom, with chromosome numbers (n) ranging from 10 to 125. The monophyly of Agrodiaetus and its systematic position relative to other groups within the section Polyommatus have been controversial. Characters from the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidases I and II and from the nuclear gene for elongation factor 1[alpha] were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Agrodiaetus using maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Ninety-one individuals, encompassing most of the taxonomic diversity of Agrodiaetus, and representatives of 14 related genera were included in this analysis. Our data indicate that Agrodiaetus is monophyletic. Representatives of the genus Polyommatus ( sensu stricto) are the closest relatives. The sequences of the Agrodiaetus taxa in this analysis are tentatively arranged into 12 clades, only 1 of which corresponds to a species group traditionally recognized in Agrodiaetus. Heterogeneous substitution rates across a recovered topology were homogenized with a nonparametric rate-smoothing algorithm before the application of a molecular clock. Two published estimates of substitution rates dated the origin of Agrodiaetus between 2.51 and 3.85 million years ago. During this time, there was heterogeneity in the rate and direction of karyotype evolution among lineages within the genus. Karyotype instability has evolved independently three times in the section Polyommatus, within the lineages Agrodiaetus, Lysandra, and Plebicula. Rapid karyotype diversification may have played a significant role in the radiation of the genus Agrodiaetus.

citation:
Kandul, N.P., Lukhtanov, V.A., Dantchenko, A.V., Coleman, J.W.S. and Sekercioglu, C.H. 2004. Phylogeny of Agrodiaetus Huebner 1822 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) inferred from mtDNA sequences of COI and COII and nuclear sequences of EF1-[alpha]: karyotype diversification and species radiation. Systematic Biology 53: 278-298.


title:
A revision of the genus Gibberifera Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with descriptions of four new species

citation:
Kawabe, A. and Nasu, Y. 1994. A revision of the genus Gibberifera Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with descriptions of four new species. Tyo To Ga 45: 79-96.


title:
Phylogeny of the Libytheinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on comparative morphology

citation:
Kawahara, A.Y. . Phylogeny of the Libytheinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on comparative morphology. J. Insect Syst. Evol. (submitted) : .


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of resource use and specialization in Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

journal:
U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW

citation:
Kelley, S.T. and Farrell, B.D. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of resource use and specialization in Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). U S Forest Service General Technical Report PNW 466: 47-49, 50-63.


title:
Is specialization a dead end? The phylogeny of host use in Dendroctonus bark beetles (Scolytidae)

abstract:
Ecological explanations for the prevalence of resource specialists are abundant, whereas phylogenetic evidence on their origins is scarce. In this paper, we provide a molecular phylogenetic study of the 19 specialist or generalist species in the bark beetle genus Dendroctonus, which collectively attack species in four different genera in the conifer family Pinaceae. Given substantial variation in diet breadth, we asked two general questions concerning the evolution of resource use in this group. How conservative is the evolution of host use in these insects? Does specialization tend to be derived (i.e., a "dead end")?To answer these questions, we estimated the phylogeny of Dendroctonus using mitochondrial DNA sequences and mapped transitions in resource use on the resulting phylogeny estimate. The evolution of affiliations with Pinus and Picea hosts in Dendroctonus was conservative among beetle species (PTP test; P < 0.012), but there was no significant correspondence between the phylogeny of these beetles and the phylogeny among their Pinaceae hosts (among genera, P = 0.28; among Pinus species, P = 0.82).Degree of specialization, as measured in the proportion of hosts used, was bimodally distributed with "generalist" species utilizing greater than or equal to 60% of the congeneric hosts within their range and six specialist species utilizing less than or equal to 40% of the available hosts. Among the generalists, we found a strong correlation between the number of hosts encountered and the number of hosts utilized (R = 0.97, P < 0.0001), whereas there was no significant correlation among the specialists (R = 0.27, P = 0.59). The evolution of specialization in Dendroctonus proved highly labile-specialists arose from generalists at least six separate times (without reversal) all in derived positions, and closer examination of some specialists revealed instances where they appear to have lost particular host species from their diet. However, evidence from the ecological literature also suggests that several Dendroctonus generalists may have increased their range of host genera within the Pinaceae.

citation:
Kelley, S.T. and Farrell, B.D. 1998. Is specialization a dead end? The phylogeny of host use in Dendroctonus bark beetles (Scolytidae). Evolution 52: 1731-1743.


title:
Taxonomy of the genus Phaulacridium and a related new genus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

citation:
Key, K.HL. 1992. Taxonomy of the genus Phaulacridium and a related new genus (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 6: 197-243.


author:
Kim, C.-G.; Hoshizaki, S.; Huang, Y.-P.; Tatsuki, S.; Ishikawa, Y.

title:
Usefulness of mitochondrial COII gene sequences in examining phylogenetic relationships in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and allied species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

citation:
Kim, C.g., Hoshizaki, S., Huang, Y.p., Tatsuki, S. and Ishikawa, Y. 1999. Usefulness of mitochondrial COII gene sequences in examining phylogenetic relationships in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, and allied species (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 34: 405-412.


title:
Comparison between molecular and morphological-based phylogenies of galerucine/alticine leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
Phylogenies of representative genera based on 3 molecular markers are presented. These data are combined with previously published morphological data (Lingafelter & Konstantinov 2000). The results of separate 28S-D2 rRNA, combined analysis of molecular data and molecular data combined with morphological characters for 27 genera indicate monophyly of Galerucinae s.s. and paraphyly of Flea Beetles. These results also mean that our molecular data do not support the Flea Beetles as a tribal ranking (Alticini) within the Galerucinae, nor is it's status as a separate subfamily (Alticinae) as has been proposed by other researchers. We suggest that addition of more independent characters is still needed to resolve the question of the relationships between the Flea Beetles and the galerucines.

citation:
Kim, S.J., Kjer, K.M. and Duckett, C.N. 2003. Comparison between molecular and morphological-based phylogenies of galerucine/alticine leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Insect Systematics and Evolution 34: 53-64.


title:
Review of Noterapion Kissinger from Chile and Argentina (Coleoptera: Apionidae)

abstract:
Descriptions and a key are provided for 7 South American species of Noterapion Kissinger (2002) (type species Apion meorrhynchum Philippi and Philippi) including N. bruchi (Beguin-Billecocq), N. meorrhynchum (Philippi and Philippi), N. philippianum (Alonso-Zarazaga) and four new species described from Chile: N. chilense Kissinger, N. kuscheli Kissinger, N. nothofagi Kissinger, and N. saperion Kissinger. A lectotype designation is published for Apion meorrhynchum Philippi and Philippi and Apion vestitum Philippi and Philippi. Apion fuegianum Enderlein and A. pingue Beguin-Billecocq are synonymized with N. meorrhynchum (Philippi and Philippi), new synonymy. Noterapionini (new tribe) is erected for Noterapion Kissinger (type genus) within Apioninae. Extension of a phylogenetic analysis of Brentidae s. lato by Wanat (2001) places Noterapion near the base of Apioninae and shows the genus sharing various symplesiomorphies with primitive apionid subfamilies from Africa and not found otherwise in the New World apionids. The weevils are associated with the southern beech, Nothofagus Blume (in Nothofagaceae, see Manos, 1997), also known from the Australasian Region. Noterapion meorrhynchum develops in abandoned cynipid wasp leaf galls. The combination of a plant host with biogeographic significance and the possession of very primitive characters suggests that Noterapion may represent an ancient lineage dating back to the time of the Cretaceous and the breakup of Gondwana.

citation:
Kissinger, D.G. 2004. Review of Noterapion Kissinger from Chile and Argentina (Coleoptera: Apionidae). Insecta Mundi 16: 221-246.


title:
The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Archerontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae)

citation:
Kitching, I.J. 2002. The phylogenetic relationships of Morgan's Sphinx, Xanthopan morganii (Walker), the tribe Archerontiini, and allied long-tongued hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae). Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 135: 471-527.


title:
Phylogeny of the death's head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini)

citation:
Kitching, I.J. 2003. Phylogeny of the death's head hawkmoths, Acherontia [Laspeyres], and related genera (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Sphinginae: Acherontiini). Systematic Entomology 28: 71-88.


citation:
Kitching, I.J. and Rawlins, J.E. 1999. The Noctuoidea. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 355-401.


title:
The phylogenetic relationships between virus vector and other genera of macrosteline leafhoppers, including descriptions of new taxa (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

citation:
Knight, W.J. and Webb, M.D. 1993. The phylogenetic relationships between virus vector and other genera of macrosteline leafhoppers, including descriptions of new taxa (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Systematic Entomology 18: 11-55.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of montane grasshoppers from western North America (genus Melanoplus, Acrididae: Melanoplinae)

citation:
Knowles, L.L. and Otte, D. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of montane grasshoppers from western North America (genus Melanoplus, Acrididae: Melanoplinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 421-431.


author:
Knowles, L.L.; Futuyma, D...J.; Eanes, W.F.; Rannala, B.

title:
Insight into speciation from historical demography in the phytophagous beetle genus Ophraella

abstract:
Speciation in phytophagous insects is commonly associated with shifts in host use. Using a phylogenetic framework to identify recently diverged taxa that have undergone a radical host shift, this study focuses on how reconstruction of the historical demography of a species, in conjunction with branching patterns between species, provides insight into mode of speciation. Analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences indicate that the leaf beetle Ophraella communa exhibits significant population structure, as shown by patterns of genealogical relationships among mitochondrial haplotypes and high F-ST-values. However, the absence of regional localization of old clades of haplotypes, negative Tajima's D, and unimodal rather than bimodal frequency distribution of the number of pairwise differences between sequences suggests an absence of long-term barriers to gene flow. Furthermore, we found no evidence of isolation by distance. This pattern of genetic variation is consistent with episodes of gene flow on a large geographic scale, perhaps owing to Pleistocene changes in climate.Ophraella communa and its sister species O. bilineata diverged during the early Pleistocene. The evidence of dynamic population structure in O. communa, potentially including episodic but massive gene flow, suggests that reproductive isolation evolved quite rapidly on a localized geographic scale, because speciation would probably have been reversed by gene flow if the evolution of reproductive isolation had been prolonged. That is, gene flow occasioned by range shifts during the Pleistocene would likely have interrupted speciation unless it occurred very rapidly.Sequence diversity implies a large effective population size (> 10(6)) in both O. communa and O. bilineata. However, a model based on a drastic bottleneck did not have a lower likelihood than a model with no bottleneck, simply because the time since speciation has been great enough for coalescence to a single ancestor that existed after the speciation event. Sequence diversity in itself, without reference to the time since speciation, cannot provide evidence on the demography of speciation.

citation:
Knowles, L.L., Futuyma, D...J., Eanes, W.F. and Rannala, B. 1999. Insight into speciation from historical demography in the phytophagous beetle genus Ophraella. Evolution 53: 1846-1856.


author:
Kobayashi, N.; Tamura, K.; Aotsuka, T.; Katakura, H.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of twelve Asian species of Epilachnine ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) with notes on the direction of host shifts

abstract:
We determined the nucleotide sequences of a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (1,000 bp) for twelve species of Asian phytophagous ladybird beetles belonging to the genus Epilachna, and constructed molecular phylogenetic trees for ten "Henosepilachna"   species, using two "Epilachna" species as outgroups. Based on the suggested phylogenetic trees, we discussed taxonomic issues and the direction of host shift in these epilachnines.;

citation:
Kobayashi, N., Tamura, K., Aotsuka, T. and Katakura, H. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of twelve Asian species of Epilachnine ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) with notes on the direction of host shifts. Zoological Science 15: 147-151.


title:
Taxonomie, Phylogenie und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Tribus Xenapateini (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Allantinae)

citation:
Koch, F. 1996. Taxonomie, Phylogenie und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Tribus Xenapateini (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Allantinae). Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 57: 225-260.


title:
A cladistic revision of the Megymeninae of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Dinidoridae)

citation:
Kocorek, A. and Lis, J.A. 2000. A cladistic revision of the Megymeninae of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Dinidoridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 69: 7-30.


title:
Systematics of the flea weevils of the tribe Ramphini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from East Asia 2. Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification

citation:
Kojima, H. and Morimoto, K. 1996. Systematics of the flea weevils of the tribe Ramphini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from East Asia 2. Phylogenetic analysis and higher classification. Esakia 36: 97-134.


title:
Systematic account of the genus Sphinxis Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

journal:
Japanese Journal of Entomology New Series

citation:
Kojima, H. and Morimoto, K. 2002. Systematic account of the genus Sphinxis Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology New Series 5: 81-87.


title:
Classification and phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera)

journal:
Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Biologicae

citation:
Kolibac, J. 2000. Classification and phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Acta Musei Moraviae Scientiae Biologicae 85: 113-184.


title:
Taxonomic revision of the genus Andrioplecta Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

citation:
Komai, F. 1992. Taxonomic revision of the genus Andrioplecta Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Tyo To Ga 43: 151-181.


title:
A taxonomic review of the genus Grapholita and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Palaearctic region

abstract:
The tribe Grapholitini in the Palaearctic region is revised on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis, which has resulted in recognizing three main genus groups defined here, the Dichrorampha genus group, the Cydia genus group, and the Grapholita genus group. Synapomorphic characters are provided to support the monophyly of the genus groups as well as that of the tribe Grapholitini. The Grapholita genus group has been studied in detail and the phylogenetic relationships among genera have been resolved as far as possible. The Grapholita genus group includes the following eleven genera: Thaumatotibia Zacher, gen. rev., Cryptophlebia Walsingham, Matsumuraeses Issiki, Selania Stephens, Grapholita Treitschke, Pammene Hübner, Dierlia Diakonoff, Pseudopammene Komai, Parapammene Obraztsov, Strophedra Herrich-SchSffer, and Andrioplecta Obraztsov. Ecological diversification such as geographical distribution, host plant preferences, larval habits, and sex pheromones are summarized. Each genus is redescribed including synonymy, diagnosis, hosts, distribution, and a list of included species. Five new generic synonyms are proposed: Metriophlebia Diakonoff removed from a synonym of Cryptophlebia as a synonym of Thaumatotibia Zacher; Pammenodes Danilevsky & Kuznetzov, Mimarsinania Koçak, and Diplosemaphora Diakonoff as synonyms of Parapammene; Strophedromorpha Diakonoff as a synonym of Strophedra Herrich-Schäffer. Seven new species are described: Grapholita yasudai Komai, Grapholita okui Komai, Grapholita latericia Komai, Pammene fulminea Komai, Pammene piceae Komai, Parapammene reversa Komai, and Strophedra magna Komai. Lectotypes are designated for Laspeyresia (Grapholitha) cerasana Kozhanchikov and Pammene tsugae Issiki. One synonym, Cryptophlebia lasiandra (Meyrick), is reinstated as a valid species. The following new combinations are given: Thaumatotibia agriochlora (Meyrick), T. apicinudana (Mabille), T. batrachopa (Meyrick), T. chaomorpha (Meyrick), T. citrogramma (Clarke), T. dolichogonia (Diakonoff), T. ecnomia (Diakonoff), T. encarpa (Meyrick), T. etiennei (Diakonoff), T. eutacta (Diakonoff), T. fulturana (Kuznetzov), T. hemitoma (Diakonoff), T. leucotreta (Meyrick), T. macrogona (Diakonoff), T. macrops (Diakonoff), T. nannophthalma (Diakonoff), T. nythobia (Clarke), Selania aeologramma (Meyrick), S. bengalica (Obraztsov), S. diplosperma (Diakonoff), S. exornata (Diakonoff), S. minuta (Obraztsov), Grapholita geministriata (Walsingham), Acanthoclita phaulomorpha (Meyrick), Pammene cyanatra (Diakonoff), P. leucitis (Meyrick), Parapammene amphibola (Diakonoff), P. ellipticopa (Meyrick), P. glaucana (Kennel), P. harmologa (Obraztsov), P. hexaphora (Meyrick), P. petulantana (Kennel), Strophedra dicastica (Meyrick), S. homotorna (Meyrick), S. mica (Diakonoff), S. graphologa (Diakonoff), and S. pericapna (Diakonoff).

citation:
Komai, F. 1999. A taxonomic review of the genus Grapholita and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Palaearctic region. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 55: 1-226.


title:
Molecular systematics of birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene

abstract:
Birdwing butterflies including three genera, Trogonoptera, Troides and Ornithoptera, were subjected to molecular systematic analysis using sequences of the mitochondrial gene ND5. All three genera descend from a common ancestor and were monophyletic. Trogonoptera might have emerged from an ancestral species perhaps in the Miocene, from which Troides and Ornithoptera were also originated. Ornithoptera was further split in two subclusters, one totally corresponding to the subgenus Schoenbergia which lacks male sex marks in the forewing. The other subcluster includes species having sex marks. Green O. priamus, orange O. croesus, and blue O. urvillianus are regarded as an example of intraspecific variety of O. priamus by some authors, but they were totally different phylogenetically. Trogonoptera is limited to the Sundaland, but Troides is distributed across the Wallace line. It may be that Troides arose in Sundaland, but Ornithoptera probably arose in old Wallacea and migrated eastwards producing the various species we see today.

citation:
Kondo, K., Shinkawa, T. and Matsuka, H. 2003. Molecular systematics of birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57: 17-24.


title:
Revision of the Palearctic species of Aphthona Chevrolat and cladistic classification of the Aphthonini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)

citation:
Konstantinov, A.S. 1998. Revision of the Palearctic species of Aphthona Chevrolat and cladistic classification of the Aphthonini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Memoirs on Entomology International 11: i-viii, 1-429.


author:
Kopf, A.; Rank, N.E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J.M.; Tahvanainen, J.

title:
The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
Leaf beetles in the genus Phratora differ in host plant use and in the chemical composition of their larval defensive secretion. Most species specialize on either poplars or willows (family Salicaceae), but two species feed on birch (family Betulaceae). Phratora vitellinae utilizes salicylates from the host plant to produce its larval secretion, which contains salicylaldehyde, while other Phratora species produce an autogenous secretion. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of host plant use and the larval secretion chemistry in this genus, we sequenced 1383 base pairs of the mt cytochrome oxidase I gene for six European and one North American Phratora species and three outgroup taxa. Bootstrap values of the complete nucleotide sequence were 99-100% for six of eight nodes in the maximum parsimony tree. They were 71% and 77% for the two other nodes. The maximum parsimony tree and the maximum likelihood tree based on nucleotide sequence showed the same relationships as a maximum parsimony tree based on the amino acid sequence. Beetle phylogeny overlapped broadly with host plant taxonomy and chemistry, and it revealed historical constraints influencing host plant use. However, there was one host shift from the willow family (Salicaceae) to the birch family (Betulaceae). The use of host plant phenol glycosides for the larval defensive secretion evolved along the lineage that led to P. vitellinae. Phratora vitellinae feeds on the taxonomically widest range of host plants, which are characterized by moderate to high levels of salicylates. The results support the hypothesis that the use of salicylates for the larval secretion evolved twice independently in chrysomeline leaf beetles.

citation:
Kopf, A., Rank, N.E., Roininen, H., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Pasteels, J.M. and Tahvanainen, J. 1998. The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). Evolution 52: 517-528.


title:
To knowledge of faunogenesis in diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) from Middle Asia

citation:
Korb, S.K. 1997. To knowledge of faunogenesis in diurnal butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) from Middle Asia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 76: 1046-1058.


title:
Tephritids of the genus Urophora R.-D. (Diptera, Tephritidae) of East Palaearctic. IV. Conclusion

citation:
Korneyev, V.A. and White, I.M. 2000. Tephritids of the genus Urophora R.-D. (Diptera, Tephritidae) of East Palaearctic. IV. Conclusion. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 79: 239-253, 277.


title:
World revision of Ortheziola Sulc (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species

citation:
Kozar, F. and Miller, D.R. 2000. World revision of Ortheziola Sulc (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Ortheziidae) with descriptions of eleven new species. Systematic Entomology 25: 15-45.


title:
A taxonomic revision of the askoldella species-group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg (Lepidoptera: Adelidae)

citation:
Kozlov, M.V. 1995. A taxonomic revision of the askoldella species-group of the genus Nemophora Hoffmannsegg (Lepidoptera: Adelidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 26: 459-472.


author:
Kozlov, M.V.; Kuznetzov, V.I.; Stekolnikov, A.A.

title:
Skeleto-muscular morphology of the pterothorax and male genitalia of Synemon plana Walker (Castniidae) and Brachodes appendiculata (Esper) (Brachodidae), with notes on phylogenetic relationships of tortricoid-grade moth families (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Kozlov, M.V., Kuznetzov, V.I. and Stekolnikov, A.A. 1998. Skeleto-muscular morphology of the pterothorax and male genitalia of Synemon plana Walker (Castniidae) and Brachodes appendiculata (Esper) (Brachodidae), with notes on phylogenetic relationships of tortricoid-grade moth families (Lepidoptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 12: 245-256.


citation:
Kristensen, N.P. 1999. The homoneurous Glossata. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 51-63.


title:
Revision of the genus Hypotephrina Janse, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)

citation:
Kruger, M. 1998. Revision of the genus Hypotephrina Janse, 1932 (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36: 351-372.


title:
Revision of Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group III: the genera Argyrophora Guenee, Pseudomaenas Prout and Microligia Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)

citation:
Kruger, M. 1999. Revision of Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group III: the genera Argyrophora Guenee, Pseudomaenas Prout and Microligia Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 36: 427-496.


title:
A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia

journal:
Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series

citation:
Kruger, M. 2001. A revision of the tribe Macariini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) of Africa, Madagascar and Arabia. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series 70: 1-502.


title:
Revision of the genera Aethiopodes Warren, 1902, and Odontopera Stephens, 1831, in southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)

abstract:
The genus Aethiopodes Warren, 1902, which is endemic to South Africa and Namibia, and the southern African members of the genus Odontopera Stephens, 1831, are revised. Aethiopodes Warren is removed from the synonymy of Odontopera and reinstated as a valid genus, and Buttia Warren, 1904, is, in turn, synonymized with Aethiopodes Warren. The type species of the monotypic genus Buttia, B. noctuodes Warren, 1904, and four species hitherto included in Odontopera are transferred to Aethiopodes: A. erebaria (Guenee, [1858]) comb. nov., A. paliscia (Prout, 1922) comb. nov., A. stictoneura (Prout, 1917) comb. nov., and A. perplexata (Warren, 1904). Three species of Aethiopodes are described as new: A. medioumbrata spec. nov., A. staudei spec. nov., and A. meyi spec. nov. Gonodontis homales Prout, 1922, is removed from Odontopera; its correct generic placement is not known Odontopera Stephens, 1831, as defined in this revision, is represented in southern Africa by three species, two of which are described as new: Odontopera impeyi spec. nov. from South Africa, and O. stevensoni spec. nov. from Zimbabwe. Odontopera ochroneura aidna (Prout, 1938), originally described from Uganda, is recorded from southern Africa for the first time. The phylogenetic position of the genus within Ennominae is discussed. Distribution of the southern African species of Odontopera and Buttia is detailed in the form of maps and a gazetteer.

citation:
Kruger, M. 2003. Revision of the genera Aethiopodes Warren, 1902, and Odontopera Stephens, 1831, in southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 40: 1-27.


title:
Neotropical red-brown Ennominae in the genera Thysanopyga Herrich-Schaffer and Perissopteryx Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

journal:
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology

citation:
Kruger, M. and Scoble, M.J. 1992. Neotropical red-brown Ennominae in the genera Thysanopyga Herrich-Schaffer and Perissopteryx Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 61: 77-148.


title:
Molecular phylogeny within and between species of the Archips argyrospila complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

abstract:
The Archips argyrospila complex consists of a series of morphologically indistinct populations with a confusing array of pheromone and host types. No phylogenetic studies on the genus Archips or any of its species groups have previously been published. We examined DNA variation in a 475 bp segment of the mitochondrial COI gene and compared 30 populations of A. argyrospila, four populations of A. mortuana, four populations of A. goyerana, and one specimen of each of four outgroup species. Among the 97 ingroup sequences obtained, there were 23 unique haplotypes and nucleotide variation at 20 sites. The monophyletic ingroup containing A. argyrospila, A. mortuana, A. goyerana and a West Coast clade was strongly supported by bootstrap values and decay indices. Host races and some pheromone types within A. argyrospila did not correspond to mtDNA variation in this analysis. Our molecular analyses supported phylogenetic and ecological interpretations of species status applied to A. goyerana but not A. mortuana, and supported the existence of a phylogenetically distinct West Coast species.

citation:
Kruse, J.J. and Sperling, F.AH. 2001. Molecular phylogeny within and between species of the Archips argyrospila complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 166-173.


title:
Diversified reproductive strategies in Gonioctena (Chrysomelinae) leaf beetles

citation:
Kudo, S.i. and Hasegawa, E. 2004. Diversified reproductive strategies in Gonioctena (Chrysomelinae) leaf beetles. Pp. 727-738 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies

citation:
Kuschel, G. 1995. A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 14: 5-33.


title:
Phylogeny and systematics of the Ectemnorhinus-group of genera (Insecta: Coleoptera)

citation:
Kuschel, G. and Chown, S.L. 1995. Phylogeny and systematics of the Ectemnorhinus-group of genera (Insecta: Coleoptera). Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 841-863.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Belinae

citation:
Kuschel, G. and Leschen, R.AB. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Belinae. Fauna of New Zealand 45: 48-55.


title:
Karyotypes of psyllids (Homoptera, Psylloidea), their evolution and taxonomic significance

journal:
Karyosystematics of the invertebrate animals

citation:
Kuznetsova, V.G. and Maryanska-Nadachowska, A. 1996. Karyotypes of psyllids (Homoptera, Psylloidea), their evolution and taxonomic significance. Pp. 44-47 in: Gokhman, V.E. and Kuznetsova, V.G. [eds.], *. Botanicheskii sad Moskovskogo universiteta, Moskva.


title:
Phylogenetic relations of several subfamilies of true moths (Lepidoptera, Tineidae), based on new data on functional morphology of male genitalia

citation:
Kuznetzov, V.I. and Stekolnikov, A.A. 1996. Phylogenetic relations of several subfamilies of true moths (Lepidoptera, Tineidae), based on new data on functional morphology of male genitalia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 75: 324-337, 482.


title:
Phylogenetic and taxonomic notes on the genera Hypermnestra Men. and Parnassius Latr. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) on the basis of genitalia skeleton and musculature studies

journal:
Vestnik Sankt Peterburgskogo Universiteta Seriya 3 Biologiya

citation:
Kuznetzov, V.I. and Stekolnikov, A.A. 1996. Phylogenetic and taxonomic notes on the genera Hypermnestra Men. and Parnassius Latr. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) on the basis of genitalia skeleton and musculature studies. Vestnik Sankt Peterburgskogo Universiteta Seriya 3 Biologiya 2: 3-8, 115; No 10.


title:
Molecular adaptation of Chrysochus leaf beetles to toxic compounds in their food plants

abstract:
Herbivores that feed on toxic plants must overcome plant defenses and occasionally may even benefit from them. The current challenge is to understand how herbivores evolve the necessary physiological adaptations and which changes at the molecular level are involved. In this context we studied the leaf beetles genus Chrysochus (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Two species of this genus, C. auratus and C. cobaltinus, feed on plants that contain toxic cardenolides. These beetles not only avoid poisoning by the toxin but also use it for their own defense against predators. All other Chrysochus species feed on plants that are devoid of cardenolides. The most important active principle of cardenolides is their capacity to bind to and thereby block the ubiquitous Na+/K+-ATPase responsible for maintaining cellular potentials. By analyzing the DNA sequence of the putative ouabain-binding site of the [alpha]-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase gene of Chrysochus and its close relatives feeding on plants with or without cardenolides, we here trace the evolution of cardenolide insensitivity in this group of beetles. The most interesting difference among the sequences involves the amino acid at position 122. Whereas all species that do not encounter cardenolides have an asparagine in this position, both Chrysochus species that feed on cardenolide plants have a histidine instead. This single amino acid substitution has already been shown to confer cardenolide insensitivity in the monarch butterfly. A mtDNA-based phylogeny corroborates the hypothesis that the asparagine at position 122 of the [alpha]-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase gene as observed in Drosophila and other insects is the plesiomorphic condition in this group of leaf beetles. The later host-plant switch to cardenolide-containing plants in the common ancestor of C. auratus and C. cobaltinus coincides with the exchange of the asparagine for a histidine in the ouabain binding site.

citation:
Labeyrie, E. and Dobler, S. 2004. Molecular adaptation of Chrysochus leaf beetles to toxic compounds in their food plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 218-221.


title:
A phylogenetic analysis of the major lineages of the Crambinae and of the genera of Crambini of North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

citation:
Landry, B. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the major lineages of the Crambinae and of the genera of Crambini of North America (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Memoirs on Entomology International 1: 1-242.


title:
Galagete, a new genus of Autostichidae representing the first case of an extensive radiation of endemic Lepidoptera in the Galapagos Islands

abstract:
Galagete, gen. n. (type species: Gelechia protozona Meyrick) is described to include 11 species of Autostichidae apparently endemic to the Galapagos Islands. This group represents the first recognised case of an extensive radiation of endemic Lepidoptera in the archipelago. The following species are described as new: Galagete cinerea, G. consimilis, G. cristobalensis, G. darwini, G. espanolaensis, G. levequei, G. pecki, G. seymourensis, and G. turritella. Gelechia gnathodoxa Meyrick and Gelechia protozona Meyrick, both described from the Galapagos Islands, are transferred to Galagete and redescribed. Galagete is closely related to Taygete Chambers, a taxon previously placed in the Gelechiidae. Specimens of Galagete were reared from twigs and dead leaves of Scalesia species (Asteraceae) and from Galapagos tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus) scats.

citation:
Landry, B. 2002. Galagete, a new genus of Autostichidae representing the first case of an extensive radiation of endemic Lepidoptera in the Galapagos Islands. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 109: 813-868.


title:
Systematics of Nearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): phylogeny and classification of supraspecific taxa, with a review of described species

citation:
Landry, J.F. 1991. Systematics of Nearctic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea): phylogeny and classification of supraspecific taxa, with a review of described species. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 160: 1-341.


title:
Systematics of the Nearctic species of metallic-green Coleophora (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae)

citation:
Landry, J.F. and Wright, B. 1993. Systematics of the Nearctic species of metallic-green Coleophora (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae). Canadian Entomologist 125: 549-618.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in weevils of the Pissodes strobi species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Langor, D.W. and Sperling, F.AH. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in weevils of the Pissodes strobi species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insect Molecular Biology 6: 255-265.


title:
Systematic revision of Ericydeus Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. 1995. Systematic revision of Ericydeus Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 26: 393-424.


title:
Analisis cladistico y evolucion de la partenogenesis en el grupo de Pantomorus auripes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. 1995. Analisis cladistico y evolucion de la partenogenesis en el grupo de Pantomorus auripes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 54: 17-24.


title:
Systematic study and cladistic analysis of the genus Aramigus Horn (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. and Diaz, N.B. 1994. Systematic study and cladistic analysis of the genus Aramigus Horn (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 120: 113-144.


title:
Cladistics of the Naupactus leucoloma species group, Atrichonotus, and Eurymetopus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. and Morrone, J.J. 1995. Cladistics of the Naupactus leucoloma species group, Atrichonotus, and Eurymetopus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 54: 99-112.


title:
Systematics, cladistics and biogeography of a new weevil genus, Galapaganus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Galapagos Islands, and coasts of Ecuador and Peru

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. 1992. Systematics, cladistics and biogeography of a new weevil genus, Galapaganus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Galapagos Islands, and coasts of Ecuador and Peru. Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 118: 227-267.


title:
Cladistic analysis of Priocyphus Hustache and related genera (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. and Morrone, J.J. 1991. Cladistic analysis of Priocyphus Hustache and related genera (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93: 278-287.


title:
Parthenogenesis in the tribe Naupactini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Lanteri, A.A. and Normark, B.B. 1995. Parthenogenesis in the tribe Naupactini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88: 722-731.


title:
Parabrochymena Lariviere (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): systematics, natural history, chorological affinities, and evolutionary relationships, with a biogeographic analysis of Parabrochymena and Brochymena Amyot and Audinet-Serville

citation:
Lariviere, M.C. 1994. Parabrochymena Lariviere (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): systematics, natural history, chorological affinities, and evolutionary relationships, with a biogeographic analysis of Parabrochymena and Brochymena Amyot and Audinet-Serville. Canadian Entomologist 126: 1193-1250.


author:
Lee, C.S.; McCool, B.A.; Moore, J.L.; Hillis, D.M.; Gilbert, L.E.

title:
Phylogenetic study of heliconiine butterflies based on morphology and restriction analysis of ribosomal RNA genes

citation:
Lee, C.S., McCool, B.A., Moore, J.L., Hillis, D.M. and Gilbert, L.E. 1992. Phylogenetic study of heliconiine butterflies based on morphology and restriction analysis of ribosomal RNA genes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 106: 17-31.


title:
Phylogenetic studies on the larvae of the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Japan

citation:
Lee, J.E. 1993. Phylogenetic studies on the larvae of the Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology 61: 409-424.


author:
Lee, J.S.; Hwang, J.S.; Suh, D.S.; Lee, S.M.; Kang, H.A.; Sohn, H.R.

title:
Genetic relationships among silkmoths by mtDNA RFLP

citation:
Lee, J.S., Hwang, J.S., Suh, D.S., Lee, S.M., Kang, H.A. and Sohn, H.R. 1996. Genetic relationships among silkmoths by mtDNA RFLP. Korean Journal of Genetics 18: 49-58.


title:
New data of the leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) of the world fauna with description of 35 new taxons

abstract:
In the paper 35 new taxons (3 new genera, 10 new subgenera, 18 new species and 4 new subspecies) are described. Genus Philorectus Voss, 1924 placem.n. is transferred from tribe Isotheini to tribe Rhynchitini. New synonyms: Mirabinwolvulus Legalov, 2003 syn.n. for Philorectus Voss, 1924 and Apoderus foveipennis Suffrian. 1870: 228 syn.n. for Compsapoderus (s. str.) erythrogaster (Snelle van Vollenhoven, 1865) are presented. The status of Gomadaranus Kano, 1930 stat.res. recovered. Changes of status to 3 taxons (Neoxestolabus Voss. 1943 stat.n., Phyletobius Voss. 1925 stat. n., Agomadaranus Voss, 1958 stat.n.). 38 new combinations are established.

citation:
Legalov, A.A. 2004. New data of the leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) of the world fauna with description of 35 new taxons. Baltic Journal of Coleopterology 4: 63-88.


title:
Taksonomiya, klassifikatsiya i filogeniya rinkhitid i trubkovertov (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) mirovoi fauni

abstract:
In the monography stages of studying of the leaf-rolling weevils are defined. New classification of biological group is offered. The data on trophic communications of this beetles are generalized. The review of the paleodata is executed. The characters used in phylogeny and systematics of the leaf-rolling weevils are considered. Key of supraspecific taxa of Rhynchitidae and Attelabidae are given. Phylogenetic relationships of families of superfamily Curculionoiidea, and also supraspecific taxa of Rhynchitidae and Attelabidae are reconstructed. New supraspecific systems of families Rhynchitidae and Attelabidae are offered. In work 393 new taxa (8 new tribes, 34 new subtribes, 113 new genera, 83 new subgenera, 151 new species and 4 new subspecies) are described. 73 taxa are shown in synonyms. The systematic position 21 taxa is changed. The status of 15 taxa recovered. Changes of status to 67 taxa. 1145 new combinations are established. Discharged of lectotypes of 105 taxa. The full bibliography is resulted. The monography is illustrated with color photos of the majority of representatives of all supraspecific taxa of the leaf-rolling weevils.

citation:
Legalov, A.A. 203. Taksonomiya, klassifikatsiya i filogeniya rinkhitid i trubkovertov (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) mirovoi fauni. Kapitel, Novosibirsk.


citation:
Lemaire, C. and Minet, J. 1999. The Bombycoidea and their relatives. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 321-353.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of Stephansortia Thery (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Levey, B. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of Stephansortia Thery (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Natural History 26: 449-454.


title:
Phylogeny and zoogeography of the Palaearctic Evippe (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

citation:
Li, H.H. and Zheng, L.Y. 1998. Phylogeny and zoogeography of the Palaearctic Evippe (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).


title:
Cladistic analysis and higher classification of Coreoidea (Heteroptera)

citation:
Li, X. 1996. Cladistic analysis and higher classification of Coreoidea (Heteroptera). Entomologia Sinica 3: 283-292.


title:
Comparative morphological study of Coreidae (Heteroptera: Coreoidea)

citation:
1996. Comparative morphological study of Coreidae. (Heteroptera: Coreoidea). Zoological Research 17: 195-202.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the tribal rank taxa of Coreidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Coreoidea)

citation:
Li, X.z. 1997. Cladistic analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the tribal rank taxa of Coreidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Coreoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 22: 60-68.


title:
Preliminary study on the phylogeny of Alydidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea)

citation:
Li, X.z. and Zheng, L.y. 1993. Preliminary study on the phylogeny of Alydidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 18: 330-343.


title:
A preliminary study on the phylogeny of Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea)

citation:
Li, X.z. and Zheng, L.y. 1994. A preliminary study on the phylogeny of Rhopalidae (Hemiptera: Coreoidea). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 19: 78-89.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the Mictini (s. str.) based on Asiatic taxa (Heteroptera: Coreidae)

citation:
Li, X. and Zheng, L. 1994. A cladistic analysis of the Mictini (s. str.) based on Asiatic taxa (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Entomologia Sinica 1: 31-39.


title:
Cladistic biogeography of Cercopoidea and Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Homoptera) in China and adjacent regions

citation:
Liang, A.P. 1998. Cladistic biogeography of Cercopoidea and Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Homoptera) in China and adjacent regions. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 23 S: 132-166.


title:
On the Eurasian planthopper genus Asiraca Latreille (Insecta: Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae)

citation:
Liang, A.P. 1998. On the Eurasian planthopper genus Asiraca Latreille (Insecta: Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae). Reichenbachia 32: 187-196.


title:
On the spittlebug genus Jembra Metcalf & Horton with description of one new species (Homoptera: Cercopoidea, Aphrophoridae)

citation:
Liang, A.P. 1999. On the spittlebug genus Jembra Metcalf & Horton with description of one new species (Homoptera: Cercopoidea, Aphrophoridae). Oriental Insects 33: 337-348.


title:
Contribution a l'etude des Lycaenidae Africains: mise au point sur le genre Aslauga Kirby (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae)

citation:
Libert, M. 1994. Contribution a l'etude des Lycaenidae Africains: mise au point sur le genre Aslauga Kirby (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae). Lambillionea 94: 411-435; (Tome .


title:
Revision des Epitola (l.s.). Revision des genres Epitola Westwood, Hypophytala Clench et Stempfferia Jackson et description de trois nouveaux genres (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae)

citation:
Libert, M. 1999. Revision des Epitola (l.s.). Revision des genres Epitola Westwood, Hypophytala Clench et Stempfferia Jackson et description de trois nouveaux genres (Lepidoptera Lycaenidae). Union des Entomologistes Belges, Tervuren.


title:
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of maternal care in membracine treehoppers

abstract:
The treehopper subfamily Membracinae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae) comprises the majority of genera and species diversity in the New World tropics. These treehoppers exhibit a wide range of social behaviors, making them an excellent group for studying patterns of social evolution in insects. However, to date the tribal and generic relationships have remained unclear. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the Membracinae using a combined mitochondrial (COI, COII, tRNA-Leu, and 12S) and nuclear (Wg) gene data set. A total of 2608 aligned nucleotide sites were obtained for 112 species, representing 25 of 38 currently recognized genera and all four tribes. A strict consensus of five equally parsimonious trees recovered the subfamily and three of its four tribes. The majority rule consensus tree derived from the Bayesian analyses based on the GTR+I+G and mixed-models recovered many clades shared with the parsimony trees and is identical to the single best tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis, aside from the rearrangement of one node. A comparison of mitochondrial and nuclear genes indicated that Wg provided higher consistency index (CI), data decisiveness (DD), partitioned Bremer support (PBS) than any of the mitochondrial genes analyzed. The combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA provide strong support for the monophyly of the subfamily and three of its four tribes (Aconophorini, Hoplophorionini, and Hypsoprorini). Membracini is paraphyletic with respect to Hoplophorionini and contains two lineages, the Membracini sensu strictu and the newly resurrected tribe Bolbonotini. Our analyses show that there is a strong phylogenetic component to the evolution of maternal care. Given the widespread occurrence of maternal care within the subfamily, this trait is estimated to have =3 origins, two reversals, and one loss. Our results suggest that the evolution of maternal care in insects may not be as evolutionarily labile as previously thought.

citation:
Lin, C.P., Danforth, B.N. and Wood, T.K. 2004. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of maternal care in membracine treehoppers. Systematic Biology 53: 400-421.


title:
Molecular phylogeney of the North American Enchenopa binotata (Homoptera: Membracidae) species complex

abstract:
The North American Enchenopa binotata (Say) species complex is a model of sympatric speciation in which phytophagous insects are hypothesized; o diverge through host-plant specialization resulting from changes in host plant usage that alter life history timing. A robust phylogeny is needed to evaluate the historical relevance of the prediction that sister taxa differ in critical life-history traits. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and likelihood criteria of 2305 nucleotides in sequences from mitochondrial COI, COII, tRNA-Leucine, and 12S genes revealed two pairs of sister taxa. Both pairs of sister taxa differ from each other in the timing of egg hatch in the spring that is mediated by differences in host-plant phenology. Host plant mediated; timing of egg hatch results in asynchronous life histories among sister taxa facilitating reproductive isolation. Sister taxa of Enchenopa from Celastrus and from Viburnum, differ in their diurnal and temporal spans during which mating occurs. Mating of Enchenopa from Liriodendron takes place after that of its sister species on Cercis. These results support the hypothesis that speciation could have been initiated through a shift to a host plant that alters life-history timing.;

citation:
Lin, C.P. and Wood, T.K. 2002. Molecular phylogeney of the North American Enchenopa binotata (Homoptera: Membracidae) species complex. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 162-171.

host taxa:
Juglandaceae; Celastraceae; Fabaceae; Magnoliaceae; Rutaceae; Caprifoliaceae


title:
The evolution and subsequent classification of the Phasmatodea

citation:
Lind, R. 1994. The evolution and subsequent classification of the Phasmatodea. Phasmid Studies 3: 3-5.


title:
Evolution of phytophagy in trombidiform mites

abstract:
This paper reviews the evolutionary aspects of obligate phytophagy (excluding mycophagy and phycophagy) in the mite suborder Trombidiformes. Phytophagy in the other acariform suborder, Sarcoptiformes, is limited to just a few species, amidst otherwise saprophagous or fungivorous taxa, that attack the living tissues of higher plants. The phylogenetic relationships of lineages that contain taxa of plant-feeding mites are reviewed briefly, to facilitate hypotheses about the number of times that phytophagy has arisen within the Trombidiformes. The relationship between the two most important plant-feeding taxa, the Tetranychoidea and Eriophyoidea, is so distant that their obligate phytophagy represents independent events. Outgroup comparisons allow an estimate of the relative ages when phytophagy arose. This background facilitates analyses of the evolutionary patterns of attributes relevant to phytophagy as a way of life. Styliform modifications of chelate chelicerae for predation or fungivory were fundamental pre-adaptations for effective phytophagy. Dispersal among the major lineages of phytophagous mites seems generally passive, with little evidence of phoretic behaviour. Continued individual mobility seems to be needed during ontogeny and adulthood, such that no scale-like or sac-like instars have arisen. Trends towards physogastric reproduction and ovoviviparity are not evident. Arrhenotokous sex determination predominates among lineages of; phytophagous mites. The primary sex ratios are not usually highly female biased. Direct sperm transfer does not seem to have been advantageous or disadvantageous to adaptive radiations of plant-feeding lineages. Adaptive trends towards thelytoky are scattered and do not seem to have played major roles in speciation, diversification or trends towards increasing host specificity in lineages. Alternate asexual and sexual generations and life cycles on different species of hosts, as occur among families of aphid and scale insects, are not known. Among unrelated lineages of trombidiform mites, there appears to have been convergent evolution of attributes, such as those noted above, in response to similar selective pressures for a phytophagous way of life. The patterns of attributes discussed need experimental analysis and detailed documentation to test their accuracy and; generality and to understand the selective pressures that have formed them.

citation:
Lindquist, E.E. 1998. Evolution of phytophagy in trombidiform mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 22: 81-100.


title:
The genera of Elaphidiini Thomson 1864 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

citation:
Lingafelter, S.W. 1998. The genera of Elaphidiini Thomson 1864 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 20: 1-118.


author:
Lingafelter, S.W.; Konstantinov, A.S.; Lee, J.E.

title:
Systena Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae): notes on nomenclature, redescription of the genus, and a preliminary discussion of characters and phylogenetic relationships

citation:
Lingafelter, S.W., Konstantinov, A.S. and Lee, J.E. 1998. Systena Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae): notes on nomenclature, redescription of the genus, and a preliminary discussion of characters and phylogenetic relationships. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100: 467-483.


title:
The monophyly and relative rank of alticine and galerucine leaf beetles: a cladistic analysis using adult morphological characters (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

citation:
Lingafelter, S.W. and Konstantinov, A.S. 1999. The monophyly and relative rank of alticine and galerucine leaf beetles: a cladistic analysis using adult morphological characters (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 30: 397-416.


title:
Phylogeny and classification of Cantacaderini (= Cantacaderidae stat. nov.) (Hemiptera: Tingoidea)

citation:
Lis, B. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of Cantacaderini (= Cantacaderidae stat. nov.) (Hemiptera: Tingoidea). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 49: 157-196.


title:
Molecular phylogeny of selected Eurasian podismine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

abstract:
The grasshopper subfamily Melanoplinae, comprising a large number of genera and species, maintains a distribution throughout Eurasia and the New World. Despite various attempts to subdivide the subfamily, taxonomic assignments within the Melanoplinae remain unclear. However, the placement of Eurasian and related Nearctic genera within a separate tribe, Podismini, is a common feature within most proposed taxonomic schemes. The Podismini have been independently divided into two and four subtribes on the basis of cytogenetic and morphological traits, respectively; however, the two schemes differ with respect to the placement of certain genera. This study analyses sequence data obtained from portions of four mitochondrial genes (cyt b, COII, ND2, and COI) to (1) test the hypothesis that Eurasian podismines are monophyletic and (2) examine which, if any, of the proposed subtribal affiliations is correct. The view that the nominate genus, Podisma, represents a form closely related to the ancestral podismine stock was also examined. Parsimony, neighbor-joining, and likelihood tree construction methods demonstrate strong support for claims of Eurasian podismine monophyly. Application of the molecular clock method places the separation from North American melanoplines at [apprxeq]62 mya. Neither cytogenetic nor morphological subtribal assignations of genera within Podismini is supported by molecular data. Lastly, our analysis shows that Podisma, rather than occupying a basal position among the podismines as suggested in the literature, is a more recently evolved genus.

citation:
Litzenberger, G. and Chapco, W. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of selected Eurasian podismine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 505-511.


title:
The North American Melanoplinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae): a molecular phylogenetic study of their origins and taxonomic relationships

abstract:
Molecular phylogenetic methods were used to examine a number of morphologically based hypotheses concerning the taxonomic relationships and origin of the grasshopper subfamily Melanoplinae. This paper focuses on several North American genera and their interrelationships and connections with taxa on other continents. Portions of four mitochondrial genes (coding for cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, and NADH dehydrogenase subunit II) were sequenced in 17 North American species representing 13 genera, along with five and eight species from South America and Eurasia, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using maximum parsimony, weighted parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood methods. Bootstrap replications provided levels of confidence for recovered associations. Maximum resolution was achieved using weighted parsimony and by treating all sequences, totaling 1716 bp, as a unit. In terms of taxonomic organization, our phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that an earlier division of Melanoplinae into two tribes, Melanoplini and Podismini, has merit. Monophyly of each tribe was supported statistically. There was, however, no support for various systems subdividing Podismini into subtribes or groups. Neither eastern nor western North American podismines proved monophyletic. There was no support for the integrity of another proposed tribe, Dactylotini. All methods suggested South America as the place of origin for the subfamily, supporting previous molecular studies. Both tribes originated in North America, most probably in the southwest United States. With respect to Podismini, this is contrary to the prevailing view of a Eurasian origin for the tribe.

citation:
Litzenberger, G. and Chapco, W. 2003. The North American Melanoplinae (Orthoptera: Acrididae): A molecular phylogenetic study of their origins and taxonomic relationships. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 491-497.


author:
Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Cook, J.M.

title:
Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant use in a genus of leaf-mining moths

abstract:
We used nuclear 28S rDNA sequence data to estimate the phylogeny of 77 leaf-mining Phyllonorycter (Gracillariidae) moth species, including all 55 British species, feeding on 44 different plant genera. There was strong support for both the monophyly of Phyllonorycter and the placement of the genus Cameraria as its sister group. Host-plant use was mapped onto the moth phylogeny and investigated statistically in several ways. First, we show that the estimated level of cospeciation between leaf miners and their host plants is not greater than expected by chance, despite the physical intimacy of the association. Nevertheless, the pattern of host-plant use is far from random, with closely related Phyllonorycter species generally feeding on closely related plants. However, although Phyllonorycter species from a given host plant tend to form distinct clades, there is also statistical support for multiple independent colonizations of some host-plant taxa (e.g. the order Rosales and the genus Corylus). Despite numerous host shifts, most Phyllonorycter species feed on trees and the few species that attack shrubs or herbs have mostly acquired these habits independently. There is also limited evidence that host shifts to herbs are more likely from shrubs than from trees. Similarly, most species mine the lower surface of leaves but the few upper-surface miners have each evolved the habit independently. Consequently, these shifts to new adaptive zones have not led to substantial radiations.

citation:
Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Charles, H., Godfray, J. and Cook, J.M. 2003. Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant use in a genus of leaf-mining moths. Evolution 57: 1804-1821.


author:
Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Rasplus, J.Y.; Weiblen, G.D.; Cook, J.M.

title:
Molecular phylogenies of fig wasps: Partial cocladogenesis of pollinators and parasites

abstract:
Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps form an obligate mutualism, which has long been considered a classic case of coevolution and cospeciation. Figs are also exploited by several clades of nonpollinating wasps, which are parasites of the mutualism and whose patterns of speciation have received little attention. We used data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA regions to estimate the phylogenies of 20 species of Pleistodontes pollinating wasps and 16 species of Sycoscapter nonpollinating wasps associated with Ficus species in the section Malvanthera. We compare the phylogenies of 15 matched Pleistodontes/Sycoscapter species pairs and show that the level of cospeciation is significantly greater than that expected by chance. Our estimates of the maximum level of cospeciation (50 to 64% of nodes) are very similar to those obtained in other recent studies of; coevolved parasitic and mutualistic associations. However, we also show that there is not perfect congruence of pollinator and parasite phylogenies (for any substantial clade) and argue that host plant switching is likely to be less constrained for Sycoscapter parasites than for Pleistodontes pollinators. There is perfect correspondence between two terminal clades of two sister species in the respective phylogenies, and rates of molecular evolution in these pairs are similar.

citation:
Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Rasplus, J.Y., Weiblen, G.D. and Cook, J.M. 2001. Molecular phylogenies of fig wasps: Partial cocladogenesis of pollinators and parasites. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21: 55-71.


title:
A contribution to the systematics of Alpine species of the genus Erebia (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

citation:
Lortscher, M., Geiger, H. and Scholl, A. 1998. A contribution to the systematics of Alpine species of the genus Erebia (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Nota Lepidopterologica 21: 5-13.


title:
Population genetics of the spittlebug genus Philaenus (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in Greece

citation:
Loukas, M. and Drosopoulos, S. 1992. Population genetics of the spittlebug genus Philaenus (Homoptera: Cercopidae) in Greece. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 46: 403-413.


title:
Systematics of the Urodontidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of southern Africa

journal:
South Africa Department of Agriculture Entomology Memoir

citation:
Louw, S. 1993. Systematics of the Urodontidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) of southern Africa. South Africa Department of Agriculture Entomology Memoir 87: i-iii, 1-92.


title:
Seed-feeding Urodontidae weevils and the evolution of the galling habit

journal:
The Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Forming Insects

editor:
Price, P.W.; Mattson, W.J.; Baranchikov, Y.N.

series:
U S Forest Service General Technical Report NC

citation:
Louw, S. 1994. Seed-feeding Urodontidae weevils and the evolution of the galling habit. Pp. 186-193 in: Price, P.W., Mattson, W.J. and Baranchikov, Y.N. [eds.], The Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Forming Insects. , Krasnoyarsk, Siberia?.

host taxa:
Aizoaceae; Iridaceae; Resedaceae; Colchicaceae; Asphodelaceae


title:
Systematics and biogeography of the subfamily Microcerinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a re-evaluation based on larval morphology

citation:
Louw, S. 1995. Systematics and biogeography of the subfamily Microcerinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a re-evaluation based on larval morphology. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 14: 169-174.


title:
Solving the riddle: combining life-history analysis and morphological comparison in weevil phylogenetics

journal:
Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceedings of a symposium (28 August, 1996, Florence, Italy). 20 Intern

citation:
Louw, S. 1998. Solving the riddle: combining life-history analysis and morphological comparison in weevil phylogenetics. Pp. 19-26 in: Colonnelli, E., Louw, S. and Osella, G. [eds.], Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceedings of a symposium (28 August, 1996, Florence, Italy). 20 International Congress of Entomology. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.


title:
A study of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus Arbolygus Kerzhner (Hemiptera: Miridae)

citation:
Lu, N. and Zheng, L.Y. 1998. A study of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus Arbolygus Kerzhner (Hemiptera: Miridae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 23 S: 179-188.


author:
Lushai, G.; Smith, D.A.S.; Goulson, D.; Allen, J.A.; Maclean, N.

title:
Mitochondrial DNA clocks and the phylogeny of Danaus butterflies

abstract:
Molecular clocks based on sequence change in mitochondrial (mt) DNA have been useful for placing molecular phylogenies in their historical context, thereby enhancing evolutionary insight. Nonetheless, despite their importance to phylogeographers, the methodology is controversial. Here we report on two mitochondrial clocks for the butterfly genus Danaus based on sequences from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and small subunit 12S rRNA (12S) genes. Both clocks are, within the context of Danaus, reliable time-keepers, mutually consistent and, respectively, in agreement with a crustacean COI clock and a molluscan 12S clock. Though we have no fossils with which directly to calibrate sequence divergence rates for Danaus, the 12S molluscan and COI crustacean clocks chosen for comparison were calibrated to radiometrically dated geomorphological events. Our results indicate that the Danaus COI clock evolves approximately four times faster than the 12S clock. Differences between rates of sequence change in terminal sister-taxa are small and likelihood ratio tests do not reject a hypothesis that evolution has been clock-like. The species Danaus chrysippus is paraphyletic and, therefore, invalid. Danaus probably split from its sister-genus Tirumala around 4.9 [plus or minus] 0.3 million years ago in the early Pliocene.

citation:
Lushai, G., Smith, D.A.S., Goulson, D., Allen, J.A. and Maclean, N. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA clocks and the phylogeny of Danaus butterflies. Insect Science and its Application 23: 309-315.


author:
Machado, C.A.; Jousselin, E.; Kjellberg, F.; Compton, S.G.; Herre, E.A.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography, and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps

abstract:
Nucleotide sequences from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among 15 genera of  fig- pollinating wasps. We present evidence supporting broad-level cocladogenesis with respect to most but not all of the corresponding groups of figs. Using fossil evidence for calibrating a molecular clock for these data, we estimated the origin of the fig wasp mutualism to have occurred ca. 90 million years ago. The estimated divergence times among the pollinator genera and their current geographical distributions corresponded well with several features of the break-up of the southern continents during the Late Cretaceous period.We then explored the evolutionary trajectories of two characteristics that hold profound consequences for both partners in the mutualism: the breeding system of the host (monoecious or dioecious) and pollination behaviour of the wasp (passive or active). The fig wasp mutualism exhibits extraordinarily long-term evolutionary stability despite clearly identifiable conflicts of interest between the interactors, which are reflected by the very distinct variations found on the basic mutualistic theme.

citation:
Machado, C.A., Jousselin, E., Kjellberg, F., Compton, S.G. and Herre, E.A. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography, and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268: 685-694.


author:
Makita, H.; Shinkawa, T.; Ohta, K.; Kondo, A.; Nakazawa, T.

title:
Phylogeny of Luehdorfia butterflies inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences

citation:
Makita, H., Shinkawa, T., Ohta, K., Kondo, A. and Nakazawa, T. 2000. Phylogeny of Luehdorfia butterflies inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences. Entomological Science 3: 321-329.


author:
Malacrida, A.R.; Guglielmino, C.R.; D'Adamo, P.; Torti, C.; Marinoni, F.; Gasperi, G.

title:
Allozyme divergence and phylogenetic relationships among species of tephritid flies

citation:
Malacrida, A.R., Guglielmino, C.R., D'Adamo, P., Torti, C., Marinoni, F. and Gasperi, G. 1996. Allozyme divergence and phylogenetic relationships among species of tephritid flies. Heredity 76: 592-602.


author:
Malacrida, A.R.; Guglielmino, C.R.; Gasperi, G.; Baruffi, L.; Villani, P.; Milani, R.

title:
Genetical approach to systematics and phylogeny of Trypetinae (Diptera, Tephritidae)

citation:
Malacrida, A.R., Guglielmino, C.R., Gasperi, G., Baruffi, L., Villani, P. and Milani, R. 1991. Genetical approach to systematics and phylogeny of Trypetinae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Bollettino di Zoologia 58: 355-361.


title:
Patterns of divergence within the genus Urophora inferred from mtDNA restriction fragments

citation:
Mann, W. and Brandl, R. 1992. Patterns of divergence within the genus Urophora inferred from mtDNA restriction fragments. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 20: 597-603.


author:
Mantovani, B.; Passamonti, M.; Scali, V.

title:
The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in Bacillus stick insects: ancestry of hybrids, androgenesis, and phylogenetic relationships

abstract:
Sequencing of a cytochrome oxidase II (COII) gene fragment in Bacillus taxa provided evidence that the bisexual B. rossius is the maternal ancestor of the hybridogenetic B. rossius-grandii strains and revealed the same ancestry for both parthenogenetic hybrids: the diploid B. whitei (B. rossius/grandii grandii) and the triploid B. lynceorum (B. rossius/grandii grandii/atticus). Present data clearly demonstrate that all Bacillus unisexuals arose through asymmetrical hybridization events and realized a paraphyletic derivation from the B. rossius redtenbacheri subspecies. The invention of B. rossius mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in specimens with B. grandii grandii nuclear genomes revealed the occurrence of androgenesis in nature. Natural androgens represent a peculiar escape from hybridity and can help maintain the hybridogenetic system through the production of the fathering taxon via hybrid females. Results from the COII gene support the phyletic relationships among taxa suggested by previous taxonomical approaches, but also indicate a departure of B. grandii subspecies from the established taxonomy. Assuming the existence of a molecular clock, the evaluated substitution rate brings the splitting between B. rossius and B. grandii/B. atticus back to 22.79 [plus/minus] 2.65 myr before present, while the origin of hybrids appears to be much more recent (1.06 [plus/minus] 0.53 myr).

citation:
Mantovani, B., Passamonti, M. and Scali, V. 2001. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene in Bacillus stick insects: ancestry of hybrids, androgenesis, and phylogenetic relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19: 157-163.


author:
Mardulyn, P.; Milinkovitch, M.C.; Pasteels, J.M.

title:
Phylogenetic analyses of DNA and allozyme data suggest that Gonioctena leaf beetles (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) experienced convergent evolution in their history of host-plant family shifts

abstract:
A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Gonioctena (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) based on allozyme data (17 loci) and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (three gene fragments, 1,391 sites) was performed to study the evolutionary history of host-plant shifts among these leaf beetles. This chrysomelid genus is characteristically associated with a high number of different plant families. The diverse molecular data gathered in this study are to a large extent congruent, and the analyses provide a well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis to address questions about the evolution of host-plant shifts in the genus Gonioctema. The most-parsimonious reconstruction of the ancestral host-plant associations, based on the estimated phylogeny, suggests that the Fabaceae was the ancestral host-plant family of the genus. Although most of the host-plant shifts (between different host species) in Gonioctena have occurred within the same plant family or within the same plant genus, at least eight shifts have occurred between hosts belonging to distantly related and chemically dissimilar plant families. In these cases, host shifts may have been simply directed toward plant species available in the environment. Yet, given that two Gonioctena lineages have independently colonized the same three new plant families (Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Rosaceae), including four of the same new genera (Salix, Alnus, Prunus, Sorbus), some constraints are likely to have limited the different possibilities of interfamilial host-plant shifts.

citation:
Mardulyn, P., Milinkovitch, M.C. and Pasteels, J.M. 1997. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA and allozyme data suggest that Gonioctena leaf beetles (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) experienced convergent evolution in their history of host-plant family shifts. Systematic Biology 46: 722-747.


author:
Mardulyn, P.; Termonia, A.; Milinkovitch, M.C.

title:
Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A hierarchical analysis of nucleotide sequence variation

abstract:
To assess the levels of variation at different evolutionary scales in the mitochondrial (mt) control region of leaf beetles, we sequenced and compared the full mt control region in two genera (Chrysomela and Gonioctena), in two species within a genus (Gonioctena olivacea and G. pallida), in individuals from distant populations of these species in Europe, and in individuals from populations separated by moderate (10- to 100-km) to short (<5-km) distances. In all individuals, a highly repetitive section consisting of the tandem repetition of 12 to 17 imperfect copies of a 107- to 159-bp-long core sequence was observed. This repetitive fragment accounts for roughly 50% of the full control-region length. The sequence variability among repeated elements within the control region of a given individual depends on the species considered: the variability within any G. olivacea individual is much higher than that within G. pallida individuals. Comparisons of the repeated elements, in a phylogenetic framework, within and among individuals of G. olivacea and G. pallida suggests that the repetitive section of the control region experienced recurrent duplications/deletions, leading to some degree of concerted evolution. Comparisons between Chrysomela and Gonioctena control regions revealed virtually no significant sequence similarity, except for two long stretches of A's and several [T(T)A(A)] repeats, all found in the control region of other insect orders. Our analyses allowed us to identify portions of the control region with enough variation for population genetic or phylogeographic studies.

citation:
Mardulyn, P., Termonia, A. and Milinkovitch, M.C. 2003. Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial control region of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A hierarchical analysis of nucleotide sequence variation. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 38-45.


title:
Analise cladistica da tribo Rhopalophorini Blanchard, 1845 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

abstract:
Rhopalophorini is primarily a New World group. Of the 23 known genera, 19 were described from the Neotropical region. A cladistic analysis of the American genera was carried out with 91 morphological characters. The genera Ozodes Audinet-Serville and Lissozodes Bates, recently transferred to Necydalopsini, were included in the analysis in order to investigate their relationships with the Rhopalophorini. The results suggested that their shared similarities with the Rhopalophorini are symplesiomorphies at the level considered in the analysis, so they are maintained in Necydalopsini, and Neozodes Zajciw, indicated as the sister group of Ozodes, is herein transferred to this tribe. In the same way, Elaphopsis Audinet-Serville is transferred to Ibidionini. Rhopalophorini, as defined in the present work, is a monophyletic group and includes 17 American genera. Within Rhopalophorini, Argyrodines + Parozodes constitute the basalmost group, and Cycnoderus is the sister group of the two major clades formed, one by Ischionodonta, Disaulax, Cosmisoma, Closteropus and Gurubira, and the other, by Rhopalophora, Coremia, Merocoremia, Dirocoremia, Thalusia and Lathusia; the relationships of Rhopalophorella, Rhopalina and Muxbalia remain inconclusive. A phylogenetic classification of Rhopalophorini at the genus level is proposed.

citation:
Marques, M.I. and Napp, D.S. 2003. Analise cladistica da tribo Rhopalophorini Blanchard, 1845 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 47: 491-545.


title:
Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of the European satyrids (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) as revealed by mitochondrial gene sequences

abstract:
We examine the phylogenetic relationships of more than 40 species of European satyrids representing six tribes (Coenonymphini, Erebiini, Maniolini, Satyrini, Melanargiini, and Lethini). The analyses are based on comparisons ofmorphological data andmitochondrial genes encoding the large ribosomal subunit (16S rDNA) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1). The cladistic reassessment of systematics based on morphological; characters differs from the view retained by Miller by a lack in resolution due to the low number of characters used. Furthermore, some level of incongruence about the monophyly of the tribes is found between topologies from morphological and molecular analyses. In the case of Aphantopus hyperantus, molecular data and reexamination of morphology of this taxon indicate that this species has to be included within Maniolini. Contrary to the other clades, Erebia displays a radiate systematic pattern which cannot be explained by a lack of variable or informative sites. The combined spatial and temporal specialization found in the Erebia species may explain the rapid diversification of this genus relative to other satyrids. Finally, the subfamily level as defined by Miller for the taxa presented in the data set (Satyrinae and Elymninae) is not consistent with the molecular data. Given the reassessment of satyrids as a subfamily within Nymphalidae (Satyrinae), it seems more appropriate to retain the tribes as valid taxonomic ranks only in; Satyrinae.

citation:
Martin, J.F., Gilles, A. and Descimon, H. 2000. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary patterns of the European satyrids (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) as revealed by mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15: 70-82.


author:
Martinez-Torres, D.; Buades, C.; Latorre, A.; Moya, A.

title:
Molecular systematics of aphids and their primary endosymbionts

abstract:
Aphids constitute a monophyletic group within the order Homoptera (i.e., superfamily Aphidoidea). The Aphidoidea originated in the Jurassic about 150 my ago from some aphidiform ancestor whose origin can be traced back to about 250 my ago. They exhibit a mutualistic association with intracellular bacteria (Buchnera sp.) related to Escherichia coli. Buchnera is usually considered the aphids' primary endosymbiont. The association is obligate for both partners. The 16S rDNA-based phylogeny of Buchnera from four aphid families showed complete concordance with the morphology-based phylogeny of their aphid hosts, which pointed to a single original infection in a common ancestor of aphids some 100-250 my ago followed by cospeciation of aphids and Buchnera. This study concentrated on the molecular phylogeny of both the aphids and their primary endosymbionts of five aphid families including for the first time representatives of the family Lachnidae. We discuss results based on two Buchnera genes (16S rDNA and the [beta] subunit of the F-ATPase complex) and on one host mitochondrial gene (the subunit 6 of the F-ATPase complex). Although our data do not allow definitive evolutionary relationships to be established among the different aphid families, some traditionally accepted groupings are put into question from both bacterial and insect data. In particular, the Lachnidae and the Aphididae, which from morphological data are considered recently evolved sister groups, do not seem to be as closely related as is usually accepted. Finally, we discuss our results in the light of the proposed parallel evolution of aphids and their endosymbionts.

citation:
Martinez-Torres, D., Buades, C., Latorre, A. and Moya, A. 2001. Molecular systematics of aphids and their primary endosymbionts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20: 437-449.


title:
Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils

citation:
Marvaldi, A.E. 1997. Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils. Cladistics 13: 285-312.


title:
Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology

citation:
Marvaldi, A.E. and Morrone, J.J. 2000. Phylogenetic systematics of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): a reappraisal based on larval and adult morphology. Insect Systematics and Evolution 31: 43-58.


author:
Marvaldi, A.E.; Sequeira, A.S.; O'Brien, C.W.; Farrell, B.D.

title:
Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): Do niche shifts accompany diversification?

abstract:
The main goals of this study were to provide a robust phylogeny for the families of the superfamily Curculionoidea, to discover relationships and major natural groups within the family Curculionidae, and to clarify the evolution of larval habits and host-plant associations in weevils to analyze their role in weevil diversification. Phylogenetic relationships among the weevils (Curculionoidea) were inferred from analysis of nucleotide sequences of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA; 2, 000 bases) and 115 morphological characters of larval and adult stages. A worldwide sample of 100 species was compiled to maximize representation of weevil morphological and ecological diversity. All families and the main subfamilies of Curculionoidea were represented. The family Curculionidae sensu lato was represented by about 80 species in 30 "subfamilies" of traditional classifications. Phylogenetic reconstruction was accomplished by parsimony analysis of separate and combined molecular and morphological data matrices and Bayesian analysis of the molecular data; tree topology support was evaluated. Results of the combined analysis of 18S rDNA and morphological data indicate that monophyly of and relationships among each of the weevil families are well supported with the topology (( Nemonychidae, Anthribidae) (Belidae (Attelabidae (Caridae (Brentidae, Curculionidae))))). Within the clade Curculionidae sensu lato, the basal positions are occupied by mostly monocot-associated taxa with the primitive type of male genitalia followed by the Curculionidae sensu stricto, which is made up of groups with the derived type of male genitalia. High support values were found for the monophyly of some distinct curculionid groups such as Dryophthorinae (several tribes represented) and Platypodinae (Tesserocerini plus Platypodini), among others. However, the subfamilial relationships in Curculionidae are unresolved or weakly supported. The phylogeny estimate based on combined 18S rDNA and morphological data suggests that diversification in weevils was accompanied by niche shifts in host-plant associations and larval habits. Pronounced conservatism is evident in larval feeding habits, particularly in the host tissue consumed. Multiple shifts to use of angiosperms in Curculionoidea were identified, each time associated with increases in weevil diversity and subsequent shifts back to gymnosperms, particularly in the Curculionidae.

citation:
Marvaldi, A.E., Sequeira, A.S., O'Brien, C.W. and Farrell, B.D. 2002. Molecular and morphological phylogenetics of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea): Do niche shifts accompany diversification? Systematic Biology 51: 761-785.


title:
Generic revision of the New World tribe Hoplophorionini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae)

citation:
McKamey, S.H. and Deitz, L.L. 1996. Generic revision of the New World tribe Hoplophorionini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Membracinae). Systematic Entomology 21: 295-342.


title:
Revision of the neotropical treehopper genus Metcalfiella (Homoptera: Membracidae)

citation:
McKamey, S.H. and Deitz, L.L. 1991. Revision of the neotropical treehopper genus Metcalfiella (Homoptera: Membracidae). North Carolina Agricultural Research Service Technical Bulletin 294: 1-89.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of North American Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and related genera using mitochondrial DNA sequence data

citation:
McPheron, B.A. and Han, H.Y. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of North American Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) and related genera using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 1-16.


title:
Relationships within the Hyles euphorbiae-complex: a numerical taxonomy approach (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

citation:
Meerman, J.C. 1993. Relationships within the Hyles euphorbiae-complex: a numerical taxonomy approach (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Entomologist's Gazette 44: 205-209.


author:
Megens, H.J.; van-Moorsel, C.H.M.; Piel, W.H.; Pierce, N.E.; de-Jong, R.

title:
Tempo of speciation in a butterfly genus from the Southeast Asian tropics, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data

abstract:
Molecular systematics is frequently beset with phylogenetic results that are not fully resolved. Researchers either state that the absence of resolution is due to character conflict, explosive speciation, or some combination of the two, but seldom do they carefully examine their data to distinguish between these causes. In this study, we exhaustively analyze a set of nuclear and mitochondrial nucleotide data for the Asian tropical butterfly genus Arhopala so as to highlight the causes of polytomies in the phylogenetic trees, and, as a result, to infer important biological events in the history of this genus. We began by using non-parametric statistical methods to determine whether the ambiguously resolved regions in these trees represent hard or soft polytomies. In addition we determined how this correlated to number of inferred changes on branches, using parametric maximum likelihood estimations. Based on congruent patterns in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, we concluded that at two stages in the history of Arhopala there have been accelerated instances of speciation. One event, at the base of the phylogeny, generated many of the groups and subgroups currently recognized in this genus, while a later event generated another major clade consisting of both Oriental and Papuan species groups. Based on comparisons of closely related taxa, the ratio of instantaneous rate of evolution between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evolution is established at approximately 3:1. The earliest radiation is dated between 7 and 11 Ma by a molecular clock analysis, setting the events generating much of the diversity of Arhopala at well before the Pleistocene. Periodical flooding of the Sunda plateau during interglacial periods was, therefore, not responsible for generating the major divisions in the genus Arhopala. Instead, we hypothesize that large-scale climatic changes taking place in the Miocene have induced the early acceleration in speciation.

citation:
Megens, H.J., van-Moorsel, C.H.M., Piel, W.H., Pierce, N.E. and de-Jong, R. 2004. Tempo of speciation in a butterfly genus from the Southeast Asian tropics, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1181-1196.


author:
Megens, H.J.; van-Nes, W.J.; van-Moorsel, C.H.M.; Pierce, N.E.; de-Jong, R.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of the Oriental butterfly genus Arhopala (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes

abstract:
We present a phylogeny for a selection of species of the butterfly genus Arhopala Boisduval, 1832 based on molecular characters. We sequenced 1778 bases of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome Oxidase 1 and 2 including tRNALeu, and a 393-bp fragment of the nuclear wingless gene for a total of 42 specimens of 33 species, representing all major species groups. Analyses of mtDNA and wingless genes show congruent phylogenetic signal. The phylogeny presented here confirms the monophyly of the centaurus, eumolphus, camdeo and epimuta groups and the amphimuta subgroup. It confirms close relationships between species within the agelastus group, that together with the amphimuta subgroup, centaurus and camdeo groups form a monophyletic group. However, incongruencies with previous taxonomic studies also occur; the amphimuta and silhetensis groups are not monophyletic, as is the genus Arhopala itself. One enigmatic species, A. kinabala, was evaluated further for topology and the support for basal placement of this species is due mainly to the wingless gene. However, in the Parsimony analysis, and subsequent Maximum Likelihood evaluations, certain nodes could not be resolved due to insufficient support. The mtDNA shows extreme AT bias with compositional heterogeneity at 3rd codon positions, Which may result in saturation. By contrast, the wingless gene does not show compositional bias, suggesting that poor support is not due solely to saturation. The evaluation of morphological characters used in previous studies on Arhopala systematics on the molecular tree indicates that the macular pattern and the absence of tails at the hind wings show extensive homoplasy. A significant phylogenetic signal (as indicated by T-PTP tests) is present in several of these morphological characters, which are nevertheless of limited use in phylogenetic studies due to their labile nature.

citation:
Megens, H.J., van-Nes, W.J., van-Moorsel, C.H.M., Pierce, N.E. and de-Jong, R. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of the Oriental butterfly genus Arhopala (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Systematic Entomology 29: 115-131.


title:
Pattern and process in the evolution of insect-plant associations: Yponomeuta as an example

abstract:
Phylogenetic studies are increasing our understanding of the evolution of associations between phytophagous insects and their host plants. Sequential evolution, i.e, the shift of insect herbivores onto pre-existing plant species, appears to be much more common than coevolution, where reciprocal selection between interacting insects and plants is thought to induce chemical diversification and resistance in plants and food specialization in insects.Extreme host specificity is common in phytophagous insects and future studies are likely to reveal even more specialization. Hypotheses that assume that food specialists have selective advantages over generalists do not seem to provide a general explanation for the ubiquity of specialist insect herbivores. Specialists are probably committed to remain so, because they have little evolutionary opportunity to reverse the process due to genetically determined constraints on the evolution of their physiology or nervous system. The same constraints might result in phylogenetic conservatism, i.e. the frequent association of related insect herbivores with related plants. Current phylogenetic evidence, however, indicates that there is no intrinsic direction to the evolution of specialization.Historical aspects of insect-host plant associations will be illustrated with the small ermine moth genus Yponomeuta. Small ermine moths show an ancestral host association with the family Celastraceae. The genus seems to be committed to specialization per se rather than to a particular group of plants. Whatever host shift they have made in their evolutionary past (onto Rosaceae, Crassulaceae, and Salicaceae), they remain monophagous. The oligophagous Y. padellus is the only exception. This species might comprise a mosaic of genetically divergent host-associated populations.

citation:
Menken, S.B.J. 1996. Pattern and process in the evolution of insect-plant associations: Yponomeuta as an example. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 297-305.


author:
Menken, S.B.J.; Herrebout, W.M.; Wiebes, J.T.

title:
Small ermine moths (Yponomeuta): their host relations and evolution

citation:
Menken, S.B.J., Herrebout, W.M. and Wiebes, J.T. 1992. Small ermine moths (Yponomeuta): their host relations and evolution. Annual Review of Entomology 37: 41-66.


author:
Mensi, P.; Lattes, A.; Cassulo, L.; Balletto, E.

title:
Biochemical taxonomy and evolutionary relationships in Polyommatus (subgenus Agrodiaetus) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

citation:
Mensi, P., Lattes, A., Cassulo, L. and Balletto, E. 1994. Biochemical taxonomy and evolutionary relationships in Polyommatus (subgenus Agrodiaetus) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Nota Lepidopterologica Supplement 5: 105-114.


author:
Mensi, P.; Lattes, A.; Cassulo, L.; Cinti, R.; Balletto, E.

title:
Electrophoretic studies in the genus Melanargia Meigen, 1828 (Lepidoptera: Satyridae)

citation:
Mensi, P., Lattes, A., Cassulo, L., Cinti, R. and Balletto, E. 1991. Electrophoretic studies in the genus Melanargia Meigen, 1828 (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 29: 11-20.


title:
Phylogenie und Speziation der Fieberiellini Wagner, 1951 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Teil 2. Anhang und Tafeln

citation:
Meyer-Arndt, S. and Remane, R. 1992. Phylogenie und Speziation der Fieberiellini Wagner, 1951 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Teil 2. Anhang und Tafeln. Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2: 388-756.


title:
Phylogenie und Speziation der Fieberiellini Wagner, 1951 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Teil 1

citation:
Meyer-Arndt, S. and Remane, R. 1992. Phylogenie und Speziation der Fieberiellini Wagner, 1951 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae). Teil 1. Marburger Entomologische Publikationen 2: 1-387.


author:
Mezghani, M.K.; Makni, H.; Pasteur, N.; Navajas, M.; Marrakchi, M.

title:
Species distinction and population structure in Mayetiola species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequences

abstract:
Species of Mayetiola identified on the basis of male genital morphology and diagnostic alleles isoenzyme as either M. destructor (Say) or M. hordei (Kieffer) were compared genetically using sequence variation in the cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA (800 bp) and the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal genes (1100 bp). Both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences indicated a close relationship between M. destructor and M. hordei. Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbour joining methods using p distance and confidence intervals evaluated by the bootstrap procedure. Results showed that M. hordei could be divided into two distinct haplotypes (B & C) whereas M. destructor is represented by haplotype (A). In addition, restriction endonuclease analysis of the cytochrome b gene was performed in order to survey variation within and among populations of Mayetiola. Analysis highlighted the absence of strict host specificity.

citation:
Mezghani, M.K., Makni, H., Pasteur, N., Navajas, M. and Marrakchi, M. 2002. Species distinction and population structure in Mayetiola species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Dipterological Research 13: 93-107.


title:
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea)

abstract:
Fifty-one species are recognized in the genus Paurocephala, with an additional 14 species which remain unnamed. Thirty-five species are described as new, and five species are synonymized: P. pumilae and P. zhejiangensis with P. chonchaiensis, P. debregeasiae with P. sauteri, and P. guangxiensis and P. tremae with P. trematos. Two varieties, P. psylloptera maculipennis and P. psylloptera setifera, are raised to species level. P. bifasciata is reinstated from former synonymy with P. chonchaiensis, and Anomoterga kleinhofiae is transferred back to Paurocephala. Lectotypes are designated for P. brevicephala, P. chonchaiensis, P. psylloptera, P. sauteri, P. setifera and P. wilderi. The four New World species of Paurocephala are not considered to be congeneric with the Old World species and will be transferred to Diclidophlebia. Two South African species, P. bicarinata and P. hottentotti, are removed from Paurocephala and have to be accommodated in a new genus in the Diaphorininae. Thus Paurocephala is an Old World genus with nine Afrotropical and 42 Indo-Australian described species. Keys for the identification of adults and fifth instar larvae are provided. All 51 named species are diagnosed and illustrated, and information is given on distribution and host plants. Based on two cladistic analyses, one using adult characters only, and one using both adult and larval characters, four monophyletic species groups are recognized. In both analyses a basal group of 10 species, the brevicephala-group, forms the sister group to all other Paurocephala spp. The Afrotropical species are monophyletic and, together with one Oriental species constitute the gossypii-group. In the analysis with adult characters only, the gossypii-group is the sister taxon of the kleinhofiae-group and, both together, are the sister group of the psylloptera-group, the largest species group with 27 species. In the analysis of adult and larval characters, the relationships between the last three species groups are not resolved. The result of the phylogenetic analysis confirms the synonymy of the subgenus Thoracocorna with Paurocephala. Known host plants of Paurocephala spp. belong to the Malviflorae with the exception of the Afrotropical P. insolita which develops on Theiflorae (Theales, Clusiaceae). The brevicephala-, kleinhofiae- and gossypii-groups are associated with hosts of the order Malvales (Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae), whereas the psylloptera-group is with Urticales ( Urticaceae, Moraceae and Ulmaceae).

citation:
Mifsud, D. and Burckhardt, D. 2002. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea). Journal of Natural History 36: 1887-1986.


citation:
Miller, D.R. and Hodgson, C.J. 1997. Phylogeny. World Crop Pests 7A: 229-250.


title:
A new species of Puto and a preliminary analysis of the phylogenetic position of the Puto group within the Coccoidea (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

citation:
Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. 1993. A new species of Puto and a preliminary analysis of the phylogenetic position of the Puto group within the Coccoidea (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Jeffersoniana 4: 1-35.


title:
Description of a new genus of scale insect with a discussion of relationships among families related to the Kermesidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)

citation:
Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. 1993. Description of a new genus of scale insect with a discussion of relationships among families related to the Kermesidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology 18: 237-251.


title:
Systematic revision of the family Micrococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea), with a discussion of its relationships, and a description of a gynandromorph

journal:
Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri

citation:
Miller, D.R. and Williams, D.J. 1995. Systematic revision of the family Micrococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea), with a discussion of its relationships, and a description of a gynandromorph. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 50: 199-247.


title:
The evolution of inquilinism, host-plant use and mitochondrial substitution rates in Tamalia gall aphids

abstract:
We used mitochondrial DNA data to infer phylogenies for 28 samples of gall-inducing Tamalia aphids from 12 host-plant species, and for 17 samples of Tamalia inquilinus , aphid 'inquilines' that obligately inhabit galls of the gall inducers and do not form their own galls. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that the inquilines are monophyletic and closely related to their host aphids. Tamalia coweni aphids from different host plants were, with one exception, very closely related to one another. By contrast, the T. inquilinus aphids were strongly genetically differentiated among most of their host plants. Comparison of branch lengths between the T. coweni clade and the T. inquilinus clade indicates that the T. inquilinus lineage evolves 2.5-3 times faster for the cytochrome oxidase I gene. These results demonstrate that: (1) Tamalia inquilines originated from their gall-inducing hosts, (2) communal (multi-female) gall induction apparently facilitated the origin of inquilinism, (3) diversification of the inquilines has involved rapid speciation along host-plant lines, or the rapid evolution of host-plant races, and (4) the inquilines have undergone accelerated molecular evolution relative to their hosts, probably due to reduced effective population sizes. Our findings provide insight into the behavioural causes and evolutionary consequences of transitions from resource generation to resource exploitation.

citation:
Miller, D.G. and Crespi, B. 2003. The evolution of inquilinism, host-plant use and mitochondrial substitution rates in Tamalia gall aphids. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16: 731-743.


title:
Systematic analysis of the adult males of Toumeyella group, including Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum, Neolecanium cornuparvum, Pseudophilippia quaintancii, and Toumeyella spp. (Homoptera: Coccidae) from America north of Mexico

citation:
Miller, G.L. and Williams, M.L. 1995. Systematic analysis of the adult males of Toumeyella group, including Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum, Neolecanium cornuparvum, Pseudophilippia quaintancii, and Toumeyella spp. (Homoptera: Coccidae) from America north of Mexico. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-68.


title:
Host-plant relationships in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): Parallel cladogenesis or colonization?

citation:
Miller, J.S. 1987. Host-plant relationships in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): Parallel cladogenesis or colonization? Cladistics 3: 105-120.


title:
Host-plant associations among prominent moths

citation:
Miller, J.S. 1992. Host-plant associations among prominent moths. Bioscience 42: 50-57.

host taxa:
Passifloraceae; Aristolochiaceae; Violaceae; Fagaceae; Flaucortiaceae; Salicaceae


title:
Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): a hidden case of Mullerian mimicry

citation:
Miller, J.S. 1996. Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): a hidden case of Mullerian mimicry. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 1-45.


author:
Miller, J.S.; Brower, A.V.Z.; Desalle, ..R.

title:
Phylogeny of the neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): comparing and combining evidence from DNA sequences and morphology

citation:
Miller, J.S., Brower, A.V.Z. and Desalle, ..R. 1997. Phylogeny of the neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptinae): comparing and combining evidence from DNA sequences and morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 60: 297-316.


title:
Cladistics and classification of the Notodontidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) based on larval and adult morphology

journal:
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

citation:
Miller, J.S. 1991. Cladistics and classification of the Notodontidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) based on larval and adult morphology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 204: 1-230.


title:
Systematics of the Neotropical moth family Dalceridae (Lepidoptera)

journal:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

citation:
Miller, S.E. 1994. Systematics of the Neotropical moth family Dalceridae (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 153: 301-495.


title:
Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata)

citation:
Minet, J. 1991. Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica 22: 69-95.


title:
The Bombycoidea: phylogeny and higher classification (Lepidoptera: Glossata)

citation:
Minet, J. 1994. The Bombycoidea: phylogeny and higher classification (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica 25: 63-88.


citation:
Minet, J. and Scoble, M.J. 1999. The drepanoid/geometroid assemblage. Handbuch der Zoologie (Berlin) 4: 301-320.


title:
Uchuca Giglio-Tos, Dectinomima Caudell and their allies (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)

abstract:
This paper addresses the phylogenetic relationships of the tettigoniid genera Dectinomima Caudell and Uchuca Giglio-Tos. A new species is named of Dectinomima and the genus redescribed. Males of this genus present the odd characteristic of a stridulatory file with extreme tooth density: >600 teeth. Four new species of Uchuca are described, all alate. In four the vestigial file of the right tegmen is well developed; the functional file in two species terminates suddenly, well short of the wing base, something not seen before in a katydid. This paper contains a revision of the genus Dectinomima, with description of the male of D. jenningsi and of a new species: D. sagittata. Based on the male genitalia, Dectinomima differs considerably from Uchuca. Both genera appear to be closely related monophyletic groups, as previously thought, but they are members of a larger generic complex, incorporating the genus Paranelytra and several undescribed genera from the New World. A complete analysis of their calling songs accompanies detailed descriptions of two of the new Uchuca spp. These acoustic signals are ultrasonic and present considerable interspecific variation in quality factor (Q).

citation:
Montealegre-Z, F. and Morris, G.K. 2003. Uchuca Giglio-Tos, Dectinomima Caudell and their allies (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 129: 503-537.


title:
The spiny devil katydids, Panacanthus Walker (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): an evolutionary study of acoustic behaviour and morphological traits

abstract:
A cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the genus Panacanthus accompanies the description of three new species, with calling songs reported for four species. The evolutionary origin of spines is considered as a defensive mechanism in Panacanthus; both morphological and behavioural (i.e. acoustic) traits allow inferences about relationships. Phylogenetic analysis produced one most parsimonious cladogram eighty-two steps long, with the ensemble consistency index=0.84. Panacanthus cuspidatus and P. pallicornis (formerly Storniza Walker 1869, Martinezia Bolivar 1881) are properly incorporated in Panacanthus. On morphology, Panacanthus is more related to the Neotropical Copiphora and Lirometopum than to the Old World Lesina. Character analysis reveals that in Panacanthus the ancestral condition of calling song resonance (the production of musical sounds) has given rise to a more nonresonant (transient) stridulation. A correlation between the production of more complex sound waves and spinous protection of the body (especially the pronotum) is noted. Because early workers grouped Panacanthus with other spiny genera, based on pronotal morphology, we present a critique of the evolutionary and ecological implications of the development of defensive spines in this genus. This approach may be applied to other taxa using a similar protective mechanism. We advise against arrangement of the pronotal, cephalic and femoral armature as a homologous characteristic across subfamilies. Several pronotal processes and modifications evolved independently in other genera of Conocephalinae, Hetrodinae, Pseudophyllinae and Phaneropterinae. The pronotal structure of Panacanthus is unique and may be taken as a synapomorphic characteristic of all its species and as an autapomorphic feature of the genus.

citation:
Montealegre-Z, F. and Morris, G.K. 2004. The spiny devil katydids, Panacanthus Walker (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): an evolutionary study of acoustic behaviour and morphological traits. Systematic Entomology 29: 21-57.


title:
Phylogeny of Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from COI, COII, and EF-1[alpha] gene sequences

abstract:
Despite the fact that Bicyclus anynana has become an important model species for wing-pattern developmental biology and studies of phenotypic plasticity, little is known of the evolutionary history of the genus Bicyclus and the position of B. anynana. Understanding the evolution of development as well as the evolution of plasticity can be attempted in this species-rich genus that displays a large range of wing patterns with variable degrees of phenotypic responses to the environment. A context to guide extrapolations from population genetic studies within B. anynana to those between closely related species has been long overdue. A phylogeny of 54 of the 80 known Bicyclus species is presented based on the combined 3000-bp sequences of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase I and II, and the nuclear gene, elongation factor 1[alpha]. A series of tree topologies, constructed either from the individual genes or from the combined data, using heuristic searches under a variety of weighting schemes were compared under the best maximum-likelihood models fitted for each gene separately. The most likely tree topology to have generated the three data sets was found to be a tree resulting from a combined MP analysis with equal weights. Most phylogenetic signal for the analysis comes from silent substitutions at the third position, and despite the faster rate of evolution and higher levels of homoplasy of the mitochondrial genes relative to the nuclear gene, the latter does not show substantially stronger support for basal clades. Finally, moving branches from the chosen tree topology to other positions on the tree so as to comply better with a previous morphological study did not significantly affect tree length.

citation:
Monteiro, A. and Pierce, N.E. 2001. Phylogeny of Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from COI, COII, and EF-1[alpha] gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18: 264-281.


author:
Moran, N.A.; Kaplan, M.E.; Gelsey, M.J.; Murphy, T.G.; Scholes, E.A.

title:
Phylogenetics and evolution of the aphid genus Uroleucon based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

abstract:
The genus Uroleucon, and the related genus Macrosiphoniella, represent a large Tertiary radiation of aphids, with a total of about 300 species distributed throughout the world, primarily on host plant species in the family Asteraceae.  A molecular phylogenetic study was conducted to identify major clades within Uroleucon and to address the cladistic validity of current subgeneric categories, the evolution of host plant associations, the age of origin, and intercontinental movements in this genus.  The seventeen study species included members of the trhree major subgenera of Uroleucon, species from Europe and North America, one member of Macrosiphoniella, and two outgroups.  Data consisted of DNA sequences for three mitochondrial regions and the nuclear gene EF1alpha, for a total of 4287 sites.  Nodes supported strongly in both parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses suggest that: (1) Nearctic Uromelan are a monophyletic group branching near the base of the genus and not related to European Uromelan, (2) the New World subgenus Lambersius is possibly monophyletic but is not a tightly related group and is not closely related to other North American species, and (3) Nearctic members of subgenus Uroleucon are a closely related monophyletic group not allied with Nearctic Uromelan or Lambersius. Instead they represent a separate colonzation by an Old World ancestor, as they are nested within a strongly supported clade containing European members of both subenera Uroleucon and Uromelan.  Neither of these subenera is monophyletic.  Molecular clock calculations, based on calibrations of mitchondrial divergences from other insects, suggest that Uroleucon + Macrosiphoniella is a relatively recent radiation, probably no more than 5-10 million years old.  Although largely confined to Asteraceae, this clade did not radiate in parallel with its host plants.  Rather, lateral movement between lineages of Asteraceae must have occurred repeatedly.

citation:
Moran, N.A., Kaplan, M.E., Gelsey, M.J., Murphy, T.G. and Scholes, E.A. 1999. Phylogenetics and evolution of the aphid genus Uroleucon based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Systematic Entomology 24: 85-93.


abstract:
A new monophyletic definition of genus Pachyteria implies the transfer of eight species to two other genera: P. apicalis van de Poll, P. bicolor Parry, P. evertsi Ritsema, P. huegeli Distant, P. ochracea Waterhouse are transferred to Schmidtiana Podany; P. lugubris Ritsema, P. nieuwenhuisii Ritsema, P. vandepolli Ritsema to Thompsoniana Podany. Seven species must be transferred to three new genera, the characters of which are produced and illustrated: P. chrysogaster Ritsema is transferred to Dubianella nov. gen.; P. niassensis Ritsema, P. obscura Huedepohl, P. parallela Ritsema and P. thompsoni Podany to Leptosiella nov. gen.; P. malayana Podany and P. moultoni Aurivillius to Psephania nov. gen. Five new species are described: P. loebli nov. sp., P. nigra nov. sp., P. chewi nov. sp., L. hefferni nov. sp. and T. vodozi nov. sp. The name coomani Pic is validated and a lectotypus for this species is presented. The subspecies sumatrana Huedepohl is raised to specific rank. Seven synonymies are proposed: P. basalis Waterhouse, 1878 = P. batesi Ritsema, 1893; P. dimidiata Westwood, 1848 = P. luteofasciata Pic, 1946, P. oberthueri Ritsema, 1888, P. scheepmakeri Ritsema, 1881 et P. timorensis Hayashi, 1994; P. diversipes Ritsema, 1890 = P. bouvieri Ritsema, 1896; P. virescens Pascoe, 1866 = P. melancholica fuscorubrithorax Hayashi, 1992.

citation:
Morati, J. and Huet, M. 2004. Revision du genre Pachyteria. Collection Systematique 9: 1-147.


author:
Morinaka, S.; Maeyama, T.; Maekawa, K.; Erniwati, D.; Prijono, S.N.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of birdwing butterflies based on the representatives in most genera of the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

citation:
Morinaka, S., Maeyama, T., Maekawa, K., Erniwati, D. and Prijono, S.N. 1999. Molecular phylogeny of birdwing butterflies based on the representatives in most genera of the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Entomological Science 2: 347-358.


author:
Morinaka, S.; Minaka, N.; Sekiguchi, M.; Erniwati, D.; Prijono, S.N.; Ginarsa, I.K.; Myiata, T.; Hid

title:
Molecular phylogeny of birdwing butterflies of the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) - using all species of the genus Ornithoptera

citation:
Morinaka, S., Minaka, N., Sekiguchi, M., Erniwati, D., Prijono, S.N., Ginarsa, I.K., Myiata, T. and Hidaka, T. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of birdwing butterflies of the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) - using all species of the genus Ornithoptera. Biogeography 2: 103-111.


title:
A study of the Delias eichhorni-complex from New Guinea Island (Lepidoptera; Pieridae) (4). Phylogenetic estimation using morphological characters

citation:
Morinaka, S. and Nakazawa, T. 1999. A study of the Delias eichhorni-complex from New Guinea Island (Lepidoptera; Pieridae) (4). Phylogenetic estimation using morphological characters. Biogeography 1: 69-80.


title:
Phylogenie der Thysanoptera (Insecta) aus ontogenetischer Sicht

journal:
Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin

citation:
Moritz, G. 1991. Phylogenie der Thysanoptera (Insecta) aus ontogenetischer Sicht. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 67: 141-155.


title:
Thysanoptera phylogeny - the molecular future

citation:
Morris, D.C. and Mound, L.A. 2003. Thysanoptera phylogeny - the molecular future. Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61: 153-155.


author:
Morris, D.C.; Mound, L.A.; Schwarz, M.P.; Crespi, B.J.

title:
Morphological phylogenetics of Australian gall-inducing thrips and their allies: the evolution of host-plant affiliations, domicile use and social behaviour

abstract:
A phylogeny for seventy-two species of Australian thrips in the subfamily Phlaeothripinae, based on cladistic analysis of forty morphological adult characters, is presented.  We use this phylogeny to infer the evolutionary history of host-plant affiliations, gall induction and other types of domicile use, and different forms of social behaviour.  Maximum parsimony analysis yielded forty-eight cladograms of length 316, and the strict consensus of these cladograms was well resolved.  This phylogeny indicated that: (1) associations of thrips with their host plants tend to be evolutionarily conservative, with monophyletic groups of thrips on the host-plant genera Acacia, Casuarina, and Geijera, (2) galling has evolved multiple times, on different host plants, (3) transitions in domicile use included changes between galling and living in holes or old galls, between living in glued phyllodes and living in old galls, and between leaf-feeding and galling, and (4) in three of five cases, inquiline lineages were not closely related to their host lineages and the evolution of inquilinism apparently involved a host-plant shift [but see 2002 molecular paper for Koptothrips].  Hwever, in two cases, inquilines were very closely related to their gall-inducing hosts.  Eusocial behavior (involving soldier castes) has evolved in different lineages from those that exhibit communal behaviour (cooperation in building or defending domiciles), suggesting a lack of direct transition between the two social systems.  This phylogeny serves as a framework for future molecular systematic studies, and future comparative analysis of ecology and behaviour in the Phlaeothripinae

citation:
Morris, D.C., Mound, L.A., Schwarz, M.P. and Crespi, B.J. 1999. Morphological phylogenetics of Australian gall-inducing thrips and their allies: the evolution of host-plant affiliations, domicile use and social behaviour. Systematic Entomology 24: 289-299.


author:
Morris, D.C.; Schwarz, M.P.; Cooper, S.J.B.; Mound, L.A.

title:
Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology

abstract:
The species of thrips found on Acacia constitute a major component of the Australian thrips fauna, with at least 235 species in more than 30 genera, many of these being in the process of description as new. These thrips exhibit social behaviours, ranging from solitary and colonial species to a variety of more complex social organisations. Furthermore, the domiciliary habits of these species include domicile construction, gall induction, and opportunistic use of abandoned galls and domiciles. This suite of thrips also includes a variety of inquiline and kleptoparasitic taxa. To understand how these various traits have evolved and interact in this diverse group, we have reconstructed a phylogeny for 42 species of thrips associated with Acacia around Australia. We obtained DNA sequence data from two nuclear genes (Elongation Factor-1alpha and wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase 1) and analysed these using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. A phylogeny resulting from such analysis allows inference of evolutionary transitions in domiciliary habits, social organisations, and parasitic behaviours. Gall induction and parasitic behaviour are postulated to each have a single origin, with no losses of either trait. Once parasitism evolved a remarkable radiation followed that allowed exploitation of very diverse hosts. Our data do not allow hypotheses of single versus multiple origins of domicile building to be resolved while opportunistic gall use appears to have arisen several times. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

citation:
Morris, D.C., Schwarz, M.P., Cooper, S.J.B. and Mound, L.A. 2002. Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 278-292.


title:
Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo nodifer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

journal:
Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Boletin (Santiago)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1992. Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo nodifer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Boletin (Santiago) 43: 117-130.


title:
Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1993. Cladistic and biogeographic analyses of the weevil genus Listroderes Schoenherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Cladistics 9: 397-411.


title:
Revision sistematica del genero Hyperoides Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1993. Revision sistematica del genero Hyperoides Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Neotropica (La Plata) 39: 17-26.


title:
Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo curvipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1993. Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo curvipes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 20: 15-21.


title:
Systematics, cladistics, and biogeography of the Andean weevil genera Macrostyphlus, Adioristidius, Puranius, and Amathynetoides, new genus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1994. Systematics, cladistics, and biogeography of the Andean weevil genera Macrostyphlus, Adioristidius, Puranius, and Amathynetoides, new genus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). American Museum Novitates 3104: 1-63.


title:
Systematics of the Patagonian genus Acrostomus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1994. Systematics of the Patagonian genus Acrostomus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87: 403-411.


title:
Systematics of the Andean genus Acrorius Kirsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1994. Systematics of the Andean genus Acrorius Kirsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 48: 101-114.


title:
Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo robustus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1995. Revision de las especies de Listroderes Schoenherr del grupo robustus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Physis (Buenos Aires) 50: 73-80.


title:
Cladistics of the New World genera of Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1997. Cladistics of the New World genera of Listroderina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). Cladistics 13: 247-266.


title:
The South American weevil genus Rhyephenes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cryptorhynchinae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1997. The South American weevil genus Rhyephenes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cryptorhynchinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 104: 1-20.


title:
The Neotropical weevil genus Entimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae): Cladistics, biogeography, and modes of speciation

abstract:
The weevil genus Entimus Germar is a monophyletic taxon, recognized by a combination of the following characters: large size (12-45 mm); presence of green, blue, and gold iridescent scales; antennae reaching base of prothorax, with second funicular article scarcely longer than first; widened frontal groove; pronotum as wide as long, granulate; elytra triangularly shaped; tibiae not crenulated or dentate within; scutellum protruding; and aedeagal apex slightly acute. It includes seven species, which are endemic to the Neotropics, ranging from Mesoamerica to northeastern Argentina. A cladistic analysis was carried out using 16 characters from external morphology, body vestiture, and male genitalia. The analysis yielded four equally parsimonious cladograms, each with 33 steps, a consistency index of 0.60, and a retention index of 0.53. After successive weighting, a single cladogram resulted, with 105 steps, a consistency index of 0.89, and a retention index of 0.90. According to this cladogram, the species of Entimus follow the sequence: E. arrogans Pascoe, E. granulatus (Linnaeus), E. imperialis (Forster), E. fastuosus (Olivier), E. sastrei Viana (=E. formosus Viana, syn. nov.), E. nobilis (Olivier), and E. excelsus Viana. According to predictions based on phylogenetic and distributional information available, the most likely mode of speciation for four species of the genus is sympatric, whereas E. arrogans and E. granulatus have followed an allopatric mode of speciation, and E. sastrei has followed the centrifugal mode of speciation.

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 2002. The Neotropical weevil genus Entimus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae): Cladistics, biogeography, and modes of speciation. Coleopterists Bulletin 56: 501-513.


title:
The Falklandius generic group: cladistic analysis with description of new taxa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. and Anderson, R.S. 1995. The Falklandius generic group: cladistic analysis with description of new taxa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). American Museum Novitates 3121: 1-14.


title:
Cladistics of the pantropical genus Rhinostomus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Dryophthoridae), with nomenclatural notes

abstract:
The dryophthorid genus Rhinostomus Rafinesque (=Yuccaborus LeConte, new synonym) is a monophyletic taxon, defined by a combination of the following characters: mandibles exodont, antennal scape passing hind margin of eye, postocular lobes absent, abdominal punctures present, tibiae usually dentate, and third tarsal segment bilobed. It belongs to the pantropical tribe Rhinostomini Kuschel and is comprised of eight species. A cladistic analysis was carried out using 28 characters from external morphology, body vestiture, and male genitalia. The analysis yielded a single most parsimonious cladogram, with 59 steps, consistency index of 0.61, and retention index of 0.75, which was stable to successive weighting. According to this cladogram, the species follow the sequence: R. frontalis (LeConte, 1874) [=R. frontalis sharpi (Casey, 1892), new synonym] new combination, R. thompsoni Vaurie, 1970, R. quadrisignatus (Boheman, 1845), R. meldolae (Pascoe, 1887), R. oblitus (Jacquelin du Val, 1857) plus R. scrutator (Olivier, 1807), and R. barbirostris (Fabricius, 1775) plus R. niger (Drury, 1773).

citation:
Morrone, J.J. and Cuevas, P.I. 2003. Cladistics of the pantropical genus Rhinostomus (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Dryophthoridae), with nomenclatural notes. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 110: 376-388.


author:
Morrone, J.J.; Katinas, L.; Crisci, J.V.

title:
On temperate areas, basal clades and biodiversity conservation

citation:
Morrone, J.J., Katinas, L. and Crisci, J.V. 1996. On temperate areas, basal clades and biodiversity conservation. Oryx 30: 187-194.


title:
Synopsis and cladistics of the American Aterpini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Cyclominae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. and Roig-Junent, S. 1999. Synopsis and cladistics of the American Aterpini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Cyclominae). Entomologica Scandinavica 30: 417-434.

taxkey:
Curculionoidea Cyclominae; Aterpini ; Curculionidae


title:
Revision sistematica, analisis cladistico y biogeografia historica de los generos Falklandius Enderlein y Lanteriella gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1992. Revision sistematica, analisis cladistico y biogeografia historica de los generos Falklandius Enderlein y Lanteriella gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Acta Entomologica Chilena 17: 157-174.


title:
Revision sistematica y analisis cladistico del genero Antarctobius Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Morrone, J.J. 1992. Revision sistematica y analisis cladistico del genero Antarctobius Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Neotropica (La Plata) 38: 3-20; No. 99.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of Ithomiinae based on first-instar larvae

citation:
Motta, P.C. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Ithomiinae based on first-instar larvae. Pp. 409-429 in: Boggs, C.L., Watt, W.B. and Ehrlich, P.R. [eds.], Butterflies: ecology and evolution taking flight. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London.


title:
Biology and identification of Aeolothripidae (Thysanoptera) in Australia

citation:
Mound, L.A. and Marullo, R. 1998. Biology and identification of Aeolothripidae (Thysanoptera) in Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy 12: 929-950.


title:
The complex of phlaeothripine thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in woody stem galls of Casuarina trees in Australia

citation:
Mound, L.A. and Crespi, B. 1992. The complex of phlaeothripine thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in woody stem galls of Casuarina trees in Australia. Journal of Natural History 26: 395-406.


