# references

title:
Thysanoptera phylogeny - the morphological background

journal:
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica

abstract:
The current morphology-based classification of the insect Order Thysanoptera is not based on sound phylogenetic principles. Disagreement exists concerning the level at which the group should be classified. Two sub-orders are generally recognised, and the available evidence suggests a sister-group relationship between these. However, no clear hypothesis of relationships between the family groups, based on defined apomorphies. has been proposed within either of these major groups, and the commonly quoted tribal and sub-tribal classification is clearly artificial. Given that 50% of the recognised genera are monotypic, this paper attempts to set out hypotheses of relationships for future testing by molecular methods.

citation:
Mound, L.A. and Morris, D.C. 2004. Thysanoptera phylogeny - the morphological background. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 39: 101-113.


title:
Phylogeny of the fern associated sawfly genus Strongylogaster Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

citation:
Naito, T. 1996. Phylogeny of the fern associated sawfly genus Strongylogaster Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 17: 161-178.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera - Chrysomeloidea)

citation:
Napp, D.S. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera - Chrysomeloidea). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 38: 265-419.


author:
Narberhaus, I.; Theuring, C.; Hartmann, T.; Dobler, S.

title:
Uptake and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Longitarsus flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adapted and non-adapted to alkaloid-containing host plants

journal:
Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology

abstract:
Several Longitarsus flea beetle species sequester pyrrolizidine alkaloids acquired from their Asteraceae and Boraginaceae host plants. We carried out feeding and injection experiments using radioactively labeled pyrrolizidine alkaloids to investigate the physiological mechanisms of uptake, metabolism and storage of alkaloids in adult beetles. We examined six Longitarsus species belonging to different phylogenetic clades in a comparative approach. All species that accepted pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a preceding food choice study showed the ability both to store pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides and to metabolize tertiary pyrrolizidine alkaloids into their N-oxides. Regardless of whether the beetles' natural host plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids or not, these species were found to possess an oxidizing enzyme. This oxygenase appears to be specific to pyrrolizidine alkaloids: [3H]Atropine and [14C]nicotine, two alkaloids not related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids, were neither stored nor N-oxidized by any of the tested species. One species, L. australis, that strictly avoids pyrrolizidine alkaloids behaviorally, exhibited a lack of adaptations to pyrrolizidine alkaloids on a physiological level as well. After injection of tertiary [14C]senecionine, beetles of this species neither N-oxidized nor stored the compounds, in contrast to L. jacobaeae, an adapted species that underwent the same treatment. L. jacobaeae demonstrated the same efficiency in N-oxidation and storage when fed or injected with tertiary [14C]senecionine.

citation:
Narberhaus, I., Theuring, C., Hartmann, T. and Dobler, S. 2003. Uptake and metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Longitarsus flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adapted and non-adapted to alkaloid-containing host plants. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology 173: 483-491.


title:
Systematics of the southern African Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

citation:
Naskrecki, P. 1996. Systematics of the southern African Meconematinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Journal of African Zoology 110: 159-193.


title:
Notes on the systematics of the maenas-group of the genus Actias Leach 1815 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

journal:
Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo

citation:
Nassig, W.A. 1994. Notes on the systematics of the maenas-group of the genus Actias Leach 1815 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 15: 327-338.


title:
Host plant associations in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): insights from molecular phylogeography

citation:
Navajas, M. 1998. Host plant associations in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae): insights from molecular phylogeography. Experimental and Applied Acarology 22: 201-214.


author:
Navajas, M.; Cotton, D.; Kreiter, S.; Gutierrez, J.

title:
Molecular approach in spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae): preliminary data on ribosomal DNA sequences

citation:
Navajas, M., Cotton, D., Kreiter, S. and Gutierrez, J. 1992. Molecular approach in spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae): preliminary data on ribosomal DNA sequences. Experimental and Applied Acarology 15: 211-218.


author:
Navajas, M.; Fournier, D.; Lagnel, J.; Gutierrez, J.; Boursot, P.

title:
Mitochondrial COI sequeces in mites: Evidence for variations in base composition

abstract:
Studies of mitochondrial DNA sequences in a variety of animals have shown important differences between phyla, including differences in the genetic codes used, and varying constraints on base composition, In that respect, little is known of mites, an important and diversified group, We sequenced a portion (340 nt) of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) encoding gene in twenty species of phytophagous mites belonging to nine genera of the two families Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae. The mitochondrial genetic code used in mites appeared to be the same as in insects. As is generally also the case in insects, the mite sequences were very rich in A+T (75% on average), especially at the third codon position (94%), However, important variations of base composition were observed among mite species, one of them showing as little as 69% A+T, Variations of base composition occur mostly through synonymous transitions, and do not have detectable effects on polypeptide evolution in this group.;

citation:
Navajas, M., Fournier, D., Lagnel, J., Gutierrez, J. and Boursot, P. 1996. Mitochondrial COI sequeces in mites: Evidence for variations in base composition. Insect Molecular Biology 5: 281-285.


title:
Molecular phylogeny in spider mites (Tetranychidae)

editor:
Mitchell, R.; Horn, D.J.; Needham, G.R.; Welbourn,

citation:
Navajas, M. and Gutierrez, J. 1996. Molecular phylogeny in spider mites (Tetranychidae). Pp. 305-308 in: Mitchell, R., Horn, D.J., Needham, G.R. and Welbourn, W.C. [eds.], Acarology 9: Volume 1, Proceedings. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus.


title:
Convergence of molecular and morphological data reveals phylogenetic information on Tetranychus species and allows the restoration of the genus Amphitetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

citation:
Navajas, M., Gutierrez, J. and Gotoh, T. 1997. Convergence of molecular and morphological data reveals phylogenetic information on Tetranychus species and allows the restoration of the genus Amphitetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 87: 283-288.


author:
Navajas, M.; Gutierrez, J.; Lagnel, J.; Boursot, P.

title:
Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I in tetranychid mites: A comparison betweeen molecular phylogeny and changes of morphological and life history traits

abstract:
Spider mites, Tetranychidae, represent one of the most cosmopolitan and economically important groups of terrestrial arthropods; however, many aspects of their evolutionary relationships remain uncertain. We sequenced part of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in 20 species of phytophagous mites belonging to nine genera and two families (Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae), including several agricultural pests. As reported in insects, the sequences were extremely rich in A+T (75% on average), especially in the third codon position (95%). However, one of the genera we studied had a significantly lower A+T content (69% on average, 78% in the third codon position), showing that base composition can change substantially over short periods of time. Most interspecific differences were transversions and their number increased steadily with the number of non-synonymous differences, while the number of transitions remained constant. The phylogeny based on COI sequences was inferred using the maximum likelihood method. The results are compatible as a whole with the traditional classification based on morphological characters, but call for some minor taxonomic revisions. Some morphological characters and life history traits (mode of reproduction, adaptation to the host plant) were also analysed within this phylogenetic framework. At the family level, one can see a trend towards thelytoky becoming rarer compared to the general mode of reproduction of the group, arrhenotoky. There is also an evolutionary tendency towards a more complex mode of life, with the production of silk webs and correlated changes of the locomotion apparatus. However, in the Tetranychidae there seems to have been convergent evolution of these morphological characters together with independent development of a common adaptation to this mode of life in different genera.

citation:
Navajas, M., Gutierrez, J., Lagnel, J. and Boursot, P. 1996. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I in tetranychid mites: A comparison betweeen molecular phylogeny and changes of morphological and life history traits. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86: 407-417.


title:
A revision and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the family Schizopodidae (Coleoptera, Buprestoidea)

citation:
Nelson, G.H. and Bellamy, C.L. 1991. A revision and phylogenetic re-evaluation of the family Schizopodidae (Coleoptera, Buprestoidea). Journal of Natural History 25: 985-1026.


title:
A revision of the subtribe Hippomelanina: Hippomelas Laporte and Gory, Prasinalia Casey, Gyascutus (Stictocera) Casey, and Barrellus, gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

citation:
Nelson, G.H. and Bellamy, C.L. 1996. A revision of the subtribe Hippomelanina: Hippomelas Laporte and Gory, Prasinalia Casey, Gyascutus (Stictocera) Casey, and Barrellus, gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Journal of Natural History 30: 861-911.


title:
Comparative morphological study of the metendosternite in the leaf-beetles of the subfamily Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomedidae [Chrysomelidae])

journal:
Vestnik Belorusskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Seriya 2 Khimiya Biologiya Geografiya

citation:
Nesterova, O.L. 2001. Comparative morphological study of the metendosternite in the leaf-beetles of the subfamily Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomedidae [Chrysomelidae]). Vestnik Belorusskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Seriya 2 Khimiya Biologiya Geografiya 2: 51-55, 102.


title:
Pheromone evolution within the genera Ctenopseustis and Planotortix (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) inferred from a phylogeny based on cytochrome oxidase I gene variation

citation:
Newcomb, R.D. and Gleeson, D.M. 1998. Pheromone evolution within the genera Ctenopseustis and Planotortix (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) inferred from a phylogeny based on cytochrome oxidase I gene variation. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26: 473-484.


title:
Patterns of morphological, biochemical, and molecular evolution in the Oeneis chryxus complex (Lepidoptera: Satyridae): a test of historical biogeographical hypotheses

abstract:
Surveys of allozyme allele frequency and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation were employed to test historical biogeographical hypotheses on the origin and unique distribution of the synchronized biennial, high-altitude butterflies of the Oeneis chryxus complex in western North America. Populations of O. c. stanislaus and O. ivallda from the central and northern Sierra Nevada are indistinguishable by use of allozyme allele frequency data, possessed nearly identical mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) haplotypes, and were found to be relatively distantly related to O. c. chryxus from the Snake Range in eastern Nevada. However, individuals of O. ivallda from Piute Pass in the southern Sierra Nevada are more variable, with some individuals sharing mtDNA characteristics with O. c. chryxus. We find little support for the hypothesis proposed by W. Hovanitz in 1940 that O. c. stanislaus invaded the central Sierra Nevada from across the Great Basin and displaced O. ivallda, but cannot reject the hypothesis that ancestral Oeneis dispersed across the Great Basin to California. This result is congruent with hypotheses of dispersal across the Great Basin for the origin of some Sierran alpine organisms.

citation:
Nice, C.C. and Shapiro, A.M. 2001. Patterns of morphological, biochemical, and molecular evolution in the Oeneis chryxus complex (Lepidoptera: Satyridae): a test of historical biogeographical hypotheses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20: 111-123.


title:
The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera-Glossata

citation:
Nielsen, E.S. and Kristensen, N.P. 1996. The Australian moth family Lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the Lepidoptera-Glossata. Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 1199-1302.


title:
Food habits and structures of male genital organs of attelabid species (Coleoptera, Attelabidae)

citation:
Nishiharu, S. 1994. Food habits and structures of male genital organs of attelabid species (Coleoptera, Attelabidae). Entomological Journal of Fukui 15: 83-98.


title:
Evolutionary stability of swallowtail adaptations to plant toxins

citation:
Nitao, J.K. 1995. Evolutionary stability of swallowtail adaptations to plant toxins. Pp. 39-52 in: Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. and Lederhouse, R.C. [eds.], Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Washington etc..


title:
Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Galerucella and related taxa

citation:
Nokkala, C. and Nokkala, S. 2004. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Galerucella and related taxa. Pp. 125-130 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Phylogeny and evolution of parthenogenetic weevils of the Aramigus tessellatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Naupactini): evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences

citation:
Normark, B.B. 1996. Phylogeny and evolution of parthenogenetic weevils of the Aramigus tessellatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Naupactini): evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution 50: 734-745.


author:
Normark, B.B.; Jordal, B.H.; Farrell, B.D.

citation:
Normark, B.B., Jordal, B.H. and Farrell, B.D. 1999. Origin of a haplodiploid beetle lineage. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 2253-2259.


title:
Molecular systematics and evolution of the aphid family Lachnidae

abstract:
The aphid family Lachnidae (c. 320 spp.)-sister-group to the economically devastating family Aphididae (c, 3300 spp,)-encompasses a diverse array of associations with hostplants and attendant hymenopterans and of life histories, including potentially longterm parthenogenesis, Most-parsimonious phylogenetic trees were inferred from partial (905-coding-bp) sequences of elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) and complete (675-bp) sequences of cytochrome oxidase 2 (CO2), The EF-1 alpha, CO2, and combined analyses did not conflict with each other. Most tribes and infratribal relationships were robustly supported; intertribal relationships were mostly unresolved in the separate analysis and only weakly supported in the combined analysis. Both genes indicated a close relationship between the genera Nippolachnus and Tuberolachnus, both of which include species with the unusual habit of feeding along the midrib of leaves of Eriobotrya and which are here referred to the tribe Tuberolachnini Mamontova. A sister-group relationship between Tuberolachnini and the putatively ancient asexual tribe Tramini is supported, The combined analysis provides support (albeit weak) for the hypothesis that conifer-feeding is ancestral in Lachninae, which in turn implies that conifer-feeding may be a homologous and uninterrupted habit across disparate families of aphidoids (e.g., Adelgidae, Mindaridae, Drepanosiphidae, and Lachnidae).

citation:
Normark, B.B. 2000. Molecular systematics and evolution of the aphid family Lachnidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 14: 131-140.


title:
New species and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptodacus, Haywardina, and Rhagoletotrypeta (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1994. New species and phylogenetic analysis of Cryptodacus, Haywardina, and Rhagoletotrypeta (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insecta Mundi 8: 37-65.


title:
New genera of Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil and Dominican amber, with phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Ortalotrypetini

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1994. New genera of Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil and Dominican amber, with phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Ortalotrypetini. Insecta Mundi 8: 1-15.


title:
Revision of the Anastrepha benjamini species group and the A. pallidipennis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1997. Revision of the Anastrepha benjamini species group and the A. pallidipennis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae). Insecta Mundi 11: 141-157.


title:
The genus Carpomya Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae): new synonymy, description of first American species and phylogenetic analysis

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1997. The genus Carpomya Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae): new synonymy, description of first American species and phylogenetic analysis. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 338-347.


title:
A revision of the Anastrepha daciformis species group (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1998. A revision of the Anastrepha daciformis species group (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100: 160-192.


title:
The species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a grandis-type wing pattern

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1991. The species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a grandis-type wing pattern. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93: 101-124.


title:
A revision of the Nearctic genus Gymnocarena Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1992. A revision of the Nearctic genus Gymnocarena Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 94: 527-555.


title:
New species and phylogenetic analysis of Euaresta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a key to the species from the Americas south of Mexico

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. 1993. New species and phylogenetic analysis of Euaresta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), with a key to the species from the Americas south of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 95: 195-209.


title:
Afroscoparia: A new genus of scopariine from southern Africa (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae)

abstract:
A new genus of Scopariinae, Afroscoparia gen. n. is established for Afroscoparia contemptalis Walker, [1866] (Scoparia) comb. n. and to include also Afroscoparia australis sp. n. described here. The tentative phylogeny of the scopariine genera is briefly discussed in the context of the contradictory evidence of the phylogenetic relationships of Afroscoparia.

citation:
Nuss, M. 2003. Afroscoparia: A new genus of scopariine from southern Africa (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 61: 109-115.


title:
Evolutionary dynamics of host plant range in the butterfly tribe Nymphalini (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

journal:
The new panorama of animal evolution: proceedings XVIII International Congress of Zoology

editor:
Legakis, A.; Sfenthourakis, S.; Polymeni, R.; Thes

abstract:
I outline results of research on host plant range performed with a focus on the unusually polyphagous comma butterfly Polygonia c-album and its relatives in the tribe Nymphalini, combining phylogenetic and experimental approaches. I present a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within the Nymphalini, and show that all taxa near the root of this tribe are specialists on the plant family Urticaceae and relatives. The host plant range in the lineage leading to P c-album was evidently later broadened to include other plant families. Experimental attempts to establish newly hatched larvae on non-hosts used by related species suggest that ancestral host plants sometimes are retained as part of a potential host plant range of larvae, a fact which may explain both the conservatism and evolutionary dynamics in the host plant range of ovipositing females. Comparisons between species and populations in the tribe Nymphalini suggest that constraints on the gathering and processing of information are likely to be factors of general importance driving the evolution of specialization.

citation:
Nylin, S. 2003. Evolutionary dynamics of host plant range in the butterfly tribe Nymphalini (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Pp. 107-114 in: Legakis, A., Sfenthourakis, S., Polymeni, R. and Thessalou-Legaki, M. [eds.], The new panorama of animal evolution: proceedings XVIII International Congress of Zoology. Pensoft, Sofia and Moscow.


title:
The ecology and evolution of host plant range: butterflies as a model group

journal:
Herbivores: between plants and predators

citation:
Nylin, S. and Janz, N. 1999. The ecology and evolution of host plant range: butterflies as a model group. Pp. 31-54 in: Olff, H., Brown, V.K. and Drent, R.H. [eds.], Herbivores: between plants and predators. Blackwell Science, Oxford.


author:
Nylin, S.; Nyblom, K.; Ronquist, F.; Janz, N.; Belicek, J.; Kallersjo, M.

title:
Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a total-evidence analysis

abstract:
We investigated the phylogeny of butterflies in the tribe Nymphalini sensu Harvey 1991, comprising the genera Vanessa, Cynthia, Bassaris, Aglais, Inachis, Nymphalis, Polygonia, Kaniska, Antanartia, Hypanartia, Symbrenthia, Mynes and Araschnia. Evidence from the mitochondrial gene nd1, the nuclear gene 'wingless' and from morphology/ecology/behaviour were used separately and combined to analyse relationships. Phylogenies based on the different types of data agreed in many aspects of basic topology. We show that an analysis of only wing pattern characters (based on Nijhout's homology system) results in a topology broadly similar to the one resulting from analysis of the complete matrix. We found support for a monophyletic Nymphalini, where Hypanartia may be the sister clade to all other genera. Mynes, Symbrenthia and Araschnia together seem to form another basal clade. Evidence presented gives only moderate support for a monophyletic Vanessa in the wide sense, including also Cynthia and Bassaris, but strong support for the monophyly of the largely holarctic clade Aglais + Inachis + Nymphalis + Polygonia + Kaniska + Roddia. Within the latter group there is strong support for a clade consisting of Aglais + Inachis and for a second clade which includes Nymphalis, Polygonia (and its sister clade, the monotypic Kaniska) as well as Roddia l-album (=Nymphalis vaualbum). As a consequence of this topology, Aglais is recognized as a taxon separate from Nymphalis. We present a hypothesis of species relationships within the focal group of genera. We also analyse and discuss the implications of excluding or including ecological data in phylogenetic tree construction, when the tree is to be used for studies in phylogenetic ecology.

citation:
Nylin, S., Nyblom, K., Ronquist, F., Janz, N., Belicek, J. and Kallersjo, M. 2001. Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a total-evidence analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132: 441-468.


title:
Evolution of different gall types in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

abstract:
The sawflies that feed on the plant family Salicaceae can be divided into eight informal groups based on larval feeding habit or gall type: (1) speices with free-living larvae; (2) leaf folders; (3) leaf blade gallers; (4) apical leaf gallers; (5) basal leaf gallers; (6) midrib and petiole gallers; (7) stem gallers; and (8) bud gallers.  It has been proposed that the galling habit evolved from free-living larvae via leaf folders, and that the different gall types evolved gradually in the sequence mentioned above.  Thus, the galling site would have "wandered" from the leaf margin toward the stem as a result of gradual changes in oviposition site preference.  Allozyme data from eight informative loci were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of 18 representative sawfly speices.  The results suggest that indeed leaf folders seem to be a basal group; leaf blade gallers evolved independently of the other true gallers; apical and basal leaf gallers are not the ancestors of petiole and bud gallers, but they may share a common galling ancestor; bud gallers evolved from midrib/petiole gallers; and stem gallers are polyphyletic.  The cause for the observed wandering of the galling site could be intraspecific competition due to a possible "nutrient shading effect" of galls situated closer to the host plant's main vascular system.

citation:
Nyman, T., Roininen, H. and Vuorinen, J.A. 1998. Evolution of different gall types in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolution 52: 465-474.


title:
Evolution of gall morphology and host-plant relationships in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

abstract:
There are over 200 species of nematine sawflies that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.). Most of the species are mono-or oligophagous, and they can be separated into seven or eight different groups based on the type of gall that they induce.  We studied the evolution of different gall types and host plant associations by reconstructing the phylogeny of five outgroup and 31 ingroup species using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.  Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses resulted in essentially the same phylogeny with high support for important branches.  The results show that: (1) the galling species probably form a monophyletic group; (2) true closed galls evolved only once, via leaf folders; (3) with the possible exception of leaf rollers, all gall type groups are mon- or paraphyletic; (4) similar gall types are closer on the phylogney than would be expected by a random process; (5) there is an apparent evolutionary trend in galling site from the leaf edge towards the more central parts of the host plant; and (6) many willow species have been colonized several times, which  excludes the possibility of parallel cladogenesis between willows an the gallers; however, there are signs of restrictions in the evolution of host use.  Many of the patterns in the evolutionary history of nemative gallers have also been observed in earlier studies on other insect gallers, indicating convergent evolution between the independent radiations.

citation:
Nyman, T., Widmer, A. and Roinnen, H. 2000. Evolution of gall morphology and host-plant relationships in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolution 54: 526-533.


author:
O'Brien, C.W.; Askevold, I.S.; Morimoto, K.

title:
Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 4. Three new species from Japan

citation:
O'Brien, C.W., Askevold, I.S. and Morimoto, K. 1995. Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). 4. Three new species from Japan. Esakia 35: 1-15.


title:
Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), 1. Species of Australia

citation:
O'Brien, C.W. and Askevold, I.S. 1992. Systematics and evolution of weevils of the genus Bagous Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), 1. Species of Australia. Transactions of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 118: 331-452.


title:
Notes on the phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Antillocorini, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Rhyparochrominae)

abstract:
Trachinocoris crassoides, new species from Brazil, Paradema renocula, new species from Venezuela, and Paradema slateri, new species from Ecuador, are described and figured. Paradema bathydemoides Slater is redescribed and figured. Figures of morphological details and a discussion of phylogenetic relationships are included.

citation:
O'Donnell, J.E. 2000. Notes on the phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Antillocorini, with descriptions of three new species (Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Rhyparochrominae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108: 114-129.


title:
The larvae of the weevil tribe Eurhynchini and the phylogeny of the Brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

citation:
Oberprieler, R. 2000. The larvae of the weevil tribe Eurhynchini and the phylogeny of the Brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 14: 755-770.


title:
Classification of the African Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) - the quest for natural groups and relationships

citation:
Oberprieler, R.G. 1997. Classification of the African Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) - the quest for natural groups and relationships. Metamorphosis Occasional Supplement 3: 142-155.


title:
Systematics and evolution of the cycad-associated weevil genus Apinotropis Jordan (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

abstract:
Apinotropis Jordan is the only genus of the curculionoid family Anthribidae known to be exclusively associated with cycads, having been recorded only from certain species on Encephalartos in southern Africa.  Recent surveys have produced the first records of these weevils from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, considerably extending the previously known range of the genus and the number of species.  Three new species, A. brevis, A. robustus and A. nanus, are described, and the two previously known species, A. verdoornae Jordan and A. oberprieleri Frieser, as well as the genus Apinotropis are redescribed.  These descriptions and redescriptions include several hitherto unused characters of the venter and male genitalia.  In particular, the males of all species possess ventral abdominal setiferous sex patches of a location and structure so far unrecorded in Anthribidae.  The adelphotaxon of Apinotropis is uncertain but is likely to include dthe southern African genus Holophloeus Jordan.  A phylogenetic analysis of the five knwon species of Apionotropis indicates a monophyletic origin and a strictly dichotomous branching sequence of these species.  The immature stages and life history of Apinotropis are still unknown but, based on the examination of pupal chambers in cycad sporophylls and other biological details, a putative reconstruction of the life cycle is presented.  Fungal cultures of the gut contents and frass pellets of A. oberprieleri, A. verdoornae and A. brevis yielded several saprotrophic hyphomycetous fungi but no members of the wood-decaying Xylariaceae on which Anthribidae generally feed and develop.  It therefore appears that Apinotropis is not mycetophagous but develops in cycad tissues, and that this lifestyle may represent the ancestral biological trait of the family (adapted only to a particular type of gymnosperm) rather than being a secondary specialization only in Apinotropis.  The evolution of the genus is postulated to have been closely linked with that of the Encephalartos cycadifolius species group, including both cospeciation events and apparent secondary host shifts, and to have proceeded from an original development in trunk tissues to subequent associations with female and later male cycad cones.

citation:
Oberprieler, R.G. 1999. Systematics and evolution of the cycad-associated weevil genus Apinotropis Jordan (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). African Entomology 7: 1-33.


title:
Two new species and cladistic analysis of Acrorius Kirsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini)

citation:
Ocampo, F. and Morrone, J.J. 1996. Two new species and cladistic analysis of Acrorius Kirsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhytirrhinini). Neotropica (La Plata) 42: 23-28.


author:
Omoto, K.; Katoh, T.; Chichvarkhin, A.; Yagi, T.

title:
Molecular systematics and evolution of the Apollo butterflies of the genus Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data

abstract:
Sequences of 777 bp of mtDNA-ND5 locus were determined in order to shed light on the molecular systematics and evolution of the Apollo butterflies. Examined were nearly all of about 50 species of the genus Parnassius, together with seven species of the allied genera in the subfamily Parnassiinae (Papilionidae). The NJ and the MP phylogenetic trees show that the Apollos constitute a monophyletic group, comprising a number of cluster groups probably reflecting a relatively rapid radiation in evolution. The clusters of species-groups denoted I-VIII correspond to those species-groups recognized on the basis of morphological characters. Our findings will also help understand the biological relationships among several species or subspecies on which the classical taxonomy is in dispute. The unexpected finding is that among the samples of allied genera compared, Hypermnestra helios appears to be the most closely related to the Apollos, despite morphological and behavioral dissimilarity. Furthermore, in contrast to the previous higher taxonomy, Archon apollinus which is classified in the tribe Parnassiini was found genetically closer to the tribe Zerynthiini, raising a taxonomic controversy.

citation:
Omoto, K., Katoh, T., Chichvarkhin, A. and Yagi, T. 2004. Molecular systematics and evolution of the Apollo butterflies of the genus Parnassius (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Gene (Amsterdam) 326: 141-147.


author:
Ortiz-Rivas, B.; Moya, A.; Martínez-Torres, D.

title:
Molecular systematics of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae): new insights from the long-wavelength opsin gene

abstract:
Viviparous aphids (Aphididae) constitute a monophyletic group within the Homoptera with more than 4000 extant species worldwide but higher diversity in temperate regions. Several aspects of their biology account for attention paid to this group of insects. Their plant-sap-sucking way of feeding with many species transmitting viruses to crop plants has important implications on crop management strategies. Cyclical parthenogenesis associated in many groups to host alternation and elaborate polyphenisms is of special interests for evolutionists. Finally, the ancient association of most aphid species with intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria (Buchnera sp.) has also received much attention from evolutionists interested in mechanisms involved in the symbiotic process. Knowing the phylogenetic relationships among major aphid taxa is of special interest to evolutionists interested in the above issues. However, until recently, molecular approaches to aphid phylogeny were absent and discussions on the evolution of aphid  life-cycles and on evolutionary aspects of their symbiotic association with Buchnera were framed by morphology-based phylogenies. Recently, two reports using molecular approaches attempted to address the yet unresolved phylogeny of Aphididae with limited although somehow different conclusions. In the present report we study the utility of the long-wave opsin gene in resolving phylogenetic relationships among seven subfamilies within the Aphididae. Our results corroborate some previously proposed relationships and suggest a revision of some others. In particular, our data support grouping the analysed aphid species into three main clades, being the subfamily Lachninae one of them, which contradicts its generally accepted sistership relationship with the subfamily Aphidinae. Moreover, our data also suggest a basal position of Lachninae which has implications on current discussions about the ancestrality of conifer-feeding in modern aphids.

citation:
Ortiz-Rivas, B., Moya, A. and Martinez-Torres, D. 2004. Molecular systematics of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae): new insights from the long-wavelength opsin gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 24-37.


title:
Relationship between Panonychus mori Okuyama (Tetranychidae) and other Panonychus species based on RFLP analysis

citation:
Osakabe, M. and Sakagami, Y. 1996. Relationship between Panonychus mori Okuyama (Tetranychidae) and other Panonychus species based on RFLP analysis. Pp. 421-423 in: Mitchell, R., Horn, D.J., Needham, G.R. and Welbourn, W.C. [eds.], Acarology 9: Volume 1, Proceedings. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus.


title:
Systematique phylogenetique des Hemiptera Psylloidea: morphologie comparee du thorax et structures secondaires de l'ARNr 18S

journal:
Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France

abstract:
Psylloidea is a basal group of Hemiptera (Klimaszewski & Wojciechowski, 1992 placed the ancestor inside the Protopsyllidiidae, from the Permian), whose internal affiliations are not well understood. This study attempts to infer phylogenetic relationships between higher groups of Psylloidea. The approach involved recognition and selection of relevant morphological and molecular characters for cladistic analysis. Homologous morphological characters are identified in the thorax of Psylloidea. Most of the informative characters are discovered in the pleuron. Interspecific variations in structure and homology of these characters are defined. Sclerites and sutures in extant exemplars are identified to explain evolution of the specialized nature of the psyllid thorax. Changes and displacements in sclerite morphology and development of structures leading to extreme modifications in the metathoracic pleuron are described. A second set of molecular characters is based on nucleotide sequences of 18S rRNAs from 26 species of psyllids. An assortment of alignments and resultant matrices are used to study influence of alignment on phylogenetic inference. An alignment based on secondary structure is found to be the most rigorous to establish character homology, site by site. However, the study finds weighting or excluding nucleotide characters based on complementary pairing does not improve the phylogenetic signal on a generalized basis. Phylogenetic analyses using the morphological and molecular data sets singly or in combination infer that Aphalaridae and Psyllidae are, each, paraphyletic. Moreover, the inferred phylogeny of Psylloidea is neither compatible with psyllid distribution based on Gondwanian fragmentation nor co-evolution with major lineages of ancestral angiosperms. However, the phylogeny suggests extant groups of psyllids survived massive extinction events and transferred horizontally onto related host-plants.

citation:
Ouvrard, D. 2003. Systematique phylogenetique des Hemiptera Psylloidea: morphologie comparee du thorax et structures secondaires de l'ARNr 18S. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 127: 345-357.


title:
Revision of the genus Eisonyx LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae)

citation:
Pakaluk, J. and Carlow, T.A. 1994. Revision of the genus Eisonyx LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Baridinae). Coleopterists Bulletin 48: 153-169.


title:
Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) of Taiwan 3. Systematic revision of the genus Dichomeris in Taiwan and Japan

citation:
Park, K.T. and Hodges, R.W. 1995. Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) of Taiwan 3. Systematic revision of the genus Dichomeris in Taiwan and Japan. Insecta Koreana 12: 1-96.


title:
Revision y filogenia del genero Pachrophylla Blanchard, 1852 (sensu auctorum) (Geometridae: Larentiinae: Trichopterygini)

citation:
Parra, L.E. 1991. Revision y filogenia del genero Pachrophylla Blanchard, 1852 (sensu auctorum) (Geometridae: Larentiinae: Trichopterygini). Gayana Zoologia 55: 145-199.


title:
Revision y filogenia de las polillas del genero Leucolithodes Warren, 1904 (Geometridae: Ennominae)

citation:
Parra, L.E. and Hormazabal, M.E. 1993. Revision y filogenia de las polillas del genero Leucolithodes Warren, 1904 (Geometridae: Ennominae). Acta Entomologica Chilena 18: 171-183.


title:
Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings Ornithoptera Boisduval

journal:
Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History

citation:
Parsons, M.J. 1996. Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings Ornithoptera Boisduval. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 15: 43-118.


title:
A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus Ornithoptera (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to Gondwanan vicariance biogeography

abstract:
The troidine papilionid genus Ornithoptera is shown to be distinct from Troides. In order to reappraise the interrelationships of the member species of Ornithoptera, and to test the resultant theory of their evolution against biogeographical data, the genus is revised using Hennigian cladistic methodology through computer analysis.  The input data for this was drawn equally from immature stages and adult characters. A single cladogram hypothesising the likely phylogeny of the Ornihoptera species was generated. With minor weighting of a single important adult character, afurther two cladograms were generated, on of which is similar to hypotheses proposed by previous workers. Based on these findings, and on ecological data, notably larval foodplant relations with Aristolochiaceae, as well as present-day biogeographical data, a new theory of the origin and evolution of Ornithoptera is presented which fits well Gondwanan vicariance events ascertained by geological studies: essentially that Ornithoptera evoloved on northward drifting Australia, allopatrically ffrom Troides on the Indian plate, and therefore that Ornithoptera did not reach the Australian subregion via Troides-like ancestors in Southeast Asia as has been previously postulated. As 'living fossils' representative of an ancient, Gondwanaland-derived, austral faunal element, the Ornithoptera should be regarded even more highly in terms of their 'conservation value'.

citation:
Parsons, M.J. 1996. A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus Ornithoptera (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to Gondwanan vicariance biogeography. Journal of Natural History 30: 1707-1736.


author:
Passamonti, M.; Mantovani, B.; Scali, V.

title:
Phylogeny and karyotype evolution of the Iberian Leptynia attenuata species complex (Insecta Phasmatodea)

abstract:
An in-depth analysis of the Leptynia attenuata species complex has been performed by cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) gene sequencing as well as karyotype and allozyme analysis. The whole set of data allows to largely resolve the taxonomy of the group and suggests an overall trend of chromosomal repatternings through a progressive reduction of the chromosome number. A previously suggested new species has been also confirmed on a genetic basis. Data are discussed in order to depict a phylogenetic and phylogeographic scenario fitting the observed genetic relationships between the different species of the group. Chromosome rearrangements are proposed as the major speciation driving force within the group and androgenetic reproduction is suggested as a shortcut to overcome the problem of fixing chromosomal rearrangements that are strongly underdominant in heterozygotes.

citation:
Passamonti, M., Mantovani, B. and Scali, V. 2004. Phylogeny and karyotype evolution of the Iberian Leptynia attenuata species complex (Insecta Phasmatodea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 87-96.


title:
Description of two new species of Apostibes Walsingham, 1907 with some synonymic and phylogenetic accounts of the genus (Lepidoptera, Scythrididae)

abstract:
Two new species of Apostibes Walsingham are described: A. dhahrani n. sp. from Saudi Arabia and A. afghana n. sp. from Afghanistan. Their genital features are illustrated. A new synonymy is proposed for Coleophorides bahrlutella Amsel, 1935 with A. griseolineata Walsingham, 1907. The lectotype of Scythris inota Meyrick is established and the taxon is transferred to the genus Apostibes. The Parsimony analysis was carried only on the five Palaearctic species of the genus.

citation:
Passerin-D'entreves, P. and Roggero, A. 2003. Description of two new species of Apostibes Walsingham, 1907 with some synonymic and phylogenetic accounts of the genus (Lepidoptera, Scythrididae). Italian Journal of Zoology (Modena) 70: 347-352.


title:
Sequestration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Oreina and Platyphora leaf beetles: physiological, ecological and evolutionary aspects

citation:
Pasteels, J.M. and Hartmann, T. 2004. Sequestration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Oreina and Platyphora leaf beetles: physiological, ecological and evolutionary aspects. Pp. 677-691 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Systematics and phylogeny of the genus Epectinaspis Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) and description of a new genus of Anomalini from Mexico

journal:
Coleopterists Society Monographs Patricia Vaurie Series

abstract:
The genus Epectinaspis Blanchard (Rutelinae: Anomalini) is revised and now includes nine species. Species in the genus occur from southern Mexico to northern Venezuela. One new species, E. bisyrica, is described. Five species names are considered synonyms: E. gracilipes Casey and E. nubicollis Casey are new synonyms of E. mexicana (Burmeister); E. quadripennis Casey and Zabacana brevinigrans Saylor (Melolonthinae) are new synonyms of E. moreletiana (Blanchard); and E. densicollis Casey is a new synonym of E. opacicollis Bates. Lectotype specimens are designated herein for the following species names: E. ambigens Bates, E. boucardi Nonfried, E. chalconota Bates, E. chelifera Bates, E. densicollis Casey, E. guatemalensis Ohaus, E. moreletiana (Blanchard), E. nubicollis, E. opacicollis Bates, E. pictipennis Bates, and E. quadripennis. A neotype was designated for E. mexicana (Burmeister). Phylogenetic analysis of Epectinaspis species was conducted, and relationships with other genera of Anomalini are discussed. The genus Epectinaspis was shown to be paraphyletic; one species belonged to an undescribed anomaline lineage. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the new genus Balanogonia (Rutelinae: Anomalini) is created. Epectinaspis freudei Frey is transferred to Balanogonia (becoming a new combination) and a new species, B. constricta, is described. Balanogonia is added to the generic key of New World Anomalini. Natural history, biogeography, and an illustrated key to species of Epectinaspis are included. Information about identification and distributional data of Epectinaspis are available at: http://www.museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/obj-epect.htm.

citation:
Paucar-Cabrera, A. 2003. Systematics and phylogeny of the genus Epectinaspis Blanchard (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) and description of a new genus of Anomalini from Mexico. Coleopterists Society Monographs Patricia Vaurie Series 2: 1-60.


author:
Pech, P.; Fric, Z.; Konvicka, M.; Zrzavy, J.

title:
Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily

abstract:
A phylogeny of blue butterflies of the genus Maculinea and related genera (Lycaenidae) is proposed, based on 91 morphological; and ecological characters. The resulting tree shows that: (1) Phengaris is a derived group nested within Maculinea; (2) the Maculinea-; Phengaris clade is probably nested within Glaucopsyche; (3) there are three well supported groups within the Maculinea-Phengaris; clade: (alcon group ((teleius group) (arion-Phengaris group))). Some species (M. alcon, M. arionides) appear to be non-monophyletic; and require reclassification. The two alternative strategies of parasitic myrmecophily in the Maculinea-Phengaris clade, viz.,; ''predatory'' and ''cuckoo'', seem to be derived characters of the alcon group, and of the teleius and arion-Phengaris groups,; respectively. The common ancestor of Maculinea used dorsal nectary organ secretions for ant attraction, while this trait was reduced; in the ancestor of the alcon group and in M. nausithous (of the teleius group). The three recent Maculinea lineages utilize; taxonomically diverse host plants, the asterid families Gentianaceae (alcon and arion-Phengaris groups), Lamiaceae (arion-Phengaris; group), Campanulaceae (arion-Phengaris group), and the rosid family Rosaceae (teleius group).

citation:
Pech, P., Fric, Z., Konvicka, M. and Zrzavy, J. 2004. Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily. Cladistics 20: 362-375.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the genera of the subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae)

citation:
Peigler, R.S. 1993. Cladistic analysis of the genera of the subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 47: 211-228.


title:
The phylogeny of a mutualism: Evolution and coadaptation between Trollius and its seed-parasitic pollinators

citation:
Pellmyr, O. 1992. The phylogeny of a mutualism: Evolution and coadaptation between Trollius and its seed-parasitic pollinators. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 47: 337-365.


title:
Yuccas, yucca moths, and coevolution: A review

abstract:
The obligate pollination mutualisin between yuccas (Agavaceae) and yucca moths (Lepidoptera, Prodoxidae), in which the adult moth pollinates yucca flowers and her progeny feed on developing seeds, is one of the classically cited examples of coevolution. While known since 1872, our understanding of the ecology and evolution of this association has increased dramatically in the past decade. Here I review current information on organismal diversity and phylogenetic relationships, ecological relationships, origin and reversal of the mutualism, and the potential for analyzing patterns of co-speciation and the historical role of coevolution on specific traits in driving diversification in the interaction. Major novel developments in recent years include the recognition of a large species complex of pollinators, previously thought to be one polyphagous species; a majority of all moth species are monophagous. Considerable life history diversity has been unveiled, and mechanisms that maintain a mutualistic equilibrium by preventing over-exploitation documented. Phylogenctic and ecological information, including data from other, newly discovered facultative pollinators in the Prodoxidae, have been used to erect a hypothesis for the evolution of obligate mutualism. Application of a molecular clock to phylogenetic data suggests that the plant-moth association arose at least 40 Mya, and that the obligate mutualisin evolved very quickly after this event. Two separate events of reversal of mutualism have been identified, involving derived "cheater" moth species that oviposit into fruits resulting from pollination by other pollinator species. This appears to have happened not through selection for cheating, but rather as a byproduct of a phenological shift to an unexploited seed resource, in which case pollination behavior became redundant. Analyses of parallel diversification and character coevolution are hampered by incomplete phylogenetic information at the species level, especially for the plants, but also for the pollinators. Available data indicate considerable deviation from strict co-speciation, and no evident examples of this process. Analyses of the role of coevolutionary processes in driving the diversification of yuccas and yucca moths will be possible once fully resolved phylogenies become available.

citation:
Pellmyr, O. 2003. Yuccas, yucca moths, and coevolution: A review. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90: 35-55.


title:
Evolutionary stability of mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Huth, C.J. 1994. Evolutionary stability of mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths. Nature 372: 257-260.


title:
Origin of a complex key innovation in an obligate insect-plant mutualism

journal:
Proceedings of the National Acedemy of Sciences, USA

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Krenn, H.W. 2002. Origin of a complex key innovation in an obligate insect-plant mutualism. PNAS 99: 5498-5502.


title:
Forty million years of mutualism: Evidence for Eocene origin of the yucca-yucca moth association

abstract:
The obligate mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths is a major model system for the study of coevolving species interactions. Exploration of the processes that have generated current diversity and associations within this mutualism requires robust phylogenies and timelines for both moths and yuccas. Here we establish a molecular clock for the moths based on mtDNA and use it to estimate the time of major life history events within the yucca moths. Colonization of yuccas had occurred by 41.5 +/- 9.8 million years ago (Mya), with rapid life history diversification and the emergence of pollinators within 0-6 My after yucca colonization. A subsequent burst of diversification 3.2 +/- 1.8 Mya coincided with evolution of arid habitats in western North America. Derived nonpollinating cheater yucca moths evolved 1.26 +/- 0.96 Mya, The estimated age of the moths far predates the host fossil record, but is consistent with suggested host age based on paleobotanical, climatological, biogeographical, and geological data, and a tentative estimation from an rbcL-based molecular clock for yuccas, The moth data are used to establish three alternative scenarios of how the moths and plants have coevolved, They yield specific predictions that can be tested once a robust plant phylogeny becomes available.

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Leebens-Mack, J. 1999. Forty million years of mutualism: Evidence for Eocene origin of the yucca-yucca moth association. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 9178-9183.


title:
Multiple occurences of mutualism in the yucca moth lineage

journal:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Thompson, J.N. 1992. Multiple occurences of mutualism in the yucca moth lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89: 2927-2929.


author:
Pellmyr, O.; Thompson, J.N.; Brown, J.M.; Harrison, R.G.

title:
Evolution of pollination and mutualism in the yucca moth lineage

abstract:
The obligate ppollination mutualisms between yucca moths and yuccas are some of the most obvious cases of coevolution, but the phylogenetic origins and extent of coevolution in these interactions are little understood.  Ecological and phylogenetic information from the yucca moth family, Prodoxidae, shows that pollination has evolved at least three times from separate moth behaviors.  Passive pollination occurs in Greya during nectaring by one species and during oviposition by two other species.  Active pollination among prodoxids has evolved only once, in the yucca moths.  Several life-history traits necessary for the evolution and modified mouthparts appear to have been novel triaits in the yucca moths.  We use moth and host biology in a phylogenetic framework to establish hypotheses for the evolution of active pollination and reciprocal specialization in the form of functional nectarlessness in yuccas.

citation:
Pellmyr, O., Thompson, J.N., Brown, J.M. and Harrison, R.G. 1996. Evolution of pollination and mutualism in the yucca moth lineage. American Naturalist 148: 827-847.


title:
Higher level phylogeny for the passion-vine butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) based on early stage and adult morphology

citation:
Penz, C.M. 1999. Higher level phylogeny for the passion-vine butterflies (Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) based on early stage and adult morphology. Zoological J. Linnean Soc. 127: 277-344.


title:
Preliminary assessment of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) based on adult morphology

citation:
Penz, C.M. and DeVries, P.J. 1999. Preliminary assessment of the tribe Lemoniini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) based on adult morphology. American Museum Novitates 3284: 1-32.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of Morpho butterflies (Nymphalidae, Morphinae): implications for classification and natural history

abstract:
The classification of butterflies in the widely recognized genus Morpho previously used subgenera that were assumed to constitute natural species groups. Cladistic analysis of 120 characters provided a well-resolved tree showing that some subgenera do not constitute monophyletic groups. This study supported some traditional taxonomic species groupings, but rejected the concept of subgenera for Morpho. Therefore, we formally redefined the genus to be consonant with the assumptions of phylogenetic classification. Predictions about Morpho life histories, the correlation of color pattern and flight behavior with vertical flight height, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism are discussed in light of our phylogeny.

citation:
Penz, C.M. and DeVries, P.J. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of Morpho butterflies (Nymphalidae, Morphinae): implications for classification and natural history. American Museum Novitates 3374: 1-33.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera based on morphology (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera are proposed based on early-stage and adult morphology. Parsimony analyses of forty-nine species in twenty-nine genera indicate that Heliconiinae can be divided into four main groups: (1) Pardopsis, Acraea and Actinote; (2) Cethosia plus Neotropical genera; (3) Oriental genera and (4) fritillaries. Analyses of adult characters suggested that Oriental genera form a monophyletic group, whereas those of adult plus early-stage characters artificially split this group into three separate lineages. Our character set does not contain enough phylogenetic information to resolve relationships among fritillary genera with confidence, and further studies of this group are needed. The classification of the Heliconiinae is revised based on our results.

citation:
Penz, C.M. and Peggie, D. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera based on morphology (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology 28: 451-479.


title:
A phylogenetic reassessment of Thisbe and Uraneis butterflies (Riodinidae, Nymphidiini)

abstract:
This study addresses the phylogeny of the sister genera Thisbe and Uraneis using three separate phylogenetic analyses. An analysis of 97 characters showed that Thisbe fenestrella is more closely related to Synargis and Thysanota than to Thisbe. Second, cladistic analysis of 30 characters strongly supported the hypothesis that T. fenestrella is closely related to Synargis velabrum and S. phillone, and that both T. fenestrella and Thysanota galena are imbedded within Synargis. Third, cladistic analysis of 39 characters produced a well-resolved phylogeny for Thisbe and Uraneis, confirming a previous hypothesis that Thisbe was paraphyletic. Based on our phylogenetic analyses, T. lycorias is formally transferred to Uraneis and T. fenestrella is transferred to Synargis. Finally, in light of our analysis, Thisbe and Uraneis are redefined, and for each species studied we provide a diagnostic description, a summary of its geographic distribution and biology, and comments on subspecific taxa.

citation:
Penz, C.M. and DeVries, P.J. 2001. A phylogenetic reassessment of Thisbe and Uraneis butterflies (Riodinidae, Nymphidiini). Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) 485: 1-27.


title:
Radiation, diversity, and host-plant interactions among island and continental legume-feeding psyllids

abstract:
Island archipelagos and insect-plant associations have both independently provided many useful systems for evolutionary study. The arytainine psyllid (Sternorrhyncha: Hemiptera) radiation on broom (Fabaceae: Genisteae) in the Canary Island archipelago provides a discrete system for examining the speciation of highly host-specific phytophagous insects in an island context. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on three datasets (adult and nymph morphological characters, and two mitochondrial DNA regions: part of the small subunit rRNA, and part of cytochrome oxidase 1, cytochrome oxidase 11 and the intervening tRNA leucine) are generally consistent. The combined molecular tree provides a well-supported estimate of psyllid relationships and shows that there have been several colonizations of the Macaronesian islands but that only one has resulted in a significant radiation. Psyllid diversification has apparently been constrained by the presence of suitable host groups within the genistoid legumes, and the diversity, distribution, and abundance of those groups. The phylogeny, by indicating pairs of sister species, allows putative mechanisms of speciation to be assessed. The most common conditions associated with psyllid speciation are geographical allopatry with a host switch to closely related hosts (six examples), or geographical allopatry on the same host (four examples). Where allopatric speciation involves a host switch, these have all been to related hosts. There is some evidence that switches between unrelated host plants may be more likely in sympatry. Only one sister pair (Arytainilla cytisi and A. telonicola) and the putative host races of Arytinnis modica are sympatric but on unrelated hosts, which may be a necessary condition for sympatric speciation in these insects. Where several psyllids share the same host, resources appear to be partitioned by ecological specialization and differing psyllid phenology.

citation:
Percy, D.M. 2003. Radiation, diversity, and host-plant interactions among island and continental legume-feeding psyllids. Evolution 57: 2540-2556.


author:
Percy, D.M.; Page, R.D.M.; Cronk, Q.C.B.

title:
Plant-insect interactions: Double-dating associated insect and plant lineages reveals asynchronous radiations

abstract:
An increasing number of plant-insect studies using phylogenetic analysis suggest that cospeciation events are rare in plant - insect systems. Instead, nonrandom patterns of phylogenetic congruence are produced by phylogenetically conserved host switching ( to related plants) or tracking of particular resources or traits ( e. g., chemical). The dominance of host switching in many phytophagous insect groups may make the detection of genuine cospeciation events difficult. One important test of putative cospeciation events is to verify whether reciprocal speciation is temporally plausible. We explored techniques for double-dating of both plant and insect phylogenies. We use dated molecular phylogenies of a psyllid (Hemiptera) - Genisteae (Fabaceae) system, a predominantly monophagous insect - plant association widespread on the Atlantic Macaronesian islands. Phylogenetic reconciliation analysis suggests high levels of parallel cladogenesis between legumes and psyllids. However, dating using molecular clocks calibrated on known geological ages of the Macaronesian islands revealed that the legume and psyllid radiations were not contemporaneous but sequential. Whereas the main plant radiation occurred some 8 million years ago, the insect radiation occurred about 3 million years ago. We estimated that >60% of the psyllid speciation has resulted from host switching between related hosts. The only evidence for true cospeciation is in the much more recent and localized radiation of genistoid legumes in the Canary Islands, where the psyllid and legume radiations have been partially contemporaneous. The identification of specific cospeciation events over this time period, however, is hindered by the phylogenetic uncertainty in both legume and psyllid phylogenies due to the apparent rapidity of the species radiations.

citation:
Percy, D.M., Page, R.D.M. and Cronk, Q.C.B. 2004. Plant-insect interactions: Double-dating associated insect and plant lineages reveals asynchronous radiations. Systematic Biology 53: 120-127.


title:
Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa

journal:
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin

citation:
Perez-Guerra, G. and Kosztarab, M. 1992. Biosystematics of the family Dactylopiidae (Homoptera: Coccinea) with emphasis on the life cycle of Dactylopius coccus Costa. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 92-1: 1-87.


title:
Hemipteres Lygaeidae euro-mediterraneens. Volume 1. Generalites systematique: premiere partie

citation:
Pericart, J. 1999. Hemipteres Lygaeidae euro-mediterraneens. Volume 1. Generalites systematique: premiere partie. Faune de France 84A: i-xx, 1-468,1-5.


title:
A revision of the squashbug genus Muzafferiana Ahmad and Perveen (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

citation:
Perveen, R. and Ahmad, I. 1992. A revision of the squashbug genus Muzafferiana Ahmad and Perveen (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 12: 243-250.


title:
A revision of subgroup variabilis Dallas s. str. of the genus Homoeocerus Burmeister (Hemiptera: Coreidae) with new record and description of new species from Pakistan

citation:
Perveen, R. and Ahmad, I. 1997. A revision of subgroup variabilis Dallas s. str. of the genus Homoeocerus Burmeister (Hemiptera: Coreidae) with new record and description of new species from Pakistan. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology 17: 25-37.


title:
The cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of Chrysolina Mots. and Oreina Chevr. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)

citation:
Petitpierre, E. 1999. The cytogenetics and cytotaxonomy of Chrysolina Mots. and Oreina Chevr. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae). Hereditas (Lund) 131: 55-62.


title:
Zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Calliphona (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

journal:
Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft

abstract:
Song characteristics of Calliphona koenigi (Tenerife), C. palmensis (La Palma) and C. alluaudi (La Gomera) are described and compared to other Tettigoniinae (Tettigonia viridissima, T. cantans, Amphiestris baetica). In the calling song of C. (Calliphona) koenigi the verses consist of a series of syllable-doublets (two closing syllables). In the song of C. (Calliphonides) palmensis and C. (Calliphonides) alluaudi the pauses between the closing syllables are equal, a character interpreted as a possible autapomorphy of the subgenus Calliphonides. C. palmensis and C. alluaudi differ in the syllable-frequency, which is much higher in C. alluaudi. Considerable morphological differences exist between C. koenigi and the two species of Calliphonides ( [male] cerci, [male] tergum X, titillators, stridulatory file, wings, pronotum, &[integral]e subgenital plate); there are further differences between the three species regarding behavior (wing threatening in C. koenigi, deterrent stridulation in C. palmensis, flight ability in C. alluaudi). New locality records of C. palmensis on La Palma indicate a distribution in the zone of the laurel forests, from about 350 to 1120m. There are indications that the laurel forests (mainly open and marginal regions) represent the primary habitat of all three species of Calliphona. Different possibilities of the evolution of Calliphona are discussed. HOLZAPFEL & CANTRALL suggested that an ancestral Tettigonia viridissima-like species from North-Africa at first reached Madeira (developing there to Psalmatophanes harretoi) and subsequently spread southwards to the Canary Islands. Here species differentiation and spreading should have continued from Tenerife to La Palma and via La Gomera to Gran Canaria. This hypothesis, although congruent to the phylogenetic systematics of the species, raises some problems. For instance, on account of the large differences between Calliphona (Calliphona) and Calliphona (Calliphonides), a long period of separation of the two subgenera must be presumed. It seems unlikely that a strongly divergent evolution has taken place after the translocation of a smaller part of the population from Tenerife to La Palma, especially since the habitats on both islands are similar. Therefore we suppose that Calliphona (Calliphona), Calliphona (Calliphonides) and Psalmatophanes already existed on the African continent before multiple migrations to the atlantic islands took place. Accordingly the Canary Islands and Madeira have conserved several branches of African Tettigoniinae until today, which apparently have vanished in the meantime from the continent.

citation:
Pfau, H.K. and Pfau, B. 2002. Zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Calliphona (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 75: 253-271.


title:
Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Platystolus Bolivar (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae)

citation:
Pfau, H.K. 1996. Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik und Evolution der Gattung Platystolus Bolivar (Ensifera, Tettigoniidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 33-72.


title:
The Methiini of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on the circum-Caribbean species

citation:
Philips, T.K. and Ivie, M.A. 1998. The Methiini of the West Indies (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with notes on the circum-Caribbean species. Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 57-87.


title:
Les Acraea du groupe "braesia": revision, espece nouvelle et phylogenie (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

journal:
Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France

citation:
Pierre, J. 1995. Les Acraea du groupe braesia: revision, espece nouvelle et phylogenie (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 100: 307-314.


title:
Revision du genre Neopolyptychus (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)

citation:
Pierre, J. 2004. Revision du genre Neopolyptychus (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 109: 155-168.


title:
La systematique cladistique des Acraea (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae)

citation:
Pierre, J. 2004. La systematique cladistique des Acraea (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae). Bulletin des Lepidopteristes Parisiens 13: 27-28.


title:
Coevolution of Danaid butterflies with their host plants

citation:
Pliske, T.E. 1974. Coevolution of Danaid butterflies with their host plants. Nature 250: 646-648.


author:
Pollock, D.D.; Watt, W.B.; Rashbrook, V.K.; Iyengar, E.V.

title:
Molecular phylogeny for Colias butterflies and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

citation:
Pollock, D.D., Watt, W.B., Rashbrook, V.K. and Iyengar, E.V. 1998. Molecular phylogeny for Colias butterflies and their relatives (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 91: 524-531.


title:
Cytogenetics and diversification of the phytophagous fly genus Urophora (Tephritidae)

citation:
Ponisch, S. and Brandl, R. 1993. Cytogenetics and diversification of the phytophagous fly genus Urophora (Tephritidae). Zool. Anz. 228: 12-25.


title:
Phylogeny and taxonomy of the subfamily Dichomeridinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

citation:
Ponomarenko, M.G. 1997. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the subfamily Dichomeridinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 6: 305-314.


title:
The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fascicle 26.1 Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part)

citation:
Poole, R.W. 1995. The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fascicle 26.1 Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Cuculliinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (part). Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, .


title:
Biogeografia historica de la familia Curculionidae (Coleoptera) en las subregiones Subantartica y Chilena Central

abstract:
The application of the historical biogeographic techniques of reconciled trees and Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA) to the distributional and phylogenetic information of 71 species of Curculionidae ranged in the Subantarctic and Central Chilean subregions results in a single general area cladogram: ((Central Chile (Maule, Valdivian Forest)) (Malvinas Islands (Magellanic Moorland, Magellanic Forest))). The application of dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) to the same data set shows as the most frequent vicariant event the split of Islas Malvinas from the two southern Subantarctic provinces. In addition, DIVA results evidenced that the relationship among Maule, Valdivian Forest, and Central Chile did not arise from vicariance events (common history) but from dispersal events; as the 61% of the total of dispersal events implies these three areas. Furthermore, the most frequent dispersal events imply the Maule, in relation to Central Chile or the Valdivian Forest. Thus, the apparent complexity of Maule biogeographical realtionships could be related to the aforementioned dispersal events.

citation:
Posadas, P. and Morrone, J.J. 2003. Biogeografia historica de la familia Curculionidae (Coleoptera) en las subregiones Subantartica y Chilena Central. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 62: 75-84.


title:
Interrelationships of yuccas and yucca moths

citation:
Powell, J.A. 1992. Interrelationships of yuccas and yucca moths. TREE 7: 10-15.


title:
Evolution of larval feeding habits in Lepidoptera

journal:
Handbook of Zoology. Lepidoptera, Vol. 1: Systematics and Evolution

citation:
Powell, J.A., Mitter, C.M. and Farrell, B. 1998. Evolution of larval feeding habits in Lepidoptera. Pp. 403-422 in: Kristensen, N.P. [ed.], Handbook of Zoology. Lepidoptera, Vol. 1: Systematics and Evolution. W. de Gruyter, Berlin.


title:
Evolution of Euphilotes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) by seasonal and host shifts

abstract:
The lycaenid butterfly genus Euphilotes, consisting of five species and several dozen subspecies, is confined to western North America.  Each subspecies utilizes one or a few species of Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) as larval hosts; larvae feed entirely on pollen and developing seeds.  Euphilotes populations are (with few exceptions) univoltine and fly in synchrony with the initial (c. 2 weeks) annual flowering periods of their hosts.  Euphilotes evolution coincides with shifts to new hosts, frequently with different bloom periods.  Often both inter- and intraspecific populations occur in sympatry.  Although interspecific populations may fly in synchrony and utilize the same hosts, sympatric intraspecific populations use different hosts and generally fly alochronically. Analyses of Euphilotes populations using biochemical, morphological, and life history characters, do not support either coevolution or sequential evolution with Eriogonum but are more consistent with opportunistic adaptation to new hosts having different bloom periods.

citation:
Pratt, G.F. 1994. Evolution of Euphilotes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) by seasonal and host shifts. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51: 387-416.


title:
Allozyme phylogeny of North American coppers (Lycaeninae: Lycaenidae)

abstract:
Phylogenies were created with allozyme data of 15 species and two subspecies of North American coppers. Most of the species align with the currently recognized subgenera of the subfamily Lycaeninae. These subgenera exhibit a significant level of genetic differentiation that is perhaps equivalent to genera. The subgenus Epidemia unexpectedly includes Lycaena hyllus (Cramer), which is currently assigned to a separate monotypic subgenus. The Nei Distance tree separates the North American taxa into two distinct biological groups. One group diapauses as partially grown larvae and has its closest relatives in the Palaearctic based on morphological data. The other group is endemic and diapauses in the egg stage (first instars within eggs). Divergence within the Distance Wagner tree parallels unique host shifts that have occurred several times in the North American coppers. Most shifts have originated from a Rumex feeding species. The host shift to Eriogonum has produced at least two and possibly more species. A few species have adapted to Vaccinium; these shifts appear to have occurred independently.

citation:
Pratt, G.F. and Wright, D.M. 2002. Allozyme phylogeny of North American coppers (Lycaeninae: Lycaenidae). Pan Pacific Entomologist 78: 219-229.


author:
Pratt, G.F.; Wright, D.M.; Ballmer, G.R.

title:
Multivariate and phylogenetic analyses of larval and adult characters of the editha complex of the genus Lycaena (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

citation:
Pratt, G.F., Wright, D.M. and Ballmer, G.R. 1993. Multivariate and phylogenetic analyses of larval and adult characters of the editha complex of the genus Lycaena (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 30: 175-195.


title:
The various taxa and hosts of the North-American Celastrina (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

abstract:
The genus Celastrina (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) includes Holarctic small blue butterflies whose larvae feed on the flowers, fruits, leaves, and galls of a diverse variety of plants. In North America the Celastrina ladon species complex presently contains three recognized species (ladon, neglectamajor, and nigra). The versatile Celastrina ladon consists of eight subspecies and several seasonal forms. Many of these forms are biologically distinct allochronic races. The hosts and distributions of the species, subspecies, and races of the C. ladon complex in North America are presented. In the West, the Celastrina have segregated into seven subspecies, while in the East they have reached greater evolutionary diversity and formed several species and several seasonal races. It appears that host shifts, associated with changes in adult season or habitat preference, may have played a major role in the historical evolution of the species and races of the C. ladon complex.;

citation:
Pratt, G.F., Wright, D.M. and Pavulaan, H. 1994. The various taxa and hosts of the North-American Celastrina (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96: 566-578.


title:
A phylogenetic analysis of the Enchenopa binotata species complex (Homoptera: Membracidae) using nymphal characters

citation:
Pratt, G. and Wood, T.K. 1992. A phylogenetic analysis of the Enchenopa binotata species complex (Homoptera: Membracidae) using nymphal characters. Systematic Entomology 17: 351-357.


title:
Phylogeny of the South African species of restioid leafhoppers, tribe Cephalelini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Ulopinae)

citation:
Prendini, L. and Linder, H.P. 1998. Phylogeny of the South African species of restioid leafhoppers, tribe Cephalelini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae, Ulopinae). Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 11-18.


title:
The Nepticulidae of eastern Europe and Asia. Western, central and eastern parts

citation:
Puplesis, R. 1994. The Nepticulidae of eastern Europe and Asia. Western, central and eastern parts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.


title:
First record of the genus Etainia Beirne from Central Asia with descriptions of two new species and some provisional notes on the world fauna (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)

citation:
Puplesis, R. and Diskus, A. 1996. First record of the genus Etainia Beirne from Central Asia with descriptions of two new species and some provisional notes on the world fauna (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae). Phegea 24: 41-48.


title:
Revision of the Oriental Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) with general comments on phylogeny within the family

citation:
Puplesis, R. and Robinson, G.S. 1999. Revision of the Oriental Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) with general comments on phylogeny within the family. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Entomology Series 68: 1-92.


title:
A cladistic analysis on the genera of Tinginae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from northern China

abstract:
In the present paper, the cladistics method is used to analyze the phylogenetic relationship of 16 genera of Tinginae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from northern China. 33 characters with 88 states were chosen based on the morphological comparison. The character matrix was formed through ingroup and outgroup analysis and computed using the computer programs MacClad (version 3.0.1), AutoDecay (version 3.0), PAUP (version 3.1.1) and Hennig 86 (version 1.5), and the same most parsimonious tree and Nelson consensus cladogram were obtained from both computation to explain the phylogenetic relationship among the genera (L = 118, CI = 0.454, RI = 0.529). We categorized these genera involved in the analysis phylogenetically into 6 groups according to the results. They are Agramma group, Leptoypha group, Dictyla group, Catoplatus group, Physatocheila group and Derephysia group. The phylogenetic relationship among the involved genera is presented as (((((Derephysia group = (Lasiacantha, (Acalypta, (Galeatus, (Dictyonota, (Derephysia, Sphaerista))))), Physatocheila group = ((Elasmotropis, Tingis), ((Oncochila, Cochlochila), Physatocheila))), Catoplatus group = Catoplatus), Dictyla group = (Monosteira, Dictyla)), Leptoypha group = Leptoypha), Agramma group = Agramma). These groups will not be regarded as higher classific taxa until more genera and data are available and further analysis are carried out.

citation:
Qi, B.Y. and Zhang, Z.J. 2001. A cladistic analysis on the genera of Tinginae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from northern China. Zoological Research 22: 1-8.


title:
Phylogeny and distribution of the phoracanthine genus Atesta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Australia

citation:
Qi.ao W; New, T.R. 1995. Phylogeny and distribution of the phoracanthine genus Atesta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Australia. Systematic Entomology 20: 229-238.


title:
Systematics and biogeography of the Australian-New Guinean genus Thoris Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracanthini)

citation:
Qiao, W. and Thornton, I.W.B. 1994. Systematics and biogeography of the Australian-New Guinean genus Thoris Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracanthini). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 839-860.


title:
A cladistic analysis of wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae)

citation:
Qin, T.K. and Gullan, P.J. 1995. A cladistic analysis of wax scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae). Systematic Entomology 20: 289-308.


title:
Atlas of the drepanosiphine aphids of the world. Part 1: Panaphidini Oestlund, 1922 - Myzocallidina Borner, 1942 (1930) (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Calaphidinae)

citation:
Quednau, F.W. 1999. Atlas of the drepanosiphine aphids of the world. Part 1: Panaphidini Oestlund, 1922 - Myzocallidina Borner, 1942 (1930) (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Calaphidinae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 31: 1-281.


title:
Le genre sud-americain Neuquenaphis E. E. Blanchard, description de deux nouvelles especes et definition de nouvelles sous-familles d'Aphididae (Homoptera)

citation:
Quednau, F.W. and Remaudiere, G. 1994. Le genre sud-americain Neuquenaphis E. E. Blanchard, description de deux nouvelles especes et definition de nouvelles sous-familles d'Aphididae (Homoptera). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99: 365-384.


title:
Biogeographical patterns of the neotropical genus Battus Scopoli 1777 (Lepidoptera Papilionidae)

citation:
Racheli, T. and Oliverio, M. 1993. Biogeographical patterns of the neotropical genus Battus Scopoli 1777 (Lepidoptera Papilionidae). Tropical Zoology 6: 55-65.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the genus Parides Hubner, (1819), based on androconial structures (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

citation:
Racheli, T. and Olmisani, L. 1998. A cladistic analysis of the genus Parides Hubner, (1819), based on androconial structures (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 41: 119-131.


author:
Rand, D.B.; Heath, A.; Suderman, T.; Pierce, N.E.

title:
Phylogeny and life history evolution of the genus Chrysoritis within the Aphnaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among 26 South African species in the tribe Aphnaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) were inferred from DNA characters of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), using maximum-parsimony methods. The resulting phylogenetic estimate supports the systematic hypothesis made by Heath (1997, Metamorphosis, supplement 2), based on morphological characters, that at least three preexisting genera (Chrysoritis, Poecilmitis, and Oxychaeta) should be collapsed into the single monophyletic genus Chrysoritis. Two of the species groups described by Heath within Chrysoritis are also monophyletic, while one is paraphyletic and thus unsupported by the molecular data. Strong node support and skewed transition/transversion ratios suggest that two Chrysoritis clades contain synonymous species. Aphytophagy appears as a derived feeding strategy. Evolutionary patterns of ant association indicate lability at the level of ant genus, while association with different ant subfamilies may have played an ancestral and chemically mediated role in the diversification of South African aphnaeines.

citation:
Rand, D.B., Heath, A., Suderman, T. and Pierce, N.E. 2000. Phylogeny and life history evolution of the genus Chrysoritis within the Aphnaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 85-96.


title:
Phylogeny for three Polyorthini genera of the Biclonuncaria Razowski & Becker, 1993 group, with descriptions of new taxa

citation:
Razowski, J. 1999. Phylogeny for three Polyorthini genera of the Biclonuncaria Razowski & Becker, 1993 group, with descriptions of new taxa. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 42: 343-348.


title:
Interaction of process partitions in phylogenetic analysis: An example from the swallowtail butterfly genus Papilio

citation:
Reed, R.D. and Sperling, F.A.H. 1999. Interaction of process partitions in phylogenetic analysis: An example from the swallowtail butterfly genus Papilio. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 286-297.


author:
Regier, J.C.; Mitter, C.; Friedlander, T.P.; Peigler, R.S.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships in Sphingidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): initial evidence from two nuclear genes

citation:
Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Friedlander, T.P. and Peigler, R.S. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in Sphingidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera): initial evidence from two nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20: 311-316.


author:
Regier, J.C.; Mitter, C.; Peigler, R.S.; Friedlander, T.P.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships in Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera): initial evidence from elongation factor-1[alpha] sequences

citation:
Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Peigler, R.S. and Friedlander, T.P. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera): initial evidence from elongation factor-1[alpha] sequences. Insect Systematics and Evolution 31: 179-186.


title:
Revision of leaf-beetles of the genus Cadmus Erichson, subgenus Lachnabothra Saunders (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)

citation:
Reid, C.AM. 1999. Revision of leaf-beetles of the genus Cadmus Erichson, subgenus Lachnabothra Saunders (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 13: 1-66.


title:
Una vision filogenetica de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

citation:
Retana-Salazar, A.P. 1998. Una vision filogenetica de Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 46: 397-405.


title:
Revision of the Euops quadrifasciculatus-group (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Attelabidae) from the Australian region, with a discussion of shifts between Nothofagus and Eucalyptus host plants

abstract:
This revision of the 'quadrifasciculatus-group' of Euops Schoenherr contains four previously described species for which lectotypes are designated: Euops bakewelli Jekel, E, corrugatus Lea, E. insularis Voss and E. quadrifasciculatus Lea. Six species are described as new: Euops goilala, sp. nov., E. hoppla, sp nov., E. lakekamuensis, sp. nov., E. micros, sp. nov., E. oberprieleri, sp. nov. and E. reidi, sp. nov. Detailed descriptions are provided for all species, the characters relevant for their identification are illustrated, and a key for their identification is given. The group is known from Australia, New Guinea and the Kei islands of Maluku. The record of E. insularis Voss for Aru Island is not valid. Two Australian species (E. bakewelli and E. oberprieleri) are reported from Eucalyptus host plants, one Papuan species (E. lakekamuensis) is known from another myrtacean host, and for the remainder of the quadrifasciculatus-group no host data are available. The sister-group of the quadrifasciculatus-group, the pygmaeus-group of New Guinea, feeds exclusively on Nothofagus. Three different scenarios are proposed, which could have led to the observed pattern of host association; they are discussed in the light of present knowledge on phylogeny and zoogeography of Euops.

citation:
Riedel, A. 2001. Revision of the Euops quadrifasciculatus-group (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Attelabidae) from the Australian region, with a discussion of shifts between Nothofagus and Eucalyptus host plants. Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 551-587.


title:
The pygmaeus-group of Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Attelabidae), weevils associated with Nothofagus in New Guinea

abstract:
A new species group of Euops Schoenherr from the highlands of New Guinea is described and referred to as the 'pygmaeus-group'. It is comprised of 14 species which, except for E. singularis VOSS, are described as new: E. anggiensis sp. n., E. bicolor sp. n., E. convexus sp. n., E. fraterculus sp. n., E. ibelensis sp. n., E. kurulu sp. n., E. nothofagi sp. n., E. parvus sp. n., E. paraconvexus sp. n., E. platyrostris sp. n., E. porulosus sp. n., E. pygmaeus sp. n., and E. sedlaceki sp. n.. Most of the species are of relatively small body size. They form a monophyletic group characterized by the synapomorphic loss of the ventral suture between the galea and palpifer of the maxilla. Two other groups are recognized, the eucalypti-group and the quadrifasciculatus-group. They are believed to be closely related to the pygmaeus-group and all three species groups together are referred to as the 'pygmaeus-complex'. A cladistic analysis of the pygmaeus-group is performed. All species with host records are reported to feed on the fresh leaf flush of Nothofagus. This is the first record of a group of leaf-chewing arthropods restricted to the subgenus Brassospora of Nothofagus.

citation:
Riedel, A. 2001. The pygmaeus-group of Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Attelabidae), weevils associated with Nothofagus in New Guinea. Journal of Natural History 35: 1173-1237.


title:
Revision of the soil-weevil genus Guineobius Osella from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Curculionoidae, Entiminae, Celeuthetini)

citation:
Riedel, A. and Schonitzer, K. 1996. Revision of the soil-weevil genus Guineobius Osella from New Guinea (Coleoptera, Curculionoidae, Entiminae, Celeuthetini). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 103: 453-473.


title:
Evolution, Comparative Morphology, and Identification of the Eumaeine Butterfly Genus Rekoa Kaye (Lycaenidae: Theclinae);

abstract:
I revise the hairstreak butterfly genus Rekoa, describe and quantify many aspects of eumaeine morphology, and discuss the evolutionary biology of Rekoa. This genus contains some of the most common, widespread, and nomenclaturally confused species of eumaeine butterflies.; ; A provisional Thereus Section of the Eumaeini consists of Rekoa, Thereus, Arawacus, Contrafacia, and an undescribed genus. Rekoa, Thereus, and Arawacus form a monophyletic lineage, and their characterization leads to the following nomenclatural changes: Arawacus Kaye, 1904 = Polyniphes Kaye, 1904; Thereus Hübner, 1819 = Noreena Johnson, MacPherson, and Ingraham, 1986; and Rekoa Kaye, 1904 = Heterosmaitia Clench, 1964. Arawacus is accorded priority over Polyniphes, and Dolymorpha Holland, 1931 is a synonym of Arawacus, as others have proposed.; ; Rekoa contains seven species and the following new synonyms: R. malina Hewitson, 1867 = R. phrynisca Burmeister, 1878; R. palegon Cramer, 1780 = R. cyrriana Hewitson, 1874 = R. ulia Dyar, 1913; R. zebina Hewitson, 1869 = R. orses Godman and Salvin, 1887 = R. guadala Schaus, 1902; R. bourkei Kaye, 1925 = R. abeja Johnson and Matusik, 1988; R. marius Lucas, 1857 = R. spurina Hewitson, 1867 = R. ericusa Hewitson, 1867 = R. brescia Hewitson, 1868 = R. voconia Hewitson, 1869; R. stagira Hewitson, 1867 = R. erenea Hewitson, 1867 = R. volana Hewitson, 1869 = R. lydia Kirby, 1871 = R. thoana Hewitson, 1874 = R. carioca Ebert, 1965. Lectotypes are designated for R. cyrriana, R. zebina, R. guadala, R. marius, R. spurina, R. ericusa, R. brescia, R. voconia, R. stagira, R. erenea, R. timaea Hewitson, 1869, R. volana, and R. thoana. No species was described in Rekoa, and R. meton (the type species of Rekoa) is the only one that had been transferred to it.; ; I describe, illustrate, and code 47 characters of the head, wings, abdominal integument, and genitalia of Rekoa. Almost half of the characters are quantitative, and are coded with a modified form of gap coding. Because eumaeine morphology is so poorly known, the morphology section is hypertrophied, particularly by quantitative descriptions of antennae, androconia, and genitalia. There are two qualitatively distinct kinds of forewing androconial clusters in Rekoa: scent pads (restricted to the Eumaeini) with a chamber between the wing membranes and scent patches with the wing membranes fused except at the base of each androconium.; ; Parsimony analysis of the character matrix yields a network of 78 steps with a consistency index of 0.885. Consistency among quantitative characters, with the exception of genital ones, is nearly as good as that for qualitative ones. The network is rooted using the outgroup parsimony criterion.; ; The phylogeny serves as a framework for discussing Rekoa biogeography and evolution. Most Rekoa species are habitat generalists, but specialization for drier habitats evolved once as did restriction to lower elevations and specialization for higher elevations. Rekoa species are relatively dispersive and widespread, with four species occurring from northern Mexico to southern Brazil. Larvae are polyphagous on plant reproductive parts, but the majority of foodplant records for three Rekoa species are Leguminosae and Malpighiaceae whereas they are Compositae for R. palegon. There are two distinct ventral wing pattern phenotypes and two different genitalic phenotypes, but the change in wing pattern evolved at a different point than the change in genitalic phenotype. An effective "false head" wing pattern evolved once.; ;

citation:
Robbins, R.K. 1991. Evolution, Comparative Morphology, and Identification of the Eumaeine Butterfly Genus Rekoa Kaye (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 498: 64pp..


title:
The New World hairstreak genus Arawacus Kaye (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini)

citation:
Robbins, R.K. 2000. The New World hairstreak genus Arawacus Kaye (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae: Eumaeini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102: 162-169.


title:
Synopsis of a new Neotropical hairstreak genus, Janthecla, and description of a new species

citation:
Robbins, R.K. and Venables, B.AB. 1991. Synopsis of a new Neotropical hairstreak genus, Janthecla, and description of a new species. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45: 11-33.


title:
The tribe Diapodini (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) of Papua New Guinea

citation:
Roberts, H. 1993. The tribe Diapodini (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) of Papua New Guinea. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 35: 1-39.


author:
Robertson, J.A.; McHugh, J.V.; Whiting, M.F.

title:
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): evolution of colour patterns, gregariousness and mycophagy

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships of Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) were inferred based on DNA sequence data. Relationships of clades within Erotylidae were examined, as was the relationship of the entire family to Languriidae (lizard beetles). 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA were sequenced for sixty-one taxa representing major erotylid lineages and outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses under varying parameter settings using standard parsimony and likelihood techniques were performed. These data indicate a paraphyletic Erotylidae and Languriidae. Encaustinae (including Coptengis), Megalodacninae and Erotylinae are supported as monophyletic, whereas Dacninae and Tritominae are paraphyletic. Taxonomic and biological implications are discussed. Gregariousness has arisen at least three times in Erotylidae. The erotylid clade has experienced at least one evolutionary transition from mycophagy (on Aphyllophorales) to phytophagy, three transitions from Aphyllophorales hosts to Euagarics, and one transition from Euagarics hosts to Mucorales (Zygomycetes). There are no recognizable phylogenetic trends in coloration across higher-level erotylid lineages.

citation:
Robertson, J.A., McHugh, J.V. and Whiting, M.F. 2004. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the pleasing fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Erotylidae): evolution of colour patterns, gregariousness and mycophagy. Systematic Entomology 29: 173-187.


title:
Tineid genera of Australia (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Robinson, G.S. and Nielsen, E.S. 1993. Tineid genera of Australia (Lepidoptera). CSIRO Publications, Melbourne.


title:
Herbivorous insects and the Hawaiian silversword alliance: co-evolution or co-speciation?

abstract:
Numerous groups of herbivorous insects in the Hawaiian archipelago have undergone adaptive radiations.  R.C.L. Perkins collected and documented species in nearly all of these groups.  In this study I tested whether patterns of host plant use by herbivorous insects can be explained by host plant history.  I examined a group of insects in the planthopper genus Nesosydne (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) that feed on plants in the Hawaiian silversword alliance, many of which are endangered or threatened.  For these Nesosydne species feeding on the silversword alliance, mitochondrial DNA sequence data revealed a statistically significant pattern of cospeciation between these insects and their hosts.  These planthoppers are highly host-specific, with each species feeding on only one, or a few closely related, plant species.  Patterns of host plant use across the plant lineage, as well as within extensive hybrid zones between members of the silversword alliance, suggest that planthopper diversification parallels host plant diversification.  Data collected thus far are consistent with, but do not directly demonstrate, reciprocal adaptation.  For other herbivorous insects associated with members of the Hawaiian silversword alliance, patterns of host plant use and evolutionary history are not yet well understood.  However, cospeciation appears not to be universal.  For example, endemic flies in the family Tephrititdae (Diptera) are less host-specific and demonstrate host-switching.  Research is under way to reveal the mechanisms associated with cospeciation and host-switching for different insect groups associated with the Hawaiian silversword alliance.

citation:
Roderick, G.K. 1997. Herbivorous insects and the Hawaiian silversword alliance: co-evolution or co-speciation? Pacific Science 51: 440-449.


title:
Biodiversity of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on the Hawaiian silversword alliance: effects of host plant phylogeny and hybridisation

citation:
Roderick, G.K. and Metz, E.C. 1997. Biodiversity of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on the Hawaiian silversword alliance: effects of host plant phylogeny and hybridisation. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56: 393-399.


author:
Rokas, A.; Melika, G.; Abe, Y.; Nieves-Aldrey, J.L.; Cook, J.M.; Stone, G.N.

title:
Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting, and hybridization revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae : Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data

abstract:
Oak gallwasps are cyclically parthenogenetic insects that induce a wide diversity of highly complex species- and generation-specific galls on oaks and other Fagaceae. Phylogenetic relationships within oak gallwasps remain to be established, while sexual and parthenogenetic generations of many species remain unpaired. Previous work on oak gallwasps has revealed substantial intra-specific variation, particularly between regions known to represent discrete Pleistocene glacial refuges. Here we use statistical phylogenetic inference methods on sequence data for a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to reconstruct the relationships among 62 oak gallwasp species. For 16 of these we also include 23 additional cytochrome b haplotype sequences from different Pleistocene refuge areas to test the effect of intra-specific variation on inter-specific phylogeny reconstruction. The reconstructed phylogenies show good intra-generic resolution and identify several conserved clades, but fail to reconstruct either very recent or very ancient divergences. Nine of the 16 species represented by multiple haplotypes are not monophyletic. The apparent discordance between the recovered gene tree and the current taxonomic classification can be explained through: (a) collapsing of some species currently known only from either a sexual or a parthenogenetic generation into a single cyclically parthenogenetic entity; (b) sorting of ancestral polymorphism in diverging lineages, and (c) horizontal transfer of haplotypes, perhaps due to hybridization within glacial refuges. Our conclusions emphasise the need for careful intra-specific sampling when reconstructing phylogenies for radiations of closely related species and imply that for certain taxonomic groups full phylogenetic resolution (using molecular markers) may not be attainable. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

citation:
Rokas, A., Melika, G., Abe, Y., Nieves-Aldrey, J.L., Cook, J.M. and Stone, G.N. 2003. Lifecycle closure, lineage sorting, and hybridization revealed in a phylogenetic analysis of European oak gallwasps (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae : Cynipini) using mitochondrial sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 36-45.


title:
Evolution of the gall wasp-host plant association

abstract:
Gall wasps, or cynipids, form the second largest radiation of galling insects with more than 1300 described species. According to current views, the first cynipids were phytophagous and developed in herb stems of the Asteraceae without modifying plant growth or development. The first galls were supposedly multichambered stern swellings, and subsequent trends involved increase in gall complexity and reduction in the number of larval chambers. Gall wasps also have many of the features believed to be characteristic for phytophagous insects radiating in parallel with their host plants. We tested these hypotheses by mapping characters onto a recent estimate of higher cynipid relationships from a morphology-based analysis of exemplar taxa, controlling for phylogenetic uncertainty using bootstrapping. Characters were also mapped onto a metatree including all gall wasps, assembled from phylogenetic analyses as well as recent classifications. The results contradict many of the current hypotheses. The first cynipids with extant descendants were not Asteraceae stein feeders but induced distinct single-chambered galls in reproductive organs of herbaceous Papaveraceae, or possibly Lamiaceae. There has been a general trend toward more complex galls but the herb-stem feeders evolved from ancestors inducing distinct galls and their larval chambers are best understood as cryptic galls. Woody hosts have been colonized only three times, making the apparently irreversible transition from herbs to woody hosts one of the most conservative features of the gall wasp-host plant association. The evolution of host plant preferences is characterized by colonization of preexisting host-plant lineages rather than by parallel cladogenesis. Cynipids are mono- or oligophagous and host-plant choice is strongly phylogenetically conserved. Yet, the few major host shifts have involved remarkably distantly related plants. Many shifts have been onto plant species already exploited by other gall wasps, suggesting that interspecific parasitism among cynipids facilitates colonization of novel host plants.

citation:
Ronquist, F. and Liljeblad, J. 2001. Evolution of the gall wasp-host plant association. Evolution 55: 2503-2522.

host taxa:
Asteraceae; Rosaceae; Lamiaceae; Papaveraceae; Fagaceae


title:
Phylogenetic studies in Dasineurini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

citation:
Roskam, H.C. and Kofman, S. 1987. Phylogenetic studies in Dasineurini (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Cecidologia Internationale 8: 55-70.


title:
Evolutionary patterns in gall midge-host plant assciations (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

citation:
Roskam, J.C. 1985. Evolutionary patterns in gall midge-host plant assciations (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 128: 193-213.


citation:
Roskam, J.C. 1992. Evolution of the gall-inducing guild. Pp. 34-49 in: Shorthouse J.D.Shorthouse J.D.; Rohfritsch, O. [ed.], Biology of insect-induced galls, Ch. 3. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, Oxford.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters of gall-inducing midges and the historical relation to their hosts: Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Rosaceae and monocots

journal:
Ordination in the study of morphology, evolution and systematics of insects: applications and quantitative genetic rationals

abstract:
Qualitative and quantitative morphological characters, and qualitative bionomical data, were assessed for 96 western Palaearctic species [54 in shown phylogenies] of gall midges in Dasineura Rondani.  We compared qualitative data cladograms, generated using group compatibility (CAFCA) and/or Wagner parsimony analysis (HENNIG-86), with quantitative data dendrograms constructed usin single-linkage clustering of pairwise Euclidean distances between species that were generated in principal components analysis (PCA).  The analyses involved both different semaphoronts separately, and a combined data set with a complete set of available semaphoronts and characters.  We propose a phylogeny for the latter with polytomies that obviously either share synapomorphies for species' feeding modes (inquilinism), or host plant association.  Among a set of species associated with Rosaceae, all species on Filipendula appear monophyletic [but not when species on other families are included?] , but those on Maloideae appear polyphyletic.  Among a set of combined species on monocots, gymnosperms and ferns, sister-groups are absent for those on Poaceae and Cyperaceae; but on Poaceae, congruence exists among generated cladograms.  PCAs show many henetic similarities for species on the same host family or genus.  No congruence exists between PCA scattergrams for semaphoronts, nor between dendrograms, versus cladograms for species on Rosaceae or monocots.  Therefore, 'gestalt' groupings of species that share a host taxon may reflect homoplasy, and may be poly- or paraphyletic.

citation:
Roskam, J.C. and Zandee, M. 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of quantitative and qualitative characters of gall-inducing midges and the historical relation to their hosts: Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Rosaceae and monocots. Pp. 325-347 in: Sorensen, J.J. and Foottit, R. [eds.], Ordination in the study of morphology, evolution and systematics of insects: applications and quantitative genetic rationals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, etc.


title:
Description of Diedra, new genus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini), and three new species, based on phylogenetic analysis

citation:
Rubinoff, D. and Powell, J.A. 1999. Description of Diedra, new genus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae: Archipini), and three new species, based on phylogenetic analysis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 473-487.


title:
Evolution of ecological traits and wing morphology in Hemileuca (Saturniidae) based on a two-gene phylogeny

abstract:
We present a molecular phylogeny for the genus Hemileuca (Saturniidae), based on 624 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 932 bp of the nuclear gene elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1[alpha]). Combined analysis of both gene sequences increased resolution and supported most of the phylogenetic relationships suggested by separate analysis of each gene. However, a maximum parsimony (MP) model for just COI sequence from one sample of most taxa produced a phylogeny incongruent with EF1[alpha] and combined dataset analyses under either MP or ML models. Time of year and time of day during which adult moths fly corresponded strongly with the phylogeny. Although most Hemileuca are diurnal, ancestral Hemileuca probably were nocturnal, fall-flying insects. The two-gene molecular phylogeny suggests that wing morphology is frequently homoplastic. There was no correlation between the primary larval hostplants and phylogenetic placement of taxa. No phylogenetic pattern of specialization was evident for single hostplant families across the genus. Our results suggest that phenological behavioral characters may be more conserved than the wing morphology characters that are more commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships in Lepidoptera. Inclusion of a molecular component in the re-evaluation of systematic data is likely to alter prior assumptions of phylogenetic relationships in groups where such potentially homoplastic characters have been used.

citation:
Rubinoff, D. and Sperling, F.A.H. 2002. Evolution of ecological traits and wing morphology in Hemileuca (Saturniidae) based on a two-gene phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 70-86.


title:
Recent advances in natural history of the tribe Theclini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). 2

citation:
Saigusa, T. 1995. Recent advances in natural history of the tribe Theclini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). 2. Nature and Insects 30: 39-47.


title:
Recent advances in studies of the zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

citation:
Saigusa, T. and Odagiri, K.I. 2000. Recent advances in studies of the zephyrus hairstreaks (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Gekkan Mushi 348: 2-9.


title:
Revision of the genus Aspidiotes Schonherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Tanymecini)

citation:
Sanchez-Ruiz, M. and Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. 1994. Revision of the genus Aspidiotes Schonherr (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Tanymecini). Entomologica Scandinavica 25: 275-294.


author:
Sandoval, C.; Carmean, D.A.; Crespi, B.J.

title:
Molecular phylogenetics of sexual and parthenogenetic Timema walking-sticks

journal:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences

citation:
Sandoval, C., Carmean, D.A. and Crespi, B.J. 1998. Molecular phylogenetics of sexual and parthenogenetic Timema walking-sticks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 265: 589-595.


title:
Evolutionary relationships within Monoxia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae): chromosomal evidence for its intrageneric classification

citation:
Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Virkki, N. 1997. Evolutionary relationships within Monoxia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae): chromosomal evidence for its intrageneric classification. Caryologia 49: 257-265.


title:
A systematic study of the family Rhynchitidae of Japan (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea)

citation:
Sawada, Y. 1993. A systematic study of the family Rhynchitidae of Japan (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Humans and Nature 2: 1-93.


title:
Origins of the New World Rhopalinae (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae)

citation:
Schaefer, C.W. 1993. Origins of the New World Rhopalinae (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86: 127-133.


title:
The higher classification of the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

citation:
Schaefer, C.W. 1999. The higher classification of the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 94-98.


title:
A revision of Apidaurus (Hemiptera: Alydidae: Alydinae)

abstract:
Apidaurus, a neotropical alydine genus, is revised. Apidaurus conspersus Stal is redescribed and Apidaurus triguttatus Berg synonymized with it (new synonymy): Apidaurus longitylus Schaefer and Schaffner new species is described, and the two species are keyed. The fifth instar of A. conpsersus is briefly described. The genital capsule of Apidaurus is also described, and its homologies with structures of other alydine genital capsules are discussed. Apidaurus conspersus occurs from southern Texas into southern Brazil, and A. longitylus from French Guiana into Brazil; the two species overlap in Paraguay. The phylogenetic relationships of the genus, and of the two species, are discussed.

citation:
Schaefer, C.W. and Schaffner, J.C. 2003. A revision of Apidaurus (Hemiptera: Alydidae: Alydinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 615-624.


title:
Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leaf miners (Diptera : Agromyzidae : Phytomyza): Species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization

abstract:
A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine relationships and to investigate character evolution in the Phytomyza ilicis group of leafmining flies on hollies (Aquifoliaceae: Ilex). A total of 2207 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes were sequenced for all known holly leafminers, as well as for several undescribed members of this group. Maximum-parsimony analysis of the sequence data indicates that these leafminers form a monophyletic group with the inclusion of an undescribed leafminer that feeds on the distantly related plant Gelsemium sempevirens (Loganiaceae). Species boundaries of previously known and of undescribed holly leafmining species were confirmed with the molecular data, with one exception. Optimization of variable ecological and morphological characters onto the most parsimonious phylogeny suggests that these traits are evolutionarily labile, requiring multiple instances of convergence and/or reversal to explain their evolutionary history. Speciation in holly leafminers is associated with host shifts and appears to involve colonization of new hosts more often than cospeciation as the hosts diverge. Monophagy is the most common feeding pattern in holly leafminers, and more generalized feeding is inferred to have evolved at least two separate times, possibly as a prelude to speciation. (C) 2000 Academic Press.

citation:
Scheffer, S.J. and Wiegmann, B.M. 2000. Molecular phylogenetics of the holly leaf miners (Diptera : Agromyzidae : Phytomyza): Species limits, speciation, and dietary specialization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 244-255.


title:
Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and macroevolution of host use among Diastrophus gall wasps (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae)

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among 14 species of 3 Holarctic gall wasp genera, Diastrophus Hartig, Gonaspis Ashmead, and Xestophanes Forster (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae: Aylacini), are inferred from 43 adult morphological characters. The incorporation of four characters associated with gall morphology is explored, although only a single parsimony-informative gall character is obtained. All analyses retrieve Diastrophus as paraphyletic with respect to the monotypic genus Gonaspis. These two genera share several morphological synapomorphies as well as related host plant associations. The genus Gonaspis is thus a new junior synonym of Diastrophus, and Gonaspis potentillae is herein transferred to Diastrophus as D. potentillae Bassett. In addition, D. kincaidii var. austrior Kinsey is formally elevated to specific status, as Diastrophus austrior Kinsey (new status). Association of Diastrophus species with Rubus, as well as with woody host plants, could have originated once, but the possibility of more than one origination cannot be excluded. In either case, at least two reversal events have contributed to the patterns of association of Diastrophus with Potentilla, and with herbaceous host plants. Reconstruction of the historical biogeography of the group using a dispersal and vicariance analysis model suggests that the ancestor of Diastrophus was either East Nearctic (EN) or Holarctic. The two West Palearctic (WP) species resulted from either two independent dispersals from EN followed by subsequent vicariance, or from a basal vicariance between WP and EN and a subsequent dispersal from EN to WP followed by a subsequent vicariance between the two regions. The West Nearctic species resulted from dispersals from EN and are relatively recent.

citation:
Schick, K., Liu, Z.W. and Goldstein, P. 2003. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and macroevolution of host use among Diastrophus gall wasps (Hymenoptera : Cynipidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 715-732.


title:
A revision of the genus Chaetolopha Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with a description of Parachaetolopha, gen. nov

abstract:
The Australasian species associated previously with the geometrid moth genus Chaetolopha Warren are reviewed. Six Australian taxa, including C. oxyntis (Meyrick), C. pseudooxyntis, sp. nov., C. leucophragma (Meyrick), C. decipiens (Butler), C. emporias (Turner) with a synonym Scotocyma pteridophila (Turner), syn. nov. and C. niphosticha (Turner) are assigned to Chaetolopha. Eight Papuan high altitude species associated with Chaetolopha or Tephroclystia (Huebner) in original combination and included later in Chaetolopha are reassigned to a new genus Parachaetolopha, gen. nov. These include P. flavicorpus (Warren), comb. nov., P. coerulescens (Warren), comb. nov., P. turbinata (Prout), comb. nov., P. tafa (Prout), comb. nov., P. ornatipennis (Warren), comb. nov., P. anomala Prout, comb. nov., stat. nov., P. nepenthes (Prout), comb. nov., stat. nov., P. peregrina (Prout), comb. nov., stat. nov., with new species P. petasitruncula, sp. nov., P. ferruginoapex, sp. nov., P. collatisaeta, sp. nov. and P. spinosicornuta, sp. nov. here described. A phylogenetic analysis of Chaetolopha confirms the proposal of the new genus Parachaetolopha. One species associated with Eupithecia Curtis in original combination and included later in Chaetolopha is transferred to the genus Tripteridia Warren. Lectotypes are designated for all Chaetolopha and Parachaetolopha species except for C. niphosticha, P. turbinata, P. tafa, P. anomala, P. peregrina and P. nepenthes, where a holotype was indicated in the original description. Descriptions of the genera Chaetolopha and Parachaetolopha, as well as keys to the species of both genera, are provided. All the known species are redescribed, the new ones are described, and all species are illustrated. Fern feeding in Australian Lepidoptera and vertical distribution of species of Chaetolopha and Parachaetolopha are discussed.

citation:
Schmidt, O. 2002. A revision of the genus Chaetolopha Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae) with a description of Parachaetolopha, gen. nov. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 703-733.


title:
The position of the Megalopodinae and Zeugophorinae in a phylogenetic system of the Chrysomeloidea (Insecta: Coleoptera)

journal:
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, Beijing, 1992

citation:
Schmitt, M. 1994. The position of the Megalopodinae and Zeugophorinae in a phylogenetic system of the Chrysomeloidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Pp. 38-44 in: Furth, D.G. [ed.], Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, Beijing, 1992. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
Revision of the North American plant bug genus Megalopsallus Knight, with the description of eight new species from the West (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

abstract:
Megalopsallus Knight is revised, with 29 valid species recognized; 8 species are described as new and 13 previously described species are newly treated as junior synonyms. Merinocapsus Knight is treated as a junior synonym of Megalopsallus. The species Europiella albipubscens Knight and Europiella monticola Knight, formerly placed in Megalopsallus are treated as incertae sedis and belonging to Europiella, respectively. Habitus and male genitalic illustrations are provided for all Megalopsallus species; scanning micrographs of the head, scent-gland evaporatory area, vestiture, and pretarsus are included for selected species. A key to males is presented. The majority of Megalopsallus spp. are recorded from dry interior portions of the American West; two species are recorded from the Gulf Coast and East Coast of the United States. Host information is presented for most species, indicating an obligate association with halophytes, most in the families Ephedraceae (Ephedrales) and Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae (Angiospermae). The relationships of Megalopsallus within the Phylini are discussed.

citation:
Schuh, R.T. 2000. Revision of the North American plant bug genus Megalopsallus Knight, with the description of eight new species from the West (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). American Museum Novitates 3305: 1-69.


title:
Phylogenetic, host and biogeographic analyses of the Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

abstract:
A cladistic analysis is performed for 114 species of Pilophorini, using 73 characters with 190 states... A list of currently recognized genera and species with summary distributions and host plant associations, and a key to genera are included.; Host associations are plotted on the cladogram to reveal the pattern of host shifts. At the generic level and above, a pattern of colonization, rather than coevolution, is strongly indicated; at the species level, genera of Pilophorini often show restricted plant-group associations, but no clear pattern of coevolution ermerges. Major distriubutional patterns in the Philophorini are mapped, discussed and compared with historical biogeographic schemes for some other groups. The Pilophorini appear to be of tropical Gondwanan origin with subsequent spread into, and differentiation in, the temperate Northern Hemisphere.

citation:
Schuh, R.T. 1991. Phylogenetic, host and biogeographic analyses of the Pilophorini (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Cladistics 7: 157-189.


title:
Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): Introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis

abstract:
Molecular characters are analysed on their own and in combination with morphological data to examine the phylogenetic relationships of the basal lineages of Hymenoptera ('Symphyta'). This study covers 47 sawfly genera and nine apocritan families and includes molecular sequences from five genes [long dash] 12S, 16S, 18S and 28S ribosomal genes and cytochrome oxidase 1 [long dash] as well as 343 morphological characters. A robust-choice sensitivity analysis is performed with the data. First, the simultaneous analysis is repeated three times, each time employing a different step matrix for weighting the transformations of the molecular characters. Then, the results of all three simultaneous analyses are summarized in a strict consensus in order to avoid basing the conclusions on a narrow set of assumptions. This methodology is discussed in the paper. The relationships among superfamilies largely confirm previous hypotheses, being (Xyeloidea (Tenthredinoidea s.l. (Pamphilioidea (Cephoidea (Siricoidea (Xiphydrioidea (Orussoidea Apocrita))))))), where Siricoidea is understood as Siricidae+Anaxyelidae. However, the relationships within Tenthredinoidea s.s. proposed here are novel: ({Argidae Pergidae} [Athalia {(Diprionidae Cimbicidae) Tenthredinidae minus Athalia}]).

citation:
Schulmeister, S. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): Introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 245-275.


author:
Schulmeister, S.; Wheeler, W.C.; Carpenter, J.M.

title:
Simultaneous analysis of the basal lineages of Hymenoptera (Insecta) using sensitivity analysis

abstract:
The first simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data of basal hymenopterans that includes exemplars from all families is presented. DNA sequences (of approximately 2000-2700 bp for each taxon) from the nuclear genes 18S and 28S and the mitochondrial genes 16S and CO1 have been sequenced for 39 taxa (four outgroup taxa, 29 symphytans, and six apocritans). These DNA sequences and 236 morphological characters from Vihelmsen [Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 131 (2001) 393] were analyzed separately as well as simultaneously. All analyses were performed on unaligned sequences, using the optimization alignment (= direct optimization) method. Sensitivity analysis sensu Wheeler [Syst, Biol. 44 (1995) 321] was applied by analyzing the data under nine different combinations of analysis parameter values. The superfamily level relationships of basal hymenopterans as proposed by Vilhelmsen [Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 131 (2001) 393] and Ronquist et al. [Zool. Scr. 28 (1999) 13] are mostly confirmed, except that Pamphilioidea is the sister group to Tenthredinoidea s.l. and that Anaxyelidae (i.e., Syntexis libocedrii) and Siricidae are supported as a monophyletic group, partly reestablishing the traditional concept of Siricoidea. The resulting hypothesis that best represents the combined evidence from morphology and DNA sequences is (Xyeloidea (Tenthredinoidea s.l. Pamphilioidea) (Cephoidea (Siricoidea (Xiphydrioidea (Orussidae Apocrita))))), with Siricoidea = Anaxyelidae + Siricidae. The phylogenetic system within Tenthredinoidea s.l., derived from the combined evidence, is (Blasticotomidae (Tenthredinidae including Diprionidae (Cimbicidae (Argidae Pergidae)))).

citation:
Schulmeister, S., Wheeler, W.C. and Carpenter, J.M. 2002. Simultaneous analysis of the basal lineages of Hymenoptera (Insecta) using sensitivity analysis. Cladistics 18: 455-484.


author:
Schulz, S.; Beccaloni, G.; Brown, K.S.J.r; Boppre, M.; Freitas, A.V L.

title:
Semiochemicals derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids in male ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae)

abstract:
Analysis of male hairpencil components of 54 species in 30 genera of Ithomiinae, butterflies showed the presence of 13 volatile compounds formed by hydrolysis, oxidation, lactonization and/or methylation of both necic acid and pyrrolizidine base portions of lycopsamine, an alkaloid widespread in nature and known to be specifically sought, ingested and stored by these insects. Six of these compounds have not been reported before from insects. Comparison of occurrence of components with proposed phylogenies of the 50 or more genera in the subfamily did not give clear patterns, though simpler derivatives well known in other Lepidoptera occurred throughout the subfamily, while more specific structures, including a lactone resulting from specific oxidation of an unactivated methyl group, were more typical of apomorphic genera. [copyright] 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

citation:
Schulz, S., Beccaloni, G., Brown, K.S.J.r, Boppre, M. and Freitas, A.V L. 2004. Semiochemicals derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids in male ithomiine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32: 699-713.


title:
Review of the genus Salignus Kelton and a character discussion of related genera (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae)

citation:
Schwartz, M.D. 1994. Review of the genus Salignus Kelton and a character discussion of related genera (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae). Canadian Entomologist 126: 971-993.


title:
Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Lygus Hahn, with a review of the Palaearctic species (Heteroptera: Miridae)

citation:
Schwartz, M.D. and Foottit, R.G. 1998. Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Lygus Hahn, with a review of the Palaearctic species (Heteroptera: Miridae). Memoirs on Entomology International 10: i-vii, 1-428.


title:
In search of butterfly origins: Morphology and molecules

citation:
Scoble, M. 1996. In search of butterfly origins: Morphology and molecules. TREE 11: 274-275.


title:
A taxonomic revision of the genera Phrygionis Hubner and Pityeja Walker (Geometridae: Ennominae, Palyadini)

citation:
Scoble, M.J. 1994. A taxonomic revision of the genera Phrygionis Hubner and Pityeja Walker (Geometridae: Ennominae, Palyadini). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 111: 99-160.


title:
A review of the moth tribe Palyadini with the description of a new genus (Geometridae: Ennominae)

citation:
Scoble, M.J. 1995. A review of the moth tribe Palyadini with the description of a new genus (Geometridae: Ennominae). Systematic Entomology 20: 35-58.


title:
Evolution of insect-plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits

abstract:
Co-adaptations, co-evolution, and co-speciation between herbivores and their host plants have been topics of interest for several decades. Difficulties in deciphering these relationships as well as physiological, biochemical, and ecological adaptations of herbivorous insects themselves are discussed here in relation to biotic and abiotic environmental factors that create temporal as well as spatial mosaics of genetic variation. Hybridization was shown in swallowtail butterflies (Papilio) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) to produce some trait concordance, but mostly independent geographic trait clines (physiological, biochemical, and morphological). Strong and extensive genetic introgression of Liriodendron tulipifera detoxification abilities was documented northward across the hybrid zone, presumably as a result of regional climate warming only during the last 3-4 years. These and other genetic novelties produced by hybridization may be important in speciation processes, and they also emphasize the difficulties identifying appropriate taxonomic classifications for discussing any species concept. Host plant detoxification abilities (as 'key innovations') are shown capable of rapid movement between different polyphagous herbivore species independently of the host plant availability and well beyond the insect species geographical range distribution. Part of the difficulty associated with ecologically categorizing herbivore species and identifying affiliated adaptations for host plant use may be related to independent movement of various 'species-diagnostic' traits. Climate-driven local selection regimes could help generate the dynamic variation observed for co-adapted, co-evolved, or non-adapted genotypes, and may produce the confusing and changing patterns of geographic mosaics seen within and among closely related herbivores. Experimental analyses of several factors that could explain the asymmetrical shapes of trait clines across the hybrid zone for tiger swallowtail butterflies are discussed.

citation:
Scriber, J.M. 2002. Evolution of insect-plant relationships: chemical constraints, coadaptation, and concordance of insect/plant traits.  Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 104:217-335.


author:
Sekiguchi, M.; Shinkawa, T.; Nakatani, T.; Kogure, M.

title:
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Erebia (Satyridae) of Japan

citation:
Sekiguchi, M., Shinkawa, T., Nakatani, T. and Kogure, M. 2000. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Erebia (Satyridae) of Japan. Butterflies 26: 14-21.


title:
Comparative morphological analysis of the structure of male genitalia in the family Lyonetiidae (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Seksjaeva, S.V. 1994. Comparative morphological analysis of the structure of male genitalia in the family Lyonetiidae (Lepidoptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 73: 716-722.


author:
Sequeira, A.S.; Lanteri, A.A.; Scataglini, M.A.; Confalonierie, V.A.; Farrell, B.D.

title:
Are flightless Galapaganus weevils older than the Galapagos Islands they inhabit?

citation:
Sequeira, A.S., Lanteri, A.A., Scataglini, M.A., Confalonierie, V.A. and Farrell, B.D. 2000. Are flightless Galapaganus weevils older than the Galapagos Islands they inhabit?. Heredity 85: 20-29.


title:
Evolutionary origins of Gondwanan interactions: How old are Araucaria beetle herbivores?

abstract:
Studies of a variety of phenomena, ranging from rates of molecular substitution to rates of diversification, draw on estimates of geological age. Studies incorporating estimates of timing from fossils or other geological evidence are largely of relatively young, Tertiary divergences, to which older systems may provide useful comparisons. One apparently old assemblage comprises the beetle groups associated with the ancient genus Araucaria that share comparable, ostensibly Gondwanan distributions with their host. Our previous studies suggested a possibly Cretaceous age for Araucaria associations in bark beetles. However, the absence of confirmed bark beetle fossils earlier than the Tertiary has been taken as evidence of Cretaceous absence, and their confirmed phylogenetic position within the primitively angiosperm-feeding weevil family rules out pre-angiosperm, Jurassic origins. Nevertheless, an early shift from angiosperms to Araucaria seemed plausible in the light of Araucaria fossil history which spans the Mesozoic since the Jurassic. To resolve the phylogenetic affinities and to estimate divergence times of the Australian and South American bark beetle genera affiliated with Araucaria we analysed DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genes: protein coding elongation factor alpha, enolase and cytochrome oxidase I. The most parsimonious reconstruction of the host relationships of Tomicini from the combined dataset corroborates the ancestral association with the genus Araucaria of both South American and Australian Tomicini. Bayesian estimation of divergence times indicates that the divergence between the Australian and the South American Araucaria-feeding taxa occurred at the very latest in the Cretaceous/Paleocene border and that the age of the first Scolytinae-Araucaria association would then be during the later stages of the Late Cretaceous, while other known beetle/Araucaria associations are Jurassic.

citation:
Sequeira, A.S. and Farrell, B.D. 2001. Evolutionary origins of Gondwanan interactions: How old are Araucaria beetle herbivores? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74: 459-474.


author:
Sequeira, A.S.; Normark, B.B.; Farrell, B.D.

title:
Evolutionary assembly of the conifer fauna: distinguishing ancient from recent associations in bark beetles

abstract:
Several shifts from ancestral conifer feeding to angiosperm feeding have been implicated in the unparalleled diversification of beetle species. The single largest angiosperm-feeding beetle clade occurs in the weevils, and comprises the family Curculionidae and relatives. Most authorities confidently place the bark beetles (Scolytidae) within this radiation of angiosperm feeders. However, some clues indicate that the association between conifers and some scolytids, particularly in the tribe Tomicini, is a very ancient one. For instance, several fragments of Gondwanaland (South America, New Caledonia, Australia and New Guinea) harbour endemic Tomicini specialized on members of the formerly widespread and abundant conifer family Araucariaceae. As a first step towards resolving this seeming paradox, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the beetle family Scolytidae with particularly intensive sampling of conifer-feeding Tomicini and allies. We sequenced and analysed elongation factor 1 alpha and nuclear rDNAs 18S and 28S for 45 taxa, using members of the weevil family Cossoninae as an out-group. Our results indicate that conifer feeding is the ancestral host association of scolytids, and that the most basal lineages of scolytids feed on Araucaria. If scolytids are indeed nested within a great angiosperm-feeding clade, as many authorities have held, then a reversion to conifer feeding in ancestral scolytids appears to have occurred in the Mesozoic, when Araucaria still formed a major component of the woody flora.

citation:
Sequeira, A.S., Normark, B.B. and Farrell, B.D. 2000. Evolutionary assembly of the conifer fauna: distinguishing ancient from recent associations in bark beetles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267: 2359-2366.


title:
Parematheudes, description and cladistic analysis of a new genus of African Peoriini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)

citation:
Shaffer, J.C. 1997. Parematheudes, description and cladistic analysis of a new genus of African Peoriini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae). Journal of African Zoology 111: 397-427.


title:
A preliminary revision and cladistic analysis of the Ethiopian species of Ematheudes (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae: Peoriini)

citation:
Shaffer, J.C. 1998. A preliminary revision and cladistic analysis of the Ethiopian species of Ematheudes (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae: Peoriini). Entomologica Scandinavica 28: 403-444.


author:
Shaposhnikov, G.; Kuznetsova, V.; Stekolshchikov, A.

title:
Evolutionary tendencies and system of Aphididae

journal:
Aphids in natural and managed ecosystems. (Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Aphids, September 15th - 19th, 1997)

citation:
Shaposhnikov, G., Kuznetsova, V. and Stekolshchikov, A. 1998. Evolutionary tendencies and system of Aphididae. Pp. 481-487 in: Nieto-Nafria, J.M. and Dixon, A.F.G. [eds.], Aphids in natural and managed ecosystems. (Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Aphids, September 15th - 19th, 1997). Universidad de Leon, Leon.


author:
Shimada, T.; Kurimoto, Y.; Kobayashi, M.

title:
Phylogenetic relationship of silkmoths inferred from sequence data of the arylophorin gene

citation:
Shimada, T., Kurimoto, Y. and Kobayashi, M. 1995. Phylogenetic relationship of silkmoths inferred from sequence data of the arylophorin gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4: 223-234.


title:
Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple gains or losses of ant mutualism within the aphid genus Chaitophorus

abstract:
Mutualism with ants is suspected to be a highly labile trait within homopteran evolution. We used molecular phylogenetic evidence to test whether the mutualism has multiple origins within a single aphid genus. We constructed a molecular phylogeny of 15 Chaitophorus Koch (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) species, using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II sequences. Ant tending evolved, or was lost, at least five times during Chaitophorus evolution. Parametric bootstrapping rejected the hypothesis of a single origin of ant tending in this genus. Further, the Chaitophorus made at least two host genus switches from poplars (Populus) to willow (Salix), and four switches in feeding position, from leaf feeding to stem feeding or vice versa. This is the first phylogenetic confirmation that ant tending is an evolutionarily labile trait in aphids.

citation:
Shingleton, A.W. and Stern, D.L. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple gains or losses of ant mutualism within the aphid genus Chaitophorus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 26-35.


title:
Phylogeny and biogeography of Euphyes Scudder (Hesperiidae)

citation:
Shuey, J.A. 1994. Phylogeny and biogeography of Euphyes Scudder (Hesperiidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 47: 261-278.


title:
Phylogeny and tribal classification of Sterrhinae with emphasis on delimiting Scopulini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

abstract:
The phylogenetic relationships of tribes of the geometrid subfamily Sterrhinae (Lepidoptera) were studied, with special emphasis on finding delimiting characters for the tribe Scopulini. Two cladistic analyses were conducted for fifty-nine species representing all previously recognized Sterrhinae tribes and covering the geographical range of the subfamily. In the first analysis, twelve putative synapomorphies of Scopulini, taken from the literature, were coded for actual specimens in order to test their ability to support the monophyly of the group. The resulting strict consensus cladogram was totally unresolved. In the second analysis, the twelve characters were combined with additional information from the morphology and ecology of adults and immature stages. Analysis of these ninety-six characters resulted in a well-resolved cladogram. The tribes were found to be monophyletic, except Cosymbiini and Rhodostrophiini. There are two main lineages within Sterrhinae: Cosymbiini + Rhodometrini + Timandrini and Rhodostrophiini + Cyllopodini + Sterrhini + Scopulini. Aletini and Problepsini lay within the concept of Scopulini. The association of the included Larentiinae taxa with the Cosymbiini + Rhodometrini + Timandrini lineage questions the monophyly of Sterrhinae. A majority of the recovered synapomorphic characters had been recognized previously, but several new phylogenetically informative characters were found, especially from the thorax. No unique characters diagnosing the tribe Scopulini were found, but many homoplastic synapomorphic features were found which diagnose parts of it. All recognized Sterrhinae genera are assigned tentatively to tribes and problematic cases are discussed.

citation:
Sihvonen, P. and Kaila, L. 2004. Phylogeny and tribal classification of Sterrhinae with emphasis on delimiting Scopulini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Systematic Entomology 29: 324-358.


title:
On the system and phylogeny of the Gelechioidea s.l. (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Sinev, S. 1992. On the system and phylogeny of the Gelechioidea s.l. (Lepidoptera). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 71: 143-159.


title:
A genus level revision of western hemisphere Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) with keys to species

citation:
Slater, A. 1992. A genus level revision of western hemisphere Lygaeinae (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) with keys to species. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 55: 1-56.


author:
Slater, J.A.; Sweet, M.H.; Brailovsky, H.

title:
Two new species of Slaterobius Harrington with comments on the ecology and distribution of the genus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

citation:
Slater, J.A., Sweet, M.H. and Brailovsky, H. 1993. Two new species of Slaterobius Harrington with comments on the ecology and distribution of the genus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 95: 590-602.


title:
A monographic revision of the genus Platycoelia Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini)

journal:
Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum

abstract:
This paper presents a taxonomic revision of the genus Platycoelia Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini: Platycoeliina). Phylogenetic analyses of all species in the genus were conducted and the biogeography of the genus is discussed. The phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of Platycoelia and divides the genus into four major clades. Based on the cladistic analysis, the generic names Callichioris Burmeister, Leucopelaea Bates, and Epicallichloris Gutierrez are considered synonyms of Platycoelia. Character states supporting monophyletic clades are discussed. Descriptions and keys to all taxa are included. The genus Platycoelia was revised and now includes 62 species, 19 of which are described as new. The new species are: P. aenigma, P. altiplana, P. butleri, P. convexa, P. flavohumeralis, P. furva, P. galerana, P. grandicula, P. hiporum, P. ignota, P. inca, P. insolita, P. interstincta, P. meridensis, P. paucarae, P. peruviana, P. pusilla, P. sandia, P. traceyae. The following species group names are placed in synonymy: P. boliviensis Blanchard (P. pomacea Erichson), P. brasiliensis Ohaus (= P. pomacea Erichson), P. limbata Ohaus (P. prasina Erichson), P. nigricauda Bates (P. parva Kirsch), P. proseni Martinez (P. burmeisteri Arrow), P. pulchrior Ohaus (P. chrysotina Ohaus), P. tucumana Ohaus (P. inflata Ohaus). Lectotypes were selected for the following names: Callichloris baessleri Ohaus, C. bocki Ohaus, C. helleri Ohaus, C. signaticollis Burmeister, Leucopelaea baronis Ohaus, Melolontha flavostriata Latreille, P. abdominalis Ohaus, P. alternans Erichson, P. boliviensis Blanchard, P. burmeisteri Arrow, P. burmeisteri Ohaus, P. chrysotina Ohaus, P. confluens Ohaus, P. flavoscutellata Ohaus, P. forcipalis Ohaus, P. gaujoni Ohaus, P. hirta Ohaus, P. humeralis Bates, P. inflata Ohaus, P. inflata tucumana Ohaus, P. intermedia Ohaus, P. laevis Burmeister, P. limbata Ohaus, P. lutescens Blanchard, P. marginata Burmeister, P. mesosternalis Ohaus, P. nervosa Kirsch, P. nigrocauda Bates, P. nigrosternalis Ohaus, P. occidentalis Ohaus, P. olivacea Blanchard, P. parva Kirsch, P. pomacea Erichson, P. pomacea brasiliensis Ohaus, P. prasina Erichson, P. pulchrior Ohaus. P. puncticollis Ohaus, P. quadrilineata Burmeister, P. rufosignata Ohaus, P. scutellata Guerin-Meneville, P. simplicior Ohaus, P. steinheili Ohaus, P. tschudii Ohaus, P. unguicularis Ohaus, P. valida Burmeister, P. variolosa Ohaus, P. wallisi Ohaus. Neotypes were designated for Callichloris alticola Gutierrez and Callichioris laelaps Gutierrez.

citation:
Smith, A.BT. 2003. A monographic revision of the genus Platycoelia Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 15: 1-202.


title:
Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Central American endemic genus Phalangogonia Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini)

abstract:
Phalangogonia Burmeister is revised and now includes eight species: P. dispar Ohaus, P. jamesonae, sp.n., P. lacordairei Bates, P. obesa Burmeister, P. parilis Bates, P. punctata Franz, P. ratcliffei, sp.n. and P. sperata Sharp. Phalangogonia debilidens Ohaus is placed in synonymy with P. sperata. Lectotypes are designated for the following nominal species: P. dispar Ohaus, P. lacordairei Bates, P. parilis Bates and P. championi Bates. Neotypes are designated for: P. obesa Burmeister, P. sperata Sharp, P. stipes Sharp and P. debilidens Ohaus. A cladistic analysis of the species of Phalangogonia was executed using thirty-two morphological characters of adults.

citation:
Smith, A.B.T. and Moron, M.A. 2003. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Central American endemic genus Phalangogonia Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anoplognathini). Systematic Entomology 28: 323-338.


title:
Phylogeny of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II

abstract:
Despite a considerable literature describing the biology of flies in the tephritid genus Rhagoletis, the phylogenetic relationships of the more than 60 species classified within the genus are not well resolved. Knowledge of these relationships is important, not only in terms of obtaining information that will be useful for the control of Rhagoletis where it is an agricultural pest, but also in determining what role host plant shifts have played in the generation of Rhagoletis species diversity, a focal point in debate over the role of sympatric speciation in the evolutionary process. In this paper, the phylogenetic history of 28 Rhagoletis species and 6 species in related tephritid genera is inferred from nucleotide sequences of subunit II of the; mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene and the adjacent tRNALeu/COII intergenic region. Analyses of the data using distance and character-state approaches suggest the following: (i) the genus Rhagoletis as currently defined is not monophyletic; (ii) the 5 predominantly North American Rhagoletis species groups do constitute a monophyletic assemblage; (iii) the North American species groups form 2 clades, 1 consisting of taxa in the R. pomonella and R. tabellaria species groups (plus R. fausta), and the other consisting of taxa in the R. ribicola, R. cingulata, and R.; suavis species groups; and (iv) the origin(s) of the North American species groups is obscure, as evidenced by the recovery of clades containing both; Palearctic and Neotropical taxa. Areas of congruence and conflict with published phylogenies of Rhagoletis are examined and, while many areas of conflict may be due to an insufficient number of characters or incomplete taxon sampling, we cannot discount the possibility that real differences exist between the Rhagoletis mitochondrial DNA gene tree and the Rhagoletis species tree.

citation:
Smith, J.J. and Bush, G.L. 1997. Phylogeny of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 7: 33-43.


author:
Smith, P.T.; Kambhampati, S.; Armstrong, K.A.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

abstract:
Several members of the dipteran family Tephritidae are serious pests because females lay eggs in ripening fruit. The genus Bactrocera is one of the largest within the family with over 500 described species arranged in 28 subgenera. The phylogenetic relationships among the various species and subgenera, and the monophyly of specific groups have not been examined using a rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships among 24 Bactrocera species belonging to 9 subgenera were inferred from DNA sequence of portions of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase II, tRNALys, and tRNAAsp genes. Two morphological characters that traditionally have been used to define the four groups within the subgenus Bactrocera were evaluated in a phylogenetic context by mapping the character states onto the parsimony tree. In addition, the evolutionary trend in male-lure response was evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Maximum parsimony analyses suggested the following relationships: (1) the genus Bactrocera is monophyletic, (2) the subgenus B. (Zeugodacus) is paraphyletic, (3) the subgenus B. (Daculus) is a sister group to subgenus B. (Bactrocera), and (4) the subgenus B. (Bactrocera) is monophyletic. The mapping analyses suggested that the morphological characters exhibit a simple evolutionary transition from one character state to another. Male-lure response was identified as being a labile behavior that has been lost on multiple occasions. Cue-lure response was plesiomorphic to methyl-eugenol response, and the latter has evolved independently within the Bactrocera and Zeugodacus groups of subgenera. The implications of our results for devising a coherent, consolidated classification for Bactrocera is discussed.

citation:
Smith, P.T., Kambhampati, S. and Armstrong, K.A. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26: 8-17.


author:
Smith, P.T.; McPheron, B.A.; Kambhampati, S.

title:
Phylogenetic analysis of mitchondrial DNA supports the monophyly of Dacini fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

abstract:
The tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) currently consists of approximate to40 genera and 1,000 described species. Among others, it includes the genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Dacus, all of which are pests of agricultural importance because they oviposit in ripening fruit. Although previous studies, based on morphological and molecular data, suggested that the members of Dacini are monophyletic, no extensive molecular phylogenetic studies have been published on Bactrocera, Ceratitis, or Dacus. Therefore, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 34 tephritid taxa, including 16 species of the tribe Dacini, utilizing 1,391 bp from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase II + tRNA(Lys) + tRN(Asp) genes. Combined maximum parsimony analysis suggested the following with strong quantitative support: (1) the subfamilies Tephritinae and Trypetinae are monophyletic, (2) Dacini is monophyletic, and (3) members of the subtribe Dacina are monophyletic. In addition, Ceratitidina +; Gastrozonina are basal to Dacina. Within Dacina, Dacus and Bactrocera were each monophyletic. The results obtained here are generally    congruent with those based on morphology.

citation:
Smith, P.T., McPheron, B.A. and Kambhampati, S. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of mitchondrial DNA supports the monophyly of Dacini fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 658-664.


title:
A phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the genera of the Pococera complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae)

citation:
Solis, M.A. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the genera of the Pococera complex (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 101: 1-83.


title:
Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Crambidae (Pyraloidea Lepidoptera)

abstract:
The phylogenetic relationships among 17 subfamilies of Crambidae are investigated using adult characters and parsimony. The morphological evidence on subfamilies of Crambidae is reviewed, and the validity of morphological characters traditionally used to define taxa and determine relationships are reviewed and discussed. Three new genital characters are utilized in the analysis. The results indicate monophyly of one group of subfamilies, herein called the pyraustine group. The spilomeline group of subfamilies is basal and paraphyletic to the better-supported pyraustine group. Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae, two subfamilies historically believed to be closely related, are widely separated. Evidence suggests Pyraustinae, Odontiinae, Evergestinae, and Glaphyriinae are paraphyletic with respect to each other, and upon further study at lower taxonomic levels should be redefined as one subfamily. Results do not support a close relationship between Dichogaminae and Glaphyriinae.

citation:
Solis, M.A. and Maes, K.VN. 2003. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Crambidae (Pyraloidea Lepidoptera). Belgian Journal of Entomology 4: 53-95.


title:
Contribution towards the study of the Pyralinae (Pyralidae): historical review, morphology, and nomenclature

citation:
Solis, M.A. and Shaffer, M. 1999. Contribution towards the study of the Pyralinae (Pyralidae): historical review, morphology, and nomenclature. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 53: 1-10.


title:
Revision and phylogenetic analysis of Accinctapubes Solis (Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae) with a larval description of an avocado-feeding species

abstract:
Accinctapubes Solis from the tropical Western Hemisphere is revised. Four species of Accinctapubes with overlapping distributions are recognized: the type species, A. albifasciata (Druce), A. apicalis (Schaus), A. chionophoralis (Hampson), and from Costa Rica A. amplissima Solis & Styer, new species. Stericta leucoplagialis var. purusalis is a new synonym of A. albifasciata. Accinctapubes anthimusalis (Schaus) is transferred to Quadraforma Solis, new combination. The larva of A. albifasciata that feeds on avocado is described and illustrated for the first time. A dichotomous key for the species is presented. A phylogenetic analysis of 17 morphological characters resulted in one tree with a consistency index of 0.89.

citation:
Solis, M.A. and Styer, L. 2003. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of Accinctapubes Solis (Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae) with a larval description of an avocado-feeding species. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57: 121-136.


title:
Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the New World genus Oneida Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae), description of a new genus and comments on the coding of scale color characters

citation:
Solis, M.A. 1991. Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the New World genus Oneida Hulst (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae), description of a new genus and comments on the coding of scale color characters. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 93: 808-827.


title:
Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea)

citation:
Solis, M.A. and Mitter, C. 1992. Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Systematic Entomology 17: 79-90.


title:
Taxonomy and phylogeny of the New Zealand longicorn beetle genus Calliprason White (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)

abstract:
The New Zealand cerambycid genus Calliprason White is revised, the scope of this genus is redefined, and all species are redescribed. Four monotypic genera, Stenopotes Pascoe, Drotus Sharp, Pseudocalliprason Broun, and Epheus Broun, are synonymised with Calliprason. As a result of this revision, the number of species in Calliprason has increased to five. A key to the five species is given. Terminalia of both sexes are illustrated and described. Cladistic analysis suggests that the revised Calliprason is a monophyletic genus supported by 15 synapomorphies. Subdivisions of species groups are discussed. This genus is mainly distributed in the North Island of New Zealand with some representatives in the South Island and the Chatham Islands.

citation:
Song, D. and Wang, Q. 2001. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the New Zealand longicorn beetle genus Calliprason White (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 15: 53-71.


title:
Systematics of the longicorn beetle genus Coptomma Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)

abstract:
Longicorn beetles of the New Zealand genus Coptomma Newman are associated with a wide range of both native and exotic tree genera and are of some economic importance in forestry and horticulture because they kill leading shoots and degrade sawn timber. In this paper, the genus is revised and its scope is redefined. The genus Navomorpha White is synonymised with Coptomma. Two species, N. textorium and N. philpotti, are synonymised with Coptomma lineatum (Fabricius). A new species, C. marrisi, is described for Coptomma. All known species are redescribed. As a result of this revision, the present number of species in Coptomma has increased to five: C. variegatum, C. lineatum, C. sulcatum, C. sticticum and C. marrisi. A key to species is given. Terminalia of both sexes are illustrated and described. The phylogeny of species is analysed cladistically and the monophyly of the genus is confirmed. Coptomma is widely distributed on the North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Three Kings Islands of New Zealand. Known biology is noted for each species. The distribution of each species is mapped and discussed.

citation:
Song, D. and Wang, Q. 2003. Systematics of the longicorn beetle genus Coptomma Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 429-447.


title:
Revision of the alutacea group of genus Schistocerca (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae)

abstract:
The North American Alutacea Group of the genus Schistocerca is revised based on phylogenetic analysis and morphological comparison. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Schistocerca alutacea sensu Dirsh is paraphyletic because S. alutacea albolineata sensu Dirsh is sister to S. obscura. Here, I recognize the monophyletic alutacea Group consisting of six species: S. alutacea, S. rubiginosa, S. lineata, S. shoshone, S. albolineata, and S. obscura. Previous taxonomic confusion on these species is discussed, and their taxonomic ranks are accordingly raised from subspecies to species level. Neotypes of S, alutacea and S. rubiginosa are designated, and S. insignis is synonymized under S. albolineata syn. nov. Also, I argue for the validity of the name S. lineata and discuss the previous misapplication of nomenclature. Discussion of color variation and an identification key for all North American Schistocerca species are presented.

citation:
Song, H. 2004. Revision of the alutacea group of genus Schistocerca (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 420-436.


title:
On the origin of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae)

journal:
Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B

abstract:
The locust genus Schistocerca (Stal) has a transatlantic disjunction, which has been controversial for more than a century. Among 50 species within the genus, only one species, the desert locust (S. gregaria Forskal), occurs in the Old World, and the rest occur in the New World. Earlier taxonomists suggested that the desert locust is a migrant from America, but this view was strongly challenged when a large swarm of the desert locust successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the West Indies in 1988. The currently accepted view, supported by this incident, is that the New World species are descendants of a gregaria-like ancestor, and the desert locust would be ancestral to the rest of the genus. However, there is surprisingly little evidence to support this view other than the 1988 swarm. I present the most comprehensive phylogenetic study that suggests that the desert locust originated from the New World, contrary to the accepted view. I also present a hypothesis about how the ancestral Schistocerca might have colonized the New World in the first place in light of phylogenetic relationships with other cyrtacanthacridine genera.

citation:
Song, H. 2004. On the origin of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Cyrtacanthacridinae). Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 271: 1641-1648.


title:
A revision of the aphid genus Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae: Lachninae): its ecological associations with, and evolution on, Pinaceae hosts

abstract:
This revision recgnizes 13 species, 2 subspecies, and 3 subgenera of Essigella aphids of the lachnine subtribe Essigella...; A phylogenetic tree for the genus is reviewed; that estimate, which used Pseudoessigella as a outgroup and employs evolutionary quantitative genetic rationales, was produced using discriminant function analysis and a maximum-likelihood networking algorithm, because conventional cladistic characters were inadequate within the genus.  The phylogeny is corroborated because it closely reflects the genetic relationships of the aphid's Pinaceae hosts, and their biogeographic origins.  Essigella appear to have evolved with their hosts, or in a resource-tracking fashion, and seem to display instances of character-displacement among closely related species in (or near) sympatry, presumably as a result of competition of their host pines as resources.

citation:
Sorensen, J.T. 1994. A revision of the aphid genus Essigella (Homoptera: Aphididae: Lachninae): its ecological associations with, and evolution on, Pinaceae hosts. Pan Pacific Entomologist 70: 1-102.


title:
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Donacia (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Japan, based on mitochondrial gene sequences

citation:
Sota, T. and Hayashi, M. 2004. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Donacia (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) in Japan, based on mitochondrial gene sequences. Pp. 105-116 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
A phylogenetic and geotectonic scenario to explain the biogeography of the Lophopidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha)

citation:
Soulier-Perkins, A. 2000. A phylogenetic and geotectonic scenario to explain the biogeography of the Lophopidae (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 160: 239-254.


title:
The phylogeny of the Lophopidae and the impact of sexual selection and coevolutionary sexual conflict

abstract:
A cladistic analysis of Lophopidae was performed, using 73 observed morphological characters and 41 taxa. This analysis involved 36 genera belonging to the Lophopidae family and 5 outgroups. For a better understanding of the selected characters some illustrations are provided. The most parsimonious cladograms obtained show that the Lophopidae cannot be considered as a monophyletic lineage unless two genera are withdrawn from this family: Hesticus Walker, 1862, and Silvanana Metcalf, 1947. The systematic position of these two genera remains uncertain. They cannot yet be included in another family of Fulgoromorpha. A cladistic analysis of each of the 19 remaining Fulgoromorphan families must be performed first. A new family could be created for these two genera, but not before we are sure that these two genera are in no way members of an existing family. The outgroup problem is discussed. The monophyletic lineage represented by the Lophopidae can be divided into four natural groups: Carriona+, Makota+, Sarebasa+, and Bisma+. When a cladistic analysis is completed using a data matrix without characters linked to females, the cladogram obtained presents a disrupted basal resolution. Female characters appear to bring a phylogenetic signal important basally in the evolution of the Lophopidae but also apically, directly between the relationships of some genera. A similar analysis, using a matrix without characters linked to males, provides a phylogeny disrupted between the groups that form the Lophopidae and in the basal resolution in these groups. The respective impacts of the genitalic characters are discussed in relation to sexual selection conflict.

citation:
Soulier-Perkins, A. 2001. The phylogeny of the Lophopidae and the impact of sexual selection and coevolutionary sexual conflict. Cladistics 17: 56-78.


title:
Vicariance events in the biogeographical history of Panscopus Schonherr weevils in North America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)

citation:
Spanton, T.G. 1994. Vicariance events in the biogeographical history of Panscopus Schonherr weevils in North America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Canadian Entomologist 126: 457-470.


title:
The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera)

citation:
Speidel, W., Fanger, H. and Naumann, C.M. 1996. The phylogeny of the Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). Systematic Entomology 21: 219-251.


title:
Phylogenetic aspects in the higher classification of the subfamily Catocalinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

citation:
Speidel, W. and Naumann, C.M. 1995. Phylogenetic aspects in the higher classification of the subfamily Catocalinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Beitr. Ent. 45: 109-118.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA variation and Haldane's rule in the Papilio glaucus and P. troilus species groups

citation:
Sperling, F.AH. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA variation and Haldane's rule in the Papilio glaucus and P. troilus species groups. Heredity 71: 227-233.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Papilio machaon species group (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

citation:
Sperling, F.AH. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Papilio machaon species group (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 165: 233-242.


title:
Umbellifer and composite feeding in Papilio: phylogenetic frameworks and constraints on caterpillars

abstract:
Studies of larval feeding by swallowtails (Papilionidae) on umbellifers (Apiaceae) and composites (Asteraceae) have contributed substantially to our understanding of plant-insect interactions. We reassess the reliability of the underlying host-association records and reinterpret them in light of new information on the phylogenetic relationships of the butterflies.  Despite records originally indicating wider use of these two host families, larval feeding by only 10 species of Papilio has been reported on umbellifers in the field.  One species, P. machaon, also feeds on composites under natural conditions and the shift to composite feeding has probably occurred recently.  The distribution of angular furanocoumarins in Papilio host plants suggests that the ability to tolerate these compounds evolved efore the diversification of the P. machaon species group.  This ability is probably now a labile trait in all descendent species.  Phylogenetic relationships of Papilio species are discussed both as tests of evolutionary hypotheses and as guides to future research

citation:
Sperling, F.A.H. and Feeny, P. 1995. Umbellifer and composite feeding in Papilio: phylogenetic frameworks and constraints on caterpillars. Pp. 299-306 in: Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. and Lederhouse, R.C. [eds.], Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Washington etc..


title:
Mitochondrial DNA variation within and between species of the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies

citation:
Sperling, F.A.H. and Harrison, R.G. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA variation within and between species of the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies. Evolution 48: 408-422.


title:
Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the spruce budworm species complex (Choristoneura: Lepidoptera)

citation:
Sperling, F.A.H. and Hickey, D.A. 1994. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in the spruce budworm species complex (Choristoneura: Lepidoptera). Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 656-665.


title:
The phylogenetic relationships of seven European Ips (Scolytidae, Ipinae) species

citation:
Stauffer, C., Lakatos, F. and Hewitt, G.M. 1997. The phylogenetic relationships of seven European Ips (Scolytidae, Ipinae) species. Insect Molecular Biology 6: 233-240.


title:
Biochemical systematics and population genetics of Anastrepha fraterculus and related species (Diptera: Tephritidae)

abstract:
Isozyme analysis of eight populations of the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), from a large portion of its geographic range revealed sharp genetic discontinuities among populations.  Populations from northeastern Brazil, coastal Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Mexico were all very similar.  Populations from southern Brazil, Andean Venezuela, and Peru were genetically distinct from the first group and possibly from each other as well.  Comparable analysis of populations of Anastrepha obliqua (Maquart), A. distincta Greene, and A. striata Schiner over similar geographic ranges showed much lower intraspecific differentiation.  These results provide strong evidence that a complex of cryptic species is included in the nominal species A. fraterculus.  Cryptic species in this complex probably are not monophyletic.

citation:
Steck, G.J. 1991. Biochemical systematics and population genetics of Anastrepha fraterculus and related species (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84: 10-28.

host taxa:
Myrtaceae; Anacardiaceae; Combretaceae; Fabaceae; Psidium


title:
Phylogenetic relations and systematic position of the family Lemoniidae (Lepidoptera) with reference to the structure of the skeleton and muscles of male genitalia

abstract:
Muscles of male genitalia of 2 species of the genus Lemonia H.-S., L. dumi L. and L. balcanica H.-S., were investigated. New synapomorphies of Lemoniidae and Lasiocampidae were found: character of the gnatho-uncal articulation and reduction of m2. A new autapomorphy of the family Lemoniidae, the attachment of m4 to intravalar fold below gnathos, was also found. Close phylogenetic relationship between Lemoniidae and Lasiocampidae and correctness of the inclusion of the Lemoniidae in the superfamily Lasiocampoidea were confirmed.

citation:
Stekolnikov, A.A. and Zolotukhin, V.V. 2002. Phylogenetic relations and systematic position of the family Lemoniidae (Lepidoptera) with reference to the structure of the skeleton and muscles of male genitalia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 81: 693-701, 781.


title:
The species complex of aphids closely related to Dysaphis devecta (Walker) (Homoptera, Aphididae): attempt of phylogenetic analysis

citation:
Stekolshchikov, A.V. and Lobanov, A.L. 2002. The species complex of aphids closely related to Dysaphis devecta (Walker) (Homoptera, Aphididae): attempt of phylogenetic analysis. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 296: 135-142.


title:
A phylogenetic analysis of soldier evolution in the aphid family Hormaphididae

citation:
Stern, D.L. 1994. A phylogenetic analysis of soldier evolution in the aphid family Hormaphididae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 256: 203-209.


title:
Phylogenetic evidence that aphids, rather than plants, determine gall morphology

abstract:
Many diverse taxa have evolved independently the habit of living in plant galls. For all but some viral galls, it is unknown whether plants produce galls as a specialized plant reaction to certain types of herbivory, or whether herbivores direct gall development. Here I present a phylogenetic analysis of gall-forming cerataphidine aphids which demonstrates that gall morphology is extremely conservative with respect to aphid phylogeny, but variable with respect to plant taxonomy. In addition, the phylogeny reveals at least three host plant switches where the aphids produce galls most similar to the galls of their closest relatives, rather than galls similar to the galls of aphids already present on the host plant. These results suggest that aphids determine the details of gall morphology essentially extending their phenotype to include plant material. Based on this and other evidence, I suggest that the aphids and other galling insects manipulate latent plant developmental programmes to produce modified atavistic plant morphologies rather than create new forms de novo.

citation:
Stern, D.L. 1995. Phylogenetic evidence that aphids, rather than plants, determine gall morphology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 260: 85-89.


title:
Phylogeny of the tribe Cerataphidini (Homoptera) and the evolution of the horned soldier aphids

citation:
Stern, D.L. 1998. Phylogeny of the tribe Cerataphidini (Homoptera) and the evolution of the horned soldier aphids. Evolution 52: 155-165.


title:
Determining aphid taxonomic affinities and life cycles with molecular data: a case study of the tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphididae: Aphidoidea: Hemiptera)

citation:
Stern, D.L., Aoki, S. and Kurosu, U. 1997. Determining aphid taxonomic affinities and life cycles with molecular data: a case study of the tribe Cerataphidini (Hormaphididae: Aphidoidea: Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 22: 81-96.


title:
Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the Australian genus Putoniessa Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Cicadelloidea: Cicadellidae)

citation:
Stevens, M.M. 1994. Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the Australian genus Putoniessa Kirkaldy (Hemiptera: Cicadelloidea: Cicadellidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 1037-1115.


author:
Stoetzel, M.B.; Jensen, A.S.; Miller, G.L.

title:
Reevaluation of the genus Hyalomyzus Richards with the description of two new species (Homoptera: Aphididae)

citation:
Stoetzel, M.B., Jensen, A.S. and Miller, G.L. 1999. Reevaluation of the genus Hyalomyzus Richards with the description of two new species (Homoptera: Aphididae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 488-513.


title:
The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype

abstract:
Galls are highly specialized plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism. The most complex and diverse galls are those induced on oak trees by gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), each species inducing a characteristic gall structure. Debate continues over the possible adaptive significance of gall structural traits; some protect the gall inducer from attack by natural enemies, although the adaptive significance of others remains undemonstrated. Several gall traits are shared by groups of oak gallwasp species. It remains unknown whether shared traits represent (i) limited divergence from a shared ancestral gall form, or (ii) multiple cases of independent evolution. Here we map gall character states onto a molecular phylogeny of the oak cynipid genus Andricus, and demonstrate three features of the evolution of gall structure: (ii) closely related species generally induce galls of similar structure; (ii) despite this general pattern, closely related species can induce markedly different galls; and (iii) several ; gall traits (the presence of many larval chambers in a single gall structure, surface resins, surface spines and internal air spaces) of demonstrated or suggested adaptive value to the gallwasp have evolved repeatedly. We discuss these results in the light of existing hypotheses on the adaptive significance of gall structure.

citation:
Stone, G.N. and Cook, J.M. 1998. The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265: 979-988.


title:
Revision and cladistic analysis of the plant bug genus Fingulus Distant (Heteroptera: Miridae: Deraeocorinae)

citation:
Stonedahl, G.M. and Cassis, G. 1991. Revision and cladistic analysis of the plant bug genus Fingulus Distant (Heteroptera: Miridae: Deraeocorinae). American Museum Novitates 3028: 1-55.


title:
Taxonomie und Phylogenie der westpalaarktischen Arten der Gattung Kyklioacalles g. n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae)

journal:
Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie)

citation:
Stuben, P.E. 1999. Taxonomie und Phylogenie der westpalaarktischen Arten der Gattung Kyklioacalles g. n. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde Serie A (Biologie) 584: 1-38.


title:
Phylogenie der endemischen Taxa des Genus Acalles von den Kanarischen Inseln (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Cryptorhynchinae-Studie 12

citation:
Stueben, P.E. 2000. Phylogenie der endemischen Taxa des Genus Acalles von den Kanarischen Inseln (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Cryptorhynchinae-Studie 12. Snudebiller 1: 287-292.


title:
Revision des Genus Kyklioacalles und Beschreibung der Untergattung Palaeoacalles subg. n. unter Heranziehung phylogenetischer, morphogenetischer und biogeographischer Aspekte. (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae)

abstract:
Revision of the genus Kyklioacalles and description of Palaeoacalles subg. nov. in consideration of phylogenetical, morphogenetical and biogeographical aspects (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with 327 colour photographies, 6 SEM photos, 54 drawings, 28 plates, 28 distribution maps and 1 video sequence. Kyklioacalles astragals sp.n. (Spain: Sierra Baza), Kyklioacalles erinaceus sp.n. (Spain: Sierra de Gudar), Kyklioacalles euphorbiophilus sp.n. (Morocco: High Atlas), Kyklioacalles reginae sp.n. (Spain: Sierra de Gudar) and Kyklioacalles yestensis sp.n. (Spain: Sierra de Segura) are described and distinguished from other species of the genus. Description of Palaeoacalles subg. n. with the species Kyklioacalles roboris (Curtis 1834) (type species: Acalles roboris Curtis 1834) and Kyklioacalles navieresi (Boheman 1837) resyn. Lectotypes are designated for Acalles apogeus Peyerimhoff 1925 (Kyklioacalles apogeus), Acalles roboris Curtis 1834, Acalles navieresi Boheman 1837 and Acalles abstersus Boheman 1837. The following synonym is established: Kyklioacalles fausti (Meyer 1896) = Acalles roboris monstrosus Frieser 1955 syn.n.. Relevant external characters and the male genitalia of all discussed taxa are illustrated by digital photographs and SEMphotographs. Moreover, maps of distribution and a new diagnostic key allow the identification of all species of Kyklioacalles Stuben 1999. The results of the cladistical and phylogenetical analysis of the Kyklioacalles species from 1999 are verified by 1. morphogenesis of the structure of the internal sack of the aedeagus, 2. biogeography of the species and 3. phylogenesis of the species based on ecological results, their host-plant interaction and the evolutionary host-plant change of Kyklioacalles species.

citation:
Stueben, P.E. 2003. Revision des Genus Kyklioacalles und Beschreibung der Untergattung Palaeoacalles subg. n. unter Heranziehung phylogenetischer, morphogenetischer und biogeographischer Aspekte. (Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae). Snudebiller 4: 116-166.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the Australian Glyphodes Guenee and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Crambidae; Spilomelinae)

abstract:
The result of a cladistic analysis of the Australian Glyphodes Guenee and its allied genera based on adult morphology is presented. The maximum parsimony analysis resulted in 12 most parsimonious trees (length=123, Ci=0.73, and Ri=0.89). The genus Glyphodes falls into three monophyletic groups (Glyphodes group 1, 2 and 3); each of these can be diagnosed by adult morphology. Glyphodes as currently recognized cannot be diagnosed as a single monophyletic unit and Dysallacta is not monophyletic but subordinate within Glyphodes group 1. The analysis showed that Agrioglypta and Talanga together form a monophyletic group, with Agrioglypta being a paraphyletic in term of Talanga.

citation:
Sutrisno, H. 2002. Cladistic analysis of the Australian Glyphodes Guenee and allied genera (Lepidoptera: Crambidae; Spilomelinae). Entomological Science 5: 457-467.


title:
A preliminary study on relationships among selected Australian members of the tribe Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae)

abstract:
A preliminary study was conducted on phylogenetic relationships among some selected genera of the Australian Spilomelini, focusing on relationships among the Australian Glyphodes group (Glyphodes Guenee, 1854, Dysallacta Lederer, 1863, Talanga Moore, 1885 and Agrioglypta Meyrick, 1932) and the 17 genera which are morphologically similar to it. Representatives of three genera of the Pyarustini were used as outgroups. Cladistic analysis of morphological data from the adult moths produced 10 equally MP trees (length=221, CI=0.294, and RI=0.608). The clade formed by the 21 selected genera of the Australian Spilomelini had low bootstrap support even though a good apomorphy supported the monophyly of this group, namely, a strong, bilobed praecinctorium of abdominal tympanal organs. The analysis showed that the Glyphodes group is not monophyletic because the genus Chrysothyridia Snellen appears within it in the 10 MP trees. The concept of the Glyphodes group should be expanded to include Chrysothyridia and also the Synclera Zeller and Didymostoma (Walker) since the Synclera+Didymostoma clade, as the hypothesised sister group of the Glyphodes group, is not sufficiently supported as a separate monophyletic group. The analysis also showed that genus Glyphodes is not a monophyletic group, while Metallarcha Meyrick is a monophyletic group.

citation:
Sutrisno, H. 2002. A preliminary study on relationships among selected Australian members of the tribe Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Pyraustinae). Zoological Science (Tokyo) 19: 915-929.


title:
The systematic position of the subfamily Aulacoscelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

citation:
Suzuki, K. 1994. The systematic position of the subfamily Aulacoscelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pp. 45-59 in: Furth, D.G. [ed.], Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the Chrysomelidae, Beijing, 1992. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
Phylogeny and host-plant association in the leaf beetle genus Trirhabda LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
The leaf beetle genus Trirhabda contains 26 described species from the United States and Canada, feeding on host plants from the families Asteraceae and Hydrophyllaceae. In this study, we present a phylogeny for the genus that was reconstructed from mitochondrial COI and 12S rRNA fragments, nuclear ITS2 rRNA, and morphological characters. Both parsimony and mixed-model Bayesian likelihood analyses were performed. Under both methods, the mitochondrial and nuclear partitions support the same backbone phylogeny, as do the combined data. The utility of the molecular data is contrasted with the low phylogenetic signal among morphological characters. The phylogeny was used to trace the evolution of the host-plant association in Trirhabda. The recovered phylogeny shows that although the host-plant association is phylogenetically conservative, Trirhabda experienced one shift to a distantly related host-plant family, 6 shifts between host-plant tribes, and 6 between genera within tribes. The phylogeny reveals that Trirhabda were plesiomorphically adapted to tolerate complex secondary compounds of its host plants and this adaptation is retained in Trirhabda species, as evidenced by multiple shifts from chemically simpler host plants back to the more complex host plants.

citation:
Swigonova, Z. and Kjer, K.M. 2004. Phylogeny and host-plant association in the leaf beetle genus Trirhabda LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 358-374.


title:
Will molecular phylogenetics elucidate host-plant shifts in Trirhabda LeConte (Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)?

citation:
Swigonova, Z. and Kjer, K.M. 2001. Will molecular phylogenetics elucidate host-plant shifts in Trirhabda LeConte (Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)?. Chrysomela 40-41: 3, 8.


title:
Taxonomic structure of the biguttulus-group of the genus Chorthippus (Orthoptera Acrididae Gomphocerinae) and phylogenetic interrelations within the group

citation:
Sychyov, M.M. 1996. Taxonomic structure of the biguttulus-group of the genus Chorthippus (Orthoptera Acrididae Gomphocerinae) and phylogenetic interrelations within the group. Russian Entomological Journal 5: 3-11.


title:
A contribution to conchaspidid systematics (Homoptera: Coccoidea)

citation:
Takagi, S. 1992. A contribution to conchaspidid systematics (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana 46: 1-71.


title:
Notes on the scale insect subtribe Kuwanaspidina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)

citation:
Takagi, S. 1999. Notes on the scale insect subtribe Kuwanaspidina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana 56: 95-150.


title:
Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the sharpshooter genus Balacha Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini)

abstract:
Balacha currently includes six valid described species and B. caparao sp. nov., here described from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new taxon differs from other Balacha species in the ventrally inflated preapical aedeagal area and oblique bases of the ovipositor first valvulae. New records are as follows: B. decorata from Paraguay and Minas Gerais State (Brazil); B. distincta from Brazil; B. melanocephala from Montevideo Department (Uruguay) and Buenos Aires and Distrito Federal provinces (Argentina); and B. similis from Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states (Brazil). Colombia is considered a dubious record for the genus. Phylogenetic relationships among Balacha species are examined based on a matrix of eighteen terminal taxa and sixty-seven morphological characters. Balacha may be defined by the following synapomorphies: crownfrons transition approximately acute, crown anteriorly produced and with anterior margin subangulate, flattened pronotum continuing contour of head and mesonotum in lateral view, and teeth of second valvulae of ovipositor with anterior dorsal projection. The genus comprises two major lineages: the red Balacha clade (B. lepida (B. distincta+B. rubripennis)), and the black Balacha clade (B. caparao (B. decorata (B. melanocephala+B. similis))). Despite the scarcity of data on host plant usage of outgroup taxa (probably generalists on Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, and Asteraceae), we believe that the shift to feeding on Eryngium (Apiaceae) occurred in the ancestor of all recent Balacha species. Their small size and depressed body appear to be adaptations to living inside the rosette-disposed leaves, and they seem to be restriced to this microhabitat. Balacha and their Eryngium hosts occur in grasslands in temperate South America, but at lower latitudes in Brazil they are isolated in alpine meadows on peaks of the southeast highlands. Dispersal between such areas through the lowland humid Atlantic forest in recent times would be difficult, thus the ancestor of Balacha was probably distributed in southeast South America before the uplift of the mountain ranges, during the late Eocene or Oligocene. This event may have triggered speciation of some lineages of the genus by vicariance.

citation:
Takiya, D.M. and Mejdalani, G. 2004. Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the sharpshooter genus Balacha Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellini). Systematic Entomology 29: 69-99.


title:
Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis for determination of the phylogenetic relationships among three Athalia species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

citation:
Tanino, S., Naito, T. and Takeda, M. 1996. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis for determination of the phylogenetic relationships among three Athalia species (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 31: 43-49.


title:
Revision du genre Pycnomorphus Thomson, 1864. Systematique et phylogenie (Coleoptera: Lamiinae, Acanthoderini)

abstract:
The genus Pycnomorphus Thomson, 1864 is revised with four new species: Pycnomorphus guyanensis n. sp., Pycnomorphus pradosiae n. sp., Pycnomorphus sarryi n. sp., (from French Guiana) and Pycnomorphus batesi n. sp. from Nicaragua. The new genus Pycnomorphidiellus n. gen. is based on Pycnomorphidiellus polyphagus n. sp. from french Guiana. Cladistics of the group and an identification key are presented.

citation:
Tavakilian, G.L. and Penaherrera-Leiva, A.Y. 2003. Revision du genre Pycnomorphus Thomson, 1864. Systematique et phylogenie (Coleoptera: Lamiinae, Acanthoderini). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 39: 3-24.


author:
Termonia, A.; Hsiao, T.H.; Pasteels, J.M.; Milinkovitch, M.C.

title:
Feeding specialization and host-derived chemical defense in Chrysomeline leaf beetles did not lead to an evolutionary dead end

abstract:
Combination of molecular phylogenetic: analyses of Chrysomelina beetles and chemical data of their defensive secretions indicate that two lineages independently developed, from an ancestral autogenous metabolism, an energetically efficient strategy that made the insect tightly dependent on the chemistry of the host plant. However, a lineage (the interrupta group) escaped this subordination through the development of a yet more derived mixed metabolism potentially compatible with a large number of new host-plant associations. Hence, these analyses on leaf beetles document a mechanism that can explain why high levels of specialization do not necessarily lead to "evolutionary dead ends."

citation:
Termonia, A., Hsiao, T.H., Pasteels, J.M. and Milinkovitch, M.C. 2001. Feeding specialization and host-derived chemical defense in Chrysomeline leaf beetles did not lead to an evolutionary dead end. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 3909-3914.


title:
The evolution of diet breadth: Monophagy and polyphagy in swallowtail butterflies

abstract:
Much of the world's biodiversity has resulted from specialization of insect populations onto different plant species, partially through evolution of preference in ovipositing females. Here I report an experimental analysis of how an oviposition preference hierarchy has evolved during the evolutionary diversification of an insect group to produce taxa ranging from monophagous to polyphagous. Tests on the Papilio machaon group of swallowtail butterflies show that the preference hierarchy for plant species is evolutionarily dynamic within this species complex, yet constrained among most populations within species, creating a geographic mosaic of populations differing to various degrees in patterns of host preference. The results indicate that different diet breadths can evolve within a group of closely-related species through a combination of conservatism in preference hierarchy among some populations, occasional but rare rearrangements in preference among others, correlations in preference for some plant species, and availability of similarly ranked hosts.

citation:
Thompson, J.N. 1998. The evolution of diet breadth: Monophagy and polyphagy in swallowtail butterflies. Journal of Evoutionary Biology 11: 563-578.


citation:
Thompson, J.N. 1999. The evolution of species interactions. Science 284: 2116-2118.


title:
Interspecific diversity of mitochondrial COI sequences in Japanese Panonychus species (Acari: Tetranychidae)

abstract:
Sequences of a part of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analyzed in four Japanese Panonychus species to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Neighbor-Joining and maximum likelihood analysis resulted in a high bootstrap support of the relationships within the genus Panonychus. In contrast with a previous study based on ribosomal DNA data, the COI phylogeny suggested that P. mori was more distantly related to P. citri than to P. ulmi. This study shows for the first time that P. osmanthi is closely related to P. citri. Intraspecific variation analysis shows that the genetic distance between two local populations of P. mori is higher than between P. citri and P. osmanthi.

citation:
Toda, S., Osakabe, M. and Komazaki, S. 2000. Interspecific diversity of mitochondrial COI sequences in Japanese Panonychus species (Acari: Tetranychidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 24: 821-829.


author:
Tokuda, M.; Tabuchi, K.; Yukawa, J.; Amano, H.

title:
Inter- and intraspecific comparisons between Asteralobia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) causing axillary bud galls on Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae): Species identification, host range, and mode of speciation

abstract:
Inter- and intraspecific differences between Asteralobia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induce axillary bud galls on several Ilex species were studied from morphological, molecular, and ecological points of view. Asteralobiasasakii (Monzen) and Asteralobia soyogo (Kikuti) were clearly distinguished from one another by thoracic setal and scale counts and by sequences of partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I region. Because adults of A. sasakii emerged within a shorter period of time and later in the season than those of A. soyogo, they were considered to be temporally isolated. The host ranges of A. sasakii and A. soyogo did not overlap. A. sasakii was confirmed to use Ilex crenata Thunberg, Hex crenata var. paludosa (Nakai) Hara, and Ilex maxintowicziana Loesener for galling, and A. soyogo included galls on Ilex chinensis Sims, Ilex integra Thunberg, Ilex leucoclada (Maximowicz) Makino, and Ilex pedunculosa Miquel. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that host races were not;    formed either in A. sasakii or in A. soyogo populations, whereas geographical variations were detected for both species at the DNA level. The haplotype diversity was significantly higher in A. soyogo than in A. sasakii. The DNA analysis suggested that A. sasakii and A. soyogo had speciated allopatrically. On the basis of the current study, we concluded that A. soyogo had been already established in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan, when A. sasakii arrived in these areas from the southwest islands more recently.;

citation:
Tokuda, M., Tabuchi, K., Yukawa, J. and Amano, H. 2004. Inter- and intraspecific comparisons between Asteralobia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) causing axillary bud galls on Ilex species (Aquifoliaceae): Species identification, host range, and mode of speciation. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 957-970.


title:
Evolution of parthenogenesis in the Otiorhynchus scaber complex

citation:
Tomiuk, J. and Loeschcke, V. 1992. Evolution of parthenogenesis in the Otiorhynchus scaber complex. Heredity 68: 391-397.


author:
Torres, E.; Lees, D.C.; Vane-Wright, R.I.; Kremen, C.; Leonard, J.A.; Wayne, R.K.

title:
Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data

abstract:
The satyrine butterfly subtribe Mycalesina has undergone one of the more spectacular evolutionary radiations of butterflies in the Old World tropics. Perhaps the most phenotypically pronounced diversification of the group has occurred in the Malagasy region, where 68 currently recognized species are divided among five genera. Here, we report the results of phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase II and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes, for a total of 54 mycalesine taxa, mostly from Madagascar. These molecular data complement an existing data set based on male morphological characters. The molecular results support the suggestion from morphology that three of the five Malagasy genera are paraphyletic and support the monophyly of at least three major morphological clades. Novel hypotheses of terminal taxon pairs are generated by the molecular data. Dense taxon sampling appears to be crucial for elucidating phylogenetic relationships within this large radiation. A potentially complex scenario for the origin of Malagasy mycalesines is proposed. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

citation:
Torres, E., Lees, D.C., Vane-Wright, R.I., Kremen, C., Leonard, J.A. and Wayne, R.K. 2001. Examining monophyly in a large radiation of Madagascan butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Mycalesina) based on mitochondrial DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20: 460-473.


title:
Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. Part 2. Perittiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)

citation:
Traugott-Olsen, E. 1995. Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. Part 2. Perittiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia 23: 257-290.


title:
Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. Part 1: Mendesiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)

citation:
Traugott-Olsen, E. 1995. Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. Part 1: Mendesiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia 23: 153-180.


title:
Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. part 3: Whitebreadiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)

citation:
Traugott-Olsen, E. 1995. Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. part 3: Whitebreadiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia 23: 417-449.


title:
Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. part 4: Stephensiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)

citation:
Traugott-Olsen, E. 1996. Phylogeny of the subfamily Elachistinae s. str. part 4: Stephensiini, with some taxonomic revision and descriptions of new taxa (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae). SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia 24: 129-149.


title:
Remarks on the phylogeny of the genera Parornix Spuler and Callisto Stephens (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae)

journal:
Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona

citation:
Triberti, P. 1998. Remarks on the phylogeny of the genera Parornix Spuler and Callisto Stephens (Lepidoptera Gracillariidae). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona 22: 175-197.


title:
A revision of the North American Operophtera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

citation:
Troubridge, J.T. and Fitzpatrick, S.M. 1993. A revision of the North American Operophtera (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist 125: 379-397.


author:
Tyler, H.A.; Brown, K.S.J.r; Wilson, K.H.

title:
Swallowtail butterflies of the Americas: a study in biological dynamics, ecological diversity, biosystematics, and conservation

citation:
Tyler, H.A., Brown, K.S.J.r and Wilson, K.H. 1994. Swallowtail butterflies of the Americas: a study in biological dynamics, ecological diversity, biosystematics, and conservation. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.


title:
A revision of the Japanese species of the genus Anarsia Zeller (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)

journal:
Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan

citation:
Ueda, T. 1997. A revision of the Japanese species of the genus Anarsia Zeller (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 48: 73-93.


title:
The significance of host plant association in the speciation of Dichrorampha (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

journal:
Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society (N.E.V.)

citation:
Ulenberg, S.A. 1992. The significance of host plant association in the speciation of Dichrorampha (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society (N.E.V.) 3: 123-128.


author:
Vane-Wright, R.I.; Schulz, S.; Boppre, M.

title:
The cladistics of Amauris butterflies: congruence, consensus and total evidence

citation:
Vane-Wright, R.I., Schulz, S. and Boppre, M. 1992. The cladistics of Amauris butterflies: congruence, consensus and total evidence. Cladistics 8: 125-138.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of three African swallowtail butterflies, Papilio dardanus, P. phorcas and P. constantinus: a cladistic analysis

citation:
Vane-Wright, R.I. and Smith, C.R. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of three African swallowtail butterflies, Papilio dardanus, P. phorcas and P. constantinus: a cladistic analysis. Systematic Entomology 16: 275-291.


title:
Intereactions between ithomiine butterflies and Solanaceae: feeding and reproductive strategies

journal:
Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley

editor:
Price, P.W.; Fernandez, G.W.; Lewinsohn, T.M.; Ben

citation:
Vasconcellos-Neto, J. 1991. Intereactions between ithomiine butterflies and Solanaceae: feeding and reproductive strategies. Pp. 291-313 in: Price, P.W., Fernandez, G.W., Lewinsohn, T.M. and Benson, W.W. [eds.], Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley. Wiley, New York, Chichester etc. .


author:
Vencl, F.V.; Levy, A.; Geeta, R.; Keller, G.; Windsor, D.M.

title:
Observations on the natural history, systematics and phylogeny of the Criocerinae of Costa Rica and Panama

citation:
Vencl, F.V., Levy, A., Geeta, R., Keller, G. and Windsor, D.M. 2004. Observations on the natural history, systematics and phylogeny of the Criocerinae of Costa Rica and Panama. Pp. 423-454 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
Macroevolutionary aspects of larval shield defences

citation:
Vencl, F.V. and Morton, T.C. 1999. Macroevolutionary aspects of larval shield defences. Pp. 217-238 in: Cox, M.L. [ed.], Advances in Chrysomelidae biology. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
Genetic differentiation and speciation among four Phyllotreta species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

citation:
Verdyck, P. 1998. Genetic differentiation and speciation among four Phyllotreta species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64: 463-476.


title:
Biochemical systematics of the Phyllotreta cruciferae complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)

citation:
Verdyck, P. 1999. Biochemical systematics of the Phyllotreta cruciferae complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 30-39.


citation:
Verma, K.K. and Jolivet, P. 2000. Phylogeny of Synetinae. Reconsidered. Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 17: 35-49.


title:
The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order

journal:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

citation:
Vilhelmsen, L. 1997. The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 35: 49-70.


title:
Vyssi klasifikace podceledi Podopinae (Pentatomidae, Heteroptera)

citation:
Vilimova, J. 1996. Vyssi klasifikace podceledi Podopinae (Pentatomidae, Heteroptera). Entomofauna Carpathica 8: 31-34.


title:
Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: A paraphyletic taxon

citation:
von Dohlen, C.D. and Moran, N.A. 1995. Molecular phylogeny of the Homoptera: A paraphyletic taxon. J. Mol. Ecol. 41: 2111-2123?.


title:
Phylogenetics and evolution of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct aphid tribe, Hormaphidini (Hemiptera : Aphididae)

abstract:
A conspicuous biogeographic pattern of the Northern Hemisphere is the disjunct occurrence of related taxa on different continents. Perhaps best studied in plants, this pattern includes disjunct distributions of genera in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Such continental disjunctions are thought to be the remnants of a mostly continuously distributed, mixed mesophytic forest dating to the Miocene, which subsequently became fragmented by geological and climatic changes. Some highly host-specific insects, namely aphids, live on descendants of the mixed mesophytic forest taxa and exhibit the same disjunct distributions as that of their host plants. We estimated the phylogeny of Hormaphidini aphids, which host-alternate between witch-hazel (Hamanmelis; an eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct genus) and birch (Betula). Based on partial nuclear elongation factor la and mitochondrial tRNA leucine/cytochrome oxidase II sequences, trees inferred from maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood showed strong support for two monophyletic genera (Hamamelistes and Hormaphis), each containing a clade of Japanese and a clade of North American species. The estimated divergence dates of Asian and North American clades in both genera was 20-30 million years ago, consistent with the idea that aphids may have experienced the same vicariance events as those of their host plants.

citation:
von Dohlen, C.D., Kurosu, U. and Aoki, S. 2002. Phylogenetics and evolution of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct aphid tribe, Hormaphidini (Hemiptera : Aphididae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 257-267.


title:
Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation

abstract:
Many aphids display a remarkably complex life cycle of host alternation, in which cyclical parthenogenesis is combined with the obligate use of two unrelated host plants. We used mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (partial 12S and 16S) sequences to reconstruct the phylogeny of aphids, to determine how many origins of host alternation and correlated major host-plant shifts have occurred. Our results agreed with previous morphological studies in that species clustered with good support at. the level of tribes. There was little well-supported phylogenetic structure at levels deeper than tribes, however, except for the monophyly of two subfamilies, Aphidinae and Lachninae. We argue that aphids experienced a rapid radiation at the tribal level, after host shifting from gymnosperms to angiosperms. A rapid radiation is consistent with aphid fossils, which record the presence of few subfamilies in the late Cretaceous, but most extant tribes by the early Tertiary. Plant fossils also record host plants of aphid tribes diversifying during this time. A hypothesized mechanism by which host alternation has evolved (fundatrix specialization), coupled with the rapid radiation, implies that this life cycle may have originated as often as in the ancestor of each tribe that displays it. We also consider, however, an alternative hypothesis of fewer origins. The basal radiation of Aphididae was dated from molecular sequences to have occurred at approximately 80-150 Mya. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.

citation:
Von Dohlen, C.D. and Moran, N.A. 2000. Molecular data support a rapid radiation of aphids in the Cretaceous and multiple origins of host alternation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 689-717.


title:
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of New Zealand indigenous Aphidini aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae): An hypothesis

abstract:
Aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) are most diverse in the temperate northern hemisphere, with only a few lineages native to the southern hemisphere. The highly diverse subfamily Aphidinae probably gained its dominance from a successful northern hemisphere radiation in the Tertiary. A few species in the tribe Aphidini, however, are indigenous to Gondwanan regions, including New Zealand and Australia. The conventional view is that these species dispersed to the south from the northern hemisphere after the main Tertiary radiation. We tested this hypothesis in a phylogenetic context by reconstructing relationships among New Zealand indigenous Aphidini, as well as their relationships to several northern taxa. Phylogenies were reconstructed from molecular data using independent and combined analyses of mitochondrial tRNA leucine + cytochrome oxidase II and nuclear elongation factor-1alpha (EF1alpha) sequences, with both parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. These analyses recovered a highly supported clade of four New Zealand species in the subtribe Aphidina. On the basis of previous fossil estimates of the age of Aphidini, the New Zealand clade was calculated to date to the middle Tertiary period. A second clade of two indigenous Rhopalosiphina may be similarly ancient. In EF1a and combined analyses, New Zealand indigenous species formed the two basal lineages of Aphidina, although their positions were not supported in >50% of bootstrap pseudoreplicates. These results imply that members of Aphidinae were present in the southern hemisphere during the Tertiary radiation, and suggest a new hypothesis that at least some northern lineages were derived from southern ancestors.

citation:
Von Dohlen, C.D. and Teulon, D.A.J. 2003. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of New Zealand indigenous Aphidini aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae): An hypothesis. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 96: 107-116.


title:
Phylogeny of Afrotropical Monolepta and related taxa (Galerucinae)

citation:
Wagner, T. 2004. Phylogeny of Afrotropical Monolepta and related taxa (Galerucinae). Pp. 75-84 in: Jolivet, P., Santiago-Blay, J.A. and Schmitt, M. [eds.], New developments in the biology of Chrysomelidae. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague.


title:
The phylogenetics and biochemistry of host-plant specialization in Melitaeine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

abstract:
Butterflies in the tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are known to utilize host plants belonging to 16 families, although most host-plant records are from four families. Of the 16 host-plant families, 12 produce secondary plant metabolites called iridoids. Earlier studies have shown that larvae of several melitaeine species use iridoids as feeding stimulants and sequester these compounds for larval defense. I investigate the evolutionary history of host-plant use in the tribe Melitaeini by testing a recent phylogenetic hypothesis of 65 species representing the four major species groups of the tribe. By simple character optimization of host-plant families and presence/absence of iridoids in the host plants, I find that plant chemistry is a more conservative trait than plant taxonomy. The ancestral host plant(s) of the entire tribe most likely contained iridoids and were likely to be in the plant family Plantaginaceae. A major host shift from plants containing iridoids to plants not containing iridoids [Asteraceae/Acanthaceae] has happened three times independently. The results show that the evolution of host-plant use in melitaeines has been land still is) a dynamic process when considering plant taxonomy, but is relatively stable when considering host-plant chemistry.

citation:
Wahlberg, N. 2001. The phylogenetics and biochemistry of host-plant specialization in Melitaeine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution 55: 522-537.


title:
Morphology versus molecules: resolution of the positions of Nymphalis, Polygonia, and related genera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

abstract:
The debate on whether to combine different data sets for simultaneous analysis has continued to the present day unabated. We have studied the effects of combining one morphological data set with four molecular data sets (two mitochondrial gene sequences and two nuclear gene sequences) for a group of butterflies belonging to the tribe Nymphalini using partitioned Bremer support. We particularly focus our attention on a group of species belonging to the genera Aglais, Inachis, Roddia, Nymphalis, Kaniska, and Polygonia. We find that, despite significant incongruence between most data partitions, all data partitions contribute positively to the support of most nodes in the most parsimonious trees found for the combined data set. We also find that the morphological data set resolves one particular node (Kaniska basal to Polygonia) with good support, while the molecular data sets are ambiguous about the existence of this node. We suggest that partitioned Bremer support allows one to critically appraise the robustness of each node in a given tree and thereby identify nodes that may change with the addition of new data and nodes that are likely to remain unchanged with new data. We also suggest that morphological data are still crucial to our being able to understand the relationships of extant organisms, despite published views to the contrary. Based on our results we suggest that Inachis should be synonymized with Aglais, Roddia with Nymphalis, and Kaniska with Polygonia.

citation:
Wahlberg, N. and Nylin, S. 2003. Morphology versus molecules: resolution of the positions of Nymphalis, Polygonia, and related genera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Cladistics 19: 213-223.

host taxa:
Urticaceae; Ulmaceae; Cannabidaceae; Salicaceae; Ericaceae; Betulaceae


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of Phyciodes butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): complex mtDNA variation and species delimitations

citation:
Wahlberg, N., Oliveira, R. and Scott, J.A. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Phyciodes butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): complex mtDNA variation and species delimitations. Systematic Entomology 28: 257-273.


author:
Wahlberg, N.; Weingertner, E.; Nylin, S.

title:
Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)

abstract:
Research on the molecular systematics of higher taxa in the butterfly family Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) is only just beginning. Outgroup selection is difficult at the moment due to the lack of consensus on the basal relationships of the major groups in Nymphalidae. We identify four major clades in the Nymphalidae based on a cladistic analysis of one mitochondrial gene sequence (COI, 1450 bp) and two nuclear gene sequences (EF-1a, 1064 bp, and wingless, 412-415 bp) from 54 exemplar species sampled from all currently recognized subfamilies. The COI data set was found to be highly incongruent with the nuclear data sets and a Partitioned Bremer Support analysis shows that the COI data set largely undermines support for most clades. Transitions at the third codon positions of the COI data set were highly saturated, but analyzing the combined data set with the COI third positions removed did not change the results. The major clades we found are termed the danaine clade (including Danainae), the satyrine clade (including Charaxinae, Satyrinae, Calinaginae, and Morphinae), the heliconiine clade (including Heliconiinae and Limenitidinae excluding Biblidini, Cyrestini, Pseudergolini, and Coeini) and the nymphaline clade (including Nymphalinae, Apaturinae, and Coeini, Cyrestini, Pseudergolini, and Biblidini from Limenitidinae). The heliconiine and nymphaline clades are sister groups, while the most parsimonious explanation for the combined data set places the danaine clade as the most basal large group of Nymphalidae. Our results give one of the strongest hypotheses for the subfamilial relationships within Nymphalidae. We were able to; resolve the polyphyletic nature of Limenitidinae, which we recommend to be split into three subfamilies: Limenitidinae, Biblidinae, and Cyrestinae. The tribe Coeini belongs in Nymphalinae.

citation:
Wahlberg, N., Weingertner, E. and Nylin, S. 2003. Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 473-484.


title:
Pattern of phylogenetic relationships among members of the tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

abstract:
We report a cladistic analysis of 77 butterfly species of the tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on mitochondrial DNA gene sequences. We sequenced ca. 536 bp from the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and a 1422-bp sequence from the cytochrome oxidase I gene. Alignments are critical to statements of homology, especially when aligning rDNA sequences. We aligned the 16S sequences using conventional methods and direct optimization. We found that direct optimization of the sequences produced the best alignments and our preferred phylogenetic hypothesis. Our results suggest that many of the previously proposed genera are paraphyletic and we conclude that there are four monophyletic groups of species in our cladogram: the Euphydryas group, the Phyciodes group, the Chlosyne group, and the Melitaea group. The following genera are found to be paraphyletic: Castilia, Chlosyne, Didymaeformia, Eresia, Melitaea, and Thessalia. In addition, recognition of the monophyletic genera Cinclidia, Mellicta, and Telenassa would render other genera paraphyletic. Our phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the melitaeines originated in the Nearctic and have colonized the Neotropics three times and the Palaearctic twice.

citation:
Wahlberg, N. and Zimmermann, M. 2000. Pattern of phylogenetic relationships among members of the tribe Melitaeini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Cladistics 16: 347-363.


title:
Phylogeny and systematics of the treehopper subfamily Centrotinae (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

abstract:
This monograph presents the first worldwide higher-level revision of the subfamily Centrotinae, the largest and only cosmopolitan subfamily within the treehopper family Membracidae (Insecta: Hemiptera). This subfamily includes all Old World treehoppers (187 genera) as well as 29 New World genera (a total of nearly 1350 species). Historically, separate artificial classifications had been derived for these major regions. So formidable was the taxonomic chaos that no previous worker had attempted a comparative tribal-level study on a global scale. As the first comprehensive morphological and phylogenetic study of the subfamily Centrotinae, this monograph includes: (a) phylogenetic hypotheses used to place 206 of 216 genera into monophyletic tribes (tribal placements changed for 108 genera); (b) illustrated taxonomic keys and descriptions for identifying the 23 tribes; (c) descriptions of 6 new tribes (Old World: Beaufortianini, Boccharini, Lobocentrini, and Maarbarini; New World: Monobelini and Pieltainellini); (d) discussions of phylogeny, biogeography, host plant relationships, ant-mutualism, maternal care, and chromosome numbers; and (e) 186 figures (including 1500 individual digital photographs from both light and scanning electron microscopy and line drawings) and 17 tables. Each tribal diagnosis and description is followed by notes on ecology and distribution, a list of included genera, specimens examined, and discussions of phylogeny and morphological characters. For most genera, taxonomically useful features of the head, pronotum, wings, legs, male and female genitalia, and abdominal fine structure are illustrated. Nomenclatural changes include: Deitzius Ananthasubramanian, 1996, is a junior synonym of Ananthasubramanianum McKamey, 1994, new generic synonymy. Abelini Goding, 1930, is a junior synonym of Boocerini Goding, 1892; Acanthophyesaria Distant, 1908, is a junior synonym of Centrotini Amyot and Serville, 1843; Ebhulini Yuan, in Yuan and Chou, 2002, is a junior synonym of Ebhuloidesini Goding, 1931; Coccosterphini Distant, 1908, Tricentrini Ahmad and Yasmeen, 1972, Aleptocentrini Thirumalai and Ananthasubramanian, 1985, Madlinini Boulard, 1995, and Antialcidini Yuan and Zhang, in Yuan and Chou, 2002, are junior synonyms of Gargarini Distant, 1908; Demangini Yuan and Zhang, in Yuan and Chou, 2002, is a junior synonym of Leptocentrini Distant, 1908; and Bulbaucheniini Goding, 1931, and Funkhouserellini Yuan and Zhang, in Yuan and Chou, 2002, are junior synonyms of Terentiini Haupt, 1929, new tribal synonymies. Centrodontinae Deitz, 1975, is a junior synonym of Centrotinae, Amyot and Serville, 1843, new subfamilial synonymy. Hybanda bulbicornis (Funkhouser), is referred from Funkhouserella Schmidt; and Bulbauchenia bakeri (Funkhouser), B. rugosa (Funkhouser), B. globosa (Funkhouser), and B. kurosawai (Hayashi and Endo), are all referred from Emphusis Buckton, new combinations. A lectotype is designated for Orthobelus flavipes Uhler, 1896 (now Butragulus flavipes (Uhler)). Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on 116 binary and multistate characters (many of them new) from the head, thorax, and abdomen of both sexes. The analyses (1 overall analysis of the pre-existing 24 tribes and 8 analyses of the larger tribes) resulted in a single most parsimonious tree showing a basal Glade with one New World tribe, followed by two major clades-each with New World components basally followed by Old World components. The phylogenetic results demonstrated that the most recent classifications included numerous para- or polyphyletic tribes. Consequently, the tribal placements of 108 genera are changed so that all tribes are monophyletic. As here defined, the subfamily Centrotinae is also a monophyletic group supported by the synapomorphy of the presence of abdominal inornate pits, each with a lateral seta. Phylogenetic reconstruction provided the basis for a sound, predictive classification, in which the available genera are placed into 23 monophyletic tribes (6 new). Of 216 genera included in the subfamily, 206 are placed in tribes, 2 are unplaced but have known affinities (Elaphiceps Buckton and Tyrannotus Capener), and 8 rare genera are too poorly known for placement. Brachytalis Metcalf and Bruner, formerly placed in Nessorhinini (Centrotinae), and Nodonica Dietrich, McKamey, and Deitz, formerly placed in Centrodontini (Centrodontinae), are here placed in Membracidae, incertae sedis. The phylogeny inferred herein is used to examine biogeographic patterns and host plant relationships among the tribes. The authors discuss possible scenarios related to the biogeographic origin of treehoppers and hypothesize first, that the Centrotinae (and Membracidae) originated in the New World (six tribes). Secondly, they dispersed to the Old World twice possibly via the Bering Land Bridge, which would have facilitated western invasions from North America to the Palearctic and Indomalayan regions in the early Tertiary. Subsequently, major radiations (17 tribes) occurred within the Old World. While a few centrotine tribes are widely distributed, many occur primarily in one or two major zoogeographic regions. Centrotines are mainly tropical in distribution; however, no tribe occurs in both the Old and New Worlds. The distinctive faunas of the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Australasian, and Caribbean regions are especially notable. Furthermore, distributional data provided here are valuable for identifying hot spots of biodiversity that merit consideration by land managers and conservationists. Centrotines have exploited 105 plant families. Dominant among these are the Leguminosae, Compositae, Solanaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. At least 11 of the 23 centrotine tribes include genera that are attended by ants, which feed on the honeydew secreted by treehoppers. The distribution of these ecological and behavioral traits, as well as chromosome numbers, are mapped on the tribal phylogeny.

citation:
Wallace, M.S. and Deitz, L.L. 2004. Phylogeny and systematics of the treehopper subfamily Centrotinae (Hemiptera: Membracidae). Memoirs on Entomology International 19: i-iv, 1-377.


title:
A phylogeny for grasshoppers of the genus Chitaura (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data

citation:
Walton, C., Butlin, R.K. and Monk, K.A. 1997. A phylogeny for grasshoppers of the genus Chitaura (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia, based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 365-382.


title:
Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Ceratapiini (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Apionidae)

abstract:
(book review in Curculio online); This publication is a comprehensive analysis of the systematics and evolution of weevils of the; tribe Ceratapiini. The book consists of a history of the classification of the group, discussion of the origin; and evolution (including phylogeny) of the higher taxa, a review of systematics, morphology, ecology and; biogeography in the group, followed by the detailed systematic treatment. Illustrations are good and; plentiful and indices to weevil and plant names are very helpful. Copies can be ordered from Polskie; Towarzystwo Taksonomiczne, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland. Each copy is $50.00 US plus; $15.00 airmail outside of Europe.

citation:
Wanat, M. 1995. Systematics and phylogeny of the tribe Ceratapiini (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Apionidae). Genus (Wroclaw) Supplement


title:
A revision of the genus Gonerilia Shirozu et Yamamoto (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

citation:
Wang, M. and Chou, I. 1998. A revision of the genus Gonerilia Shirozu et Yamamoto (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Entomotaxonomia 20: 51-56.


title:
The phoracanthine beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae): taxonomic overview and generic relationships

citation:
Wang, Q. 1998. The phoracanthine beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae): taxonomic overview and generic relationships. Invertebrate Taxonomy 12: 667-684.


title:
Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the longicorn beetle genus Allotisis Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracanthini)

citation:
Wang, Q. 2000. Taxonomy, phylogeny and distribution of the longicorn beetle genus Allotisis Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracanthini). Journal of Natural History 34: 1685-1712.


title:
A cladistic analysis of the Phoracanthine genus Phoracantha Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), with discussion of biogeographic distribution and pest status

citation:
Wang, Q., Thornton, I.W.B. and New, T.R. 1999. A cladistic analysis of the Phoracanthine genus Phoracantha Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), with discussion of biogeographic distribution and pest status. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92: 631-638.


author:
Wang, R.J.; Wan, H.; Long, Y.; Lei, G.C.; Li, S.W.

title:
Phylogenetic analysis of Polyura in China inferred from mitochondrial COII sequences (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

abstract:
Phylogenetic analysis of 5 Chinese species of the genus Polyura was conducted based on mitochondrial COII sequences. The results showed that there were 11.4% polymorphic loci in 405 by length of partial COII in 12 specimens of the 5 species of Polyura, and most of them were transformed through transition. The difference among individuals within species (0.5% - 1. 5%) was almost all lower than the difference among species ( > 4%), except that the difference between 2 individuals of P. athamas was higher than that between P. eudamippus and P. nepenthes. The dendrogram of the Chinese Polyura inferred by maximum likelihood method showed that there are 2 distinct clusters in the Chinese Polyura, in which one includes P. narcaea, P. eudamippus and P. nepenthes, and the other includes P. schreiber and P. athamas. The topological structure of the dendrogram is consistent with the morphological result. Therefore, the results of molecular phylogenetic analysis support the morphological results in genus Polyura.

citation:
Wang, R.J., Wan, H., Long, Y., Lei, G.C. and Li, S.W. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of Polyura in China inferred from mitochondrial COII sequences (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 47: 243-247.


title:
The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the east Asian region

citation:
Wang, X.J. 1996. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the east Asian region.


title:
Do food-plant preferences of modern families of phytophagous insects and mites reflect past evolution with plants?

abstract:
The evolutionary history of phytophagous insects and mites and of their food-plants is traced in the conservative preferences of modern-day insects for plants.  Based on UK data in the Phytophagous Insects Data Bank, a correspondence analysis displays 182 insect families and 117 plant families in a bi-variate plot.  The overall pattern suggests the expansion of diversity of insects and host plants from Gymnosperms to Dicots.  Plots for phytophagous insect orders and major plant clades are described, with families provisionally ranked as evolutionarily basal, intermediate, or advanced.  There are blurred patterns of evolutionary advancement from basal insect families with more species on conifers and on ferns and Eurosid I trees.  Intermediate families are commoner on Malpighiales and Fabales, and advanced insects more frequent on later evolved euasterids II (Asterales and Lamiales), Caryophyllales and Gramineae.  Basal Hymenoptera have associations with conifers, basal Lepidoptera to Eurosid I trees, and Diptera are mainly advanced families on commelinids (grasses) and Asteraceae.  Blurred traces of similar phylogenetic sequences are described for subfamilies within eight example insect families.  Basal families and clades tend to have fewer species than derived advanced clades.  Insect communities on plants should be seen in the light of this linked past evolutionary background.

citation:
Ward, L.K., Hackshaw, A. and Clarke, R.T. 2003. Do food-plant preferences of modern families of phytophagous insects and mites reflect past evolution with plants?. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78: 51-83.


title:
Relationships within Aphidomorpha on the basis of thorax morphology

journal:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Slaskiego w Katowicach

citation:
Wegierek, P. 2002. Relationships within Aphidomorpha on the basis of thorax morphology. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Slaskiego w Katowicach 2101: 1-106.


title:
Studies on the genus Conaspidia Konow (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from China with a key to known species of the world

citation:
Wei, M. and Nie, H. 1997. Studies on the genus Conaspidia Konow (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from China with a key to known species of the world. Entomotaxonomia 19 S : 95-117.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology

abstract:
The obligate mutualism between pollinating fig wasps in the family Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and Ficus species (Moraceae) is often regarded as an example of coevolution but little is known about the history of the interaction, and understanding the origin of functionally dioecious fig pollination has been especially difficult. The phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus were inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene sequences (mtDNA) and morphology. Separate and combined analyses indicated that the pollinators of functionally dioecious figs are not monophyletic. However, pollinator relationships were generally congruent with host phylogeny and support a revised classification of Ficus. Ancestral changes in pollinator ovipositor length also correlated with changes in fig breeding systems. In particular, the relative elongation of the ovipositor was associated with the repeated loss of functionally dioecious pollination. The concerted evolution of interacting morphologies may bias estimates of phylogeny based on female head characters, but homoplasy is not so strong in other morphological traits. The lesser phylogenetic utility of morphology than of mtDNA is not due to rampant convergence in morphology but rather to the greater number of potentially informative characters in DNA sequence data; patterns of nucleotide substitution also limit the utility of mtDNA findings. Nonetheless, inferring the ancestral associations of fig pollinators from the best-supported phylogeny provided strong evidence of host conservatism in this highly specialized mutualism.

citation:
Weiblen, G.D. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of fig wasps pollinating functionally dioecious Ficus based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 50: 243-267.


title:
Speciation in fig pollinators and parasites

abstract:
Here we draw on phylogenies of figs and fig wasps to suggest how modes of speciation may be affected by interspecific interactions. Mutualists appear to have cospeciated with their hosts to a greater extent than parasites, which showed evidence of host shifting. However, we also repeatedly encountered a pattern not explained by either cospeciation or host switching. Sister species of fig parasites often attack the same host in sympatry, and differences in ovipositor length suggest that parasite speciation could result from divergence in the timing of oviposition with respect to fig development. These observations on fig parasites are consistent with a neglected model of sympatric speciation.

citation:
Weiblen, G.D. and Bush, G.L. 2002. Speciation in fig pollinators and parasites. Molecular Ecology 11: 1573-1578.


title:
Host plant association patterns and phylogeny in the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

abstract:
The papilionid tribe Troidini has been highlighted as a classic example of insect herbivores coevolved with their host plants. Based on a critical review of the literature and field studies of Pachliopta and other troidini genera in tropical Asia, a detailed [not much detail given] picture of troidine host associations is presented.  Host association patterns in the Troidini suggest a combination of successive specialization and colonization events.  Host shifts between the ARistolochiaceae tribes Aristolochieae and Bragantieae occur both within butterfly subgenera and within butterfly species groups.  The occurrence of hosst shifts at lower taxonomic levels does not support the hypothesis of parellel cladogenesis. Phylogenetic constraints or dependence on plant secondary compoiunds for defense may play roles in maintaining the conservatism in host association.

citation:
Weintraub, J.D. 1995. Host plant association patterns and phylogeny in the tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Pp. 307-316 in: Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. and Lederhouse, R.C. [eds.], Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Washington etc..


author:
Weintraub, J.D.; Lawton, J.H.; Scoble, M.J.

title:
Lithinine moths on ferns: A phylogenetic study of insect-plant interactions

abstract:
We examine host association patterns in pteridophagous moths of the tribe Lithinini (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). This represents the first study where the host associations of oligophagous, pteridophagous Lepidoptera are analysed in a phylogenetic context.  We compare the observed phylogenetic patterns of lithinine moths and their hosts with the contrasting coevolutionary scenarios proposed by Mitter et al., and discuss the support for various hypotheses relative to Thompson's concept of coevolution as 'escape with radiation', and the chemical facilitation model of Jermy.  The patterns observed support a scenario where host shifting subsequent to a single colonization event has resulted in lack of strict concordance (i.e. parallel cladogenesis) between moth and fern phylogenies.

citation:
Weintraub, J.D., Lawton, J.H. and Scoble, M.J. 1995. Lithinine moths on ferns: A phylogenetic study of insect-plant interactions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 55: 239-250.


author:
Weller, S.J.; Jacobson, N.L.; Conner, W.E.

title:
The evolution of chemical defences and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

citation:
Weller, S.J., Jacobson, N.L. and Conner, W.E. 1999. The evolution of chemical defences and mating systems in tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 68: 557-578.


citation:
Weller, S.J. and Pashley, D.P. 1995. In search of butterfly origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4: 235-246.


author:
Weller, S.J.; Pashley, D.P.; Martin, J.A.

title:
Reassessment of butterfly family relationships using independent genes and morphology

citation:
Weller, S.J., Pashley, D.P. and Martin, J.A. 1996. Reassessment of butterfly family relationships using independent genes and morphology. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 89: 184-192.


author:
Weller, S.J.; Pashley, D.P.; Martin, J.A.; Constable, J.L.

title:
Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes

citation:
Weller, S.J., Pashley, D.P., Martin, J.A. and Constable, J.L. 1994. Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Systematic Biology 43: 194-211.


author:
Weller, S.J.; Simmons, R.B.; Carlson, A.L.

title:
Empyreuma species and species limits: Evidence from morphology and molecules (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchini)

abstract:
Species limits within Empyreuma are addressed using a morphological study of male and female genitalia and sequence data from the mitochondrial gene COI. Currently, four species are recognized: E. pugione (L.), E. affinis Rothschild, E. heros Bates, E. anassa Forbes. Two entities can be readily distinguished, the Jamaican E. anassa and a widespread E. pugione-complex, based on adult morphology. Neither E. affinis nor E. heros can be distinguished by coloration or genitalic differences. Analysis of COI haplotypes suggests that E. affinis is not genetically distinct from E. pugione (<1% sequence divergence); however, the population from the Bahamas, E. heros, is differentiated from other haplotypes with an uncorrected sequence divergence of 5%. We place E. affinis Rothschild, 1912 as a new synonym of E. pugione Hubner 1818, and recognize three species: E. anassa, E. pugione, and E. heros. This paper includes a revised synonymic checklist of species and a redescription of the genus, with notes on biology, and with illustrations of male genitalia, female genitalia, wing venation, and abdominal sclerites.

citation:
Weller, S.J., Simmons, R.B. and Carlson, A.L. 2004. Empyreuma species and species limits: Evidence from morphology and molecules (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Ctenuchini). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 58: 21-32.


author:
Whitcomb, R.F.; Hicks, A.L.; Blocker, H.D.; Lynn, D.E.

title:
Biogeography of leafhopper specialists of the shortgrass prairie: evidence for the roles of phenology and phylogeny in determination of biological diversity

abstract:
Extensive collections of leafhoppers from grasslands in North America, (focusing on the genera Flexamia, Athysanella, and Laevicephalus) along with ecological, climatic, and phylogenetic data were used to make inferences about the evolution and diversification.

citation:
Whitcomb, R.F., Hicks, A.L., Blocker, H.D. and Lynn, D.E. 1994. Biogeography of leafhopper specialists of the shortgrass prairie: evidence for the roles of phenology and phylogeny in determination of biological diversity. American Entomologist 40: 19-35.


author:
Wilf, P.; Labandeira, C.C.; Kress, W.J.; Staines, C.L.; Windsor, D.M.; Allen, A.L.; Johnson, K.R.

title:
Timing the radiation af leaf beetles: Hispines on gingers from latest Cretaceous to recent

abstract:
Stereotyped feeding damage attributable solely to rolled-leaf hispine beetles is documented on latest Cretaceous and early Eocene ginger leaves from North Dakota and Wyoming. Hispine beetles (6000 extant species) therefore evolved at least 20 million years earlier than suggested by insect body fossils, and their specialized associations with gingers and ginger relatives are ancient and phylogenetically conservative. The latest Cretaceous presence of these relatively derived members of the hyperdiverse leaf-beetle clade (Chrysomelidae, more than 38,000 species) implies that many of the adaptive radiations that account for the present diversity of leaf beetles occurred during the Late Cretaceous, contemporaneously with the ongoing rapid evolution of their angiosperm hosts.

citation:
Wilf, P., Labandeira, C.C., Kress, W.J., Staines, C.L., Windsor, D.M., Allen, A.L. and Johnson, K.R. 2000. Timing the radiation af leaf beetles: Hispines on gingers from latest Cretaceous to recent. Science 289: 291-294.


title:
Evidence for directional selection acting on pheromone-binding proteins in the genus Choristoneura

citation:
Willett, C.S. 2000. Evidence for directional selection acting on pheromone-binding proteins in the genus Choristoneura. Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 553-562.


title:
The genus Adelpha: its systematics, biology and biogeography (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidini)

abstract:
A revision of the diverse neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus Adelpha is presented, which includes discussion of the systematics, biology and biogeography of all constituent taxa. I review the history of classification of the genus, characterise the genus by its adult morphology, and provisionally recognise six principal species groups. The status of all published names is critically examined and the identity and location of associated type material is discussed. Lectotypes are designated for 30 names, and neotypes for three names. I present a synonymic checklist that includes all 366 described names, and recognise 85 valid species and 209 valid taxa. Sixty one names are placed newly in synonymy and 66 further new or revised taxonomic combinations are made, and one new species and nine new subspecies are described: Adelpha atlantica sp. nov., Adelpha corcyra dognini ssp. nov., Adelpha corcyra salazari ssp. nov., Adelpha erymanthis fortunata ssp. nov., Adelpha fessonia ernestoi ssp. nov., Adelpha leucophthalma smalli ssp. nov., Adelpha melona neildi ssp. nov., Adelpha paraena lecromi ssp. nov., Adelpha radiata romeroi ssp. nov., Adelpha seriphia barcanti ssp. nov. In addition to a dichotomous key for identification of adult Adelpha, notes on the taxonomy, variation and identification of all taxa are presented. I also list the locality data and depository of 20,796 specimens of Adelpha examined and discuss the known and expected geographic and elevational ranges of all taxa. The biology of the genus is reviewed, based on published data and approximately two years field work in six neotropical countries. I summarise the current knowledge on the habitats, phenology and rarity of all species, and conclude that the majority of species that are rare within a single site are rare throughout their range; thus suffusive rarity predominates in the genus. Beyond the difficulties of sampling, there is little evidence for what causes rarity in any individual species. Literature and unpublished records of larval hostplants for all species are compiled and Adelpha species identifications corrected. Hostplant records exist for at least 42 species of Adelpha, comprising 22 families, 66 genera and 116 species of plants, and this is one of the widest host breadths of any nymphalid genus. Published and unpublished information on immature stage morphology and biology exists for 37 species, and I discuss possible characters that may be of phylogenetic value. I review our scant knowledge of Adelpha adult ecology, and discuss the evidence for mimetic convergence of wing patterns between unrelated Adeipha species. Given the apparent lack of unpalatability in the genus, Adelpha may be one of the best examples of mimicry based on the unprofitability of pursuit for predators due to rapid escape ability. I analyse patterns of diversity and endemism of Adelpha species and taxa within the Americas and between biogeographic regions and countries. Regional Adelpha species richness peaks just north of the equator, but shows a similar, south-skewed asymmetry reported for other major groups, which relates to the presence of the diverse Atlantic biogeographic region in southeastern Brazil. Latitudinal species turnover peaks at the edges of major biogeographic regions (Transandean, Andes, Amazon, Atlantic), and distribution of range edges is significantly non-random, refuting predictions of random or null models for the distribution of diversity. There is no evidence for a decrease in latitudinal range towards lower latitudes, and density of range edges is lowest at the equator, providing no support for the Rapoport effect as a causal factor for the equatorial peak in species richness. Community species richness in Adelpha peaks in the foothills of the eastern Andes in an arc from southern Colombia to northern Bolivia, where almost half the species in the genus are predicted to occur in forests between 450-600m in elevation. Richness drops sharply away from the base of the Andes and then declines almost imperceptibly cast across the Amazon basin, with sites throughout the Amazon containing only 60-70% of the diversity of the Andean foothills. Regional Adelpha species richness peaks between 700-1000m elevation, with 87% of the genus occurring from 700-800m. Similar patterns are observed for community species richness in transects through the Ecuadorian Andes, which peaks at 600m on the eastern slope and 800m on the western slope. While the lowland eastern slope has higher richness than the lowland west, montane faunas are of equal richness. Locally high rates of species turnover along the elevational gradient argue against elevationally correlated environmental variables, or random range distributions, as important factors in explaining the lower-middle elevation peak in species richness. Instead, there is evidence that Ade/pha faunas are zoned, comprising well-defined lowland and montane faunas, with some evidence for further zonation within the latter. The peak in species richness occurs in the zone of overlap between lowland and montane faunas. The close larval association of the most primitive species in the genus with the plant genus Viburnum, which is of Laurasian origin, suggests that the ancestor of Adelpha colonised South America via North America. Several hypotheses are suggested to reconcile the apparent existence of endemic South American Adelpha, suggesting evolution in isolation before formation of the Isthmus of Panama, with the observation that most montane Laurasian plant genera reached South America after formation of the isthmus. Regions of species endemism in Adelpha are sharply delimited by major geographical barriers to dispersal, and I divide such regions into lowland and montane categories. Areas of subspecies endemism occur in peripheral regions and are generally in agreement with postulated Pleistocene refugia, but most are also defined by modern environmental transition zones. Faunal turnover increases with elevation, and the number of species restricted to a single biogeographic region peaks at lower-middle elevations. I discuss the relative contribution and timing of four mechanisms of montane speciation to the formation of montane Adelpha faunas. There is evidence for speciation across elevational gradients early in the evolution of montane faunas, but most recent differentiation of populations and species has occurred in geographic allopatry. The Andean orogeny appears to have had little effect on Adelpha faunas as a vicariant event, but the mountain range constitutes an important barrier to dispersal. Sharp changes in faunal composition in the western Andes, with faunas below 1500m being closely related to Costa Rica/Panama but those above showing more affinity with the eastern Andes, are interpreted as the result of the postulated maximal vegetation level depression of 12-1500m during historical climatic fluctutations. The conservation of Adelpha is considered for both species and faunas. Two species of Adelpha, A. herbita and A. atlantica, both endemic to southeastern Brazil, are proposed as threatened, based on current IUCN criteria. Other species that may be future candidates for threatened status are also listed and discussed. Colombia and Ecuador contain the highest numbers of Adelpha species, though the former is easily the most diverse when taxa are considered. However, consideration of endemism, species richness, rarity and threat indicates that the Atlantic region faunas are of the highest conservation priority for Adelpha. Due to substantial congruence between ranges of Adelpha, and overlap of faunas in the Andean foothills, only ten areas of 40km x 40km are estimated to be needed to contain all Adelpha species at least once. The location of these areas is similar to areas classed as important for conservation for many other taxa, particularly birds, suggesting that the majority of Adelpha will be protected by efforts to conserve higher profile taxa.

citation:
Willmott, K.R. 2003. The genus Adelpha: its systematics, biology and biogeography (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidini). Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.


title:
Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with comments on the subtribal classification of Limenitidini

abstract:
A two-stage cladistic analysis of 114 characters from adult and immature stage morphology provided phylogenetic hypotheses for the diverse Neotropical nymphalid butterfly genus Adelpha Hubner. Higher-level cladistic relationships were inferred for thirty Adelpha species and twenty other species of Limenitidini, confirming the monophyly of Adelpha as currently conceived and indicating several montane Asian species as potential sister taxa for the genus. Cladistic relationships between all eighty-five Adelpha species were then inferred using three outgroup combinations. Basal and terminal nodes were reasonably resolved and supported, but a low proportion of non-wing pattern characters resulted in weak resolution and support in the middle of the tree. The most basal members of Adelpha feed on the temperate or montane plant family Caprifoliaceae, suggesting that a switch from this family early in the evolutionary history was important in subsequent diversification into tropical lowland habitats. The cladograms confirm suspicions of earlier authors that dorsal mimetic wing patterns have convergently evolved a number of times in Adelpha. The subtribal classification of Limenitidini is discussed and both Lebadea (from Parthenina) and Neptina are transferred to Limenitidina, whereas Cymothoe, Bhagadatta and Pseudoneptis (all formerly Limenitidina) are regarded as incertae sedis.

citation:
Willmott, K.R. 2003. Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with comments on the subtribal classification of Limenitidini. Systematic Entomology 28: 279-322.


title:
Correlations between adult mimicry and larval host plants in ithomiine butterflies

abstract:
The apparent paradox of multiple coexisting wing pattern mimicry 'rings' in tropical butterflies has been explained as a result of microhabitat partitioning in adults. However, very few studies have tested this hypothesis. In neotropical forests, ithomiine butterflies dominate and display the richest diversity of mimicry rings. We show that co-mimetic species occupy the same larval host-plant species significantly more often than expected in two out of five communities that we surveyed; in one of these, the effect remains significant after phylogenetic correction. This relationship is most probably a result of a third correlated variable, such as microhabitat. Host-plant microhabitat may constrain adult movement, or host-plant choice may depend on butterfly microhabitat preferences and mimicry associations. This link between mimicry and host plant could help explain some host-plant and mimicry shifts, which have been important in the radiation of this speciose tropical group.

citation:
Willmott, K.R. and Mallet, J. 2004. Correlations between adult mimicry and larval host plants in ithomiine butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B 271 S : 266-269.


author:
Wilson, S.; Mitter, C.; Denno, R.F.; Wilson, M.R.

title:
Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives

journal:
The Ecology and Management of Planthoppers

citation:
Wilson, S., Mitter, C., Denno, R.F. and Wilson, M.R. 1993. Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. The Ecology and Management of Planthoppers : 7-113.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships in weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) inferred from nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S rDNA

citation:
Wink, M., Mikes, Z. and Rheinheimer, J. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships in weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) inferred from nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 16S rDNA. Naturwissenschaften 84: 318-321.


author:
Witzgall, P.; Chambon, J.P.; Bengtsson, M.; Unelius, C.R.; Appelgren, M.

title:
Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

citation:
Witzgall, P., Chambon, J.P., Bengtsson, M., Unelius, C.R. and Appelgren, M. 1996. Sex pheromones and attractants in the Eucosmini and Grapholitini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Chemoecology 7: 13-23.


title:
Revision of the genera of Platypodidae (Coleoptera)

citation:
Wood, S.L. 1993. Revision of the genera of Platypodidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 53: 259-281.


title:
Pronotal shape: a source of confusion or panacea in systematic studies of treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae)?

abstract:
talks about evolution of host use; summarized in Wood, 1993 (pg. 426): phylogeny of 22 genera shows increase in specialization and increased diversity; most diverse (n=44) on Quercus (univoltine genus Cyrtolobus)

citation:
Wood, T.K. and Pesek, J.D. 1992. Pronotal shape: a source of confusion or panacea in systematic studies of treehoppers (Homoptera: Membracidae)?. Pp. 349-384 in: Sorensen, J.T. and Foottit, R. [eds.], Ordination in the study of morphology, evolution and systematics of insects: applications and quantitative genetic rationals. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London etc. .


title:
The shapes of insect galls: insect control, plant constraints and phylogeny

journal:
Ecology and evolution of plant-feeding insects in natural and man-made environments

citation:
Wool, D. 1997. The shapes of insect galls: insect control, plant constraints and phylogeny. Pp. 203-212 in: Raman, A. [ed.], Ecology and evolution of plant-feeding insects in natural and man-made environments. Backhuys, Leiden.


title:
A phylogenetic study of the Dalpada-group (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

citation:
Xu, Z. and Zheng, L. 1993. A phylogenetic study of the Dalpada-group (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Entomotaxonomia 15: 17-28.


title:
Formation of Papilionidae distribution in Japan inferred from DNA phylogenetics

citation:
Yagi, T. 2003. Formation of Papilionidae distribution in Japan inferred from DNA phylogenetics. Gekkan Mushi 386: 22-29.


title:
Phylogeny of Japanese papilionid butterflies inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial ND5 gene

citation:
Yagi, T., Sasaki, G. and Takebe, H. 1999. Phylogeny of Japanese papilionid butterflies inferred from nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial ND5 gene. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48: 42-48.


title:
Biosystematics of hackberry psyllids (Pachypsylla) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea): a preliminary report

citation:
Yang, M.M. and Mitter, C. 1994. Biosystematics of hackberry psyllids (Pachypsylla) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids (Homoptera: Psylloidea): a preliminary report. Pp. 172-185 in: Price, P.W., Mattson, W.J. and Baranchikov, Y.N. [eds.], The Ecology and Evolution of Gall-Forming Insects. , Krasnoyarsk, Siberia?.


title:
Study on the genus Laphris and its phylogenetic relationship with related genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)

citation:
Yang, X.k. 1993. Study on the genus Laphris and its phylogenetic relationship with related genera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 18: 362-369.


title:
Review of Lygocorides Yasunaga (Heteroptera: Miridae)

citation:
Yasunaga, T. 1996. Review of Lygocorides Yasunaga (Heteroptera: Miridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 139: 267-275.


title:
Revision of the mirine genus Castanopsides Yasunaga from the eastern Asia (Heteroptera: Miridae)

citation:
Yasunaga, T. 1998. Revision of the mirine genus Castanopsides Yasunaga from the eastern Asia (Heteroptera: Miridae). Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 99-119.


title:
Revision of the mirine genus Tinginotum Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Miridae) from Japan

citation:
Yasunaga, T. 1999. Revision of the mirine genus Tinginotum Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Miridae) from Japan. Biogeography 1: 39-47.


title:
A revision of the Old World species of the genus Eurema Hubner (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

citation:
Yata, O. 1988. A revision of the Old World species of the genus Eurema Hubner (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Kyushu University, Fukuoka.


title:
Systematics and biogeography of the genus Eurema

citation:
Yata, O. 1993. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Eurema. Nature and Insects 28: 2-9.


title:
Extraordinary and extensive karyotype variation:; A 48-fold range in chromosome number in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Erioccidae)

abstract:
Chromosome number reflects strong constraints on karyotype evolution, unescaped by the majority of animal taxa. Although there is commonly chromosomal polymorphism among closely related taxa, very large differences in chromosome number are rare. This study reports one of the most extensive chromosomal ranges yet reported for an animal genus. Apiomorpha Rubsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae), an endemic Australian gall-inducing scale insect genus, exhibits an extraordinary 48-fold variation in chromosome number with diploid numbers ranging from 4; to about 192. Diploid complements of all other eriococcids examined to date range only from 6 to 28. Closely related species of Apiomorpha; usually have very different karyotypes, to the extent that the variation within some species-groups is as great as that across the entire genus. There is extensive chromosomal variation among populations within 17 of the morphologically defined species of Apiomorpha indicating the existence of cryptic species-complexes. The extent and pattern of karyotypic variation suggests rapid chromosomal evolution via fissions and (or) fusions. It is hypothesized that chromosomal rearrangements in Apiomorpha species may be associated with these insects' tracking the radiation of their speciose host genus, Eucalyptus.;

citation:
Cook, L.G. 2000. Extraordinary and extensive karyotype variation:; A 48-fold range in chromosome number in the gall-inducing scale insect Apiomorpha (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Erioccidae). Genome 43: 255-263.


title:
Notes on the biology and distribution of the damone and damocles species-complexes of the subgenus Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

citation:
Dantchenko, A.V. 1997. Notes on the biology and distribution of the damone and damocles species-complexes of the subgenus Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). . Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo. 16 : 23-42 (Suppl).


author:
Rokas, A.; Nylander, J.A.A.; Ronquist, F.; Stone, G.N.

title:
A maximum likelihood analysis of eight phylogenetic markers in gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae); implications for insect phylogenetic studies

citation:
Rokas, A., Nylander, J.A.A., Ronquist, F. and Stone, G.N. 2002. A maximum likelihood analysis of eight phylogenetic markers in gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae); implications for insect phylogenetic studies. Mol. Phylognet. Evol. 22: 206-219.


title:
Molecular phylogeny of North American oak-galling Cynipini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) supports need for generic division

editor:
Csoka, G.; Mattson, W.J.; Stone, G.N.; Price, P.W.

citation:
Drown, D.M. and Brown, J.M. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of North American oak-galling Cynipini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) supports need for generic division. Pp. 241-246 in: Csoka, G., Mattson, W.J., Stone, G.N. and Price, P.W. [eds.], The Biology of Gall-Inducing Arthropods. Forest Service, USDA, St. Paul, MN.


title:
Host-plant relationships of lycaenid butterflies: large- scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants

citation:
Fiedler, K. 1996. Host-plant relationships of lycaenid butterflies: large- scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 80: 259-267.


title:
Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

citation:
Gimpel, W.F. and Miller, D.R. 1996. Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus maritimus complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 2: 1-164.


title:
Evolutionary relationships between maize leafhoppers and their host plants

citation:
Nault, L.R. 1985. Evolutionary relationships between maize leafhoppers and their host plants. Pp. 309-330 in: Nault, L.R. and Rodriguez, J.G. [eds.], The leafhoppers and plantoppers. Wiley, New York.


author:
Scriber, J.M.; Tsubaki, Y.; Lederhouse, R.C.

title:
Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology

abstract:
Thompson, ch. 20:; cited Gilbert (1979): in butterflies, host shifts more frequent among taxa which mate independently of host plant; Results of studies: host preference determined partly by locus on X-chromosome (inherited from fathers, thus skips generations); Variables in oviposition behavior: 1) order of preference in hierarchy, 2) specificity (how low will they go on hierarchy), 3) which plants available in area; Preference & performance often uncoupled; Berenbaum, Ch. 4:; Major papilionid host families share several chemical characteristics, including essential oils, lack of iridoids, etc.; two main chemical groups of hosts: Magnoliids+Rutaceae & Apiales/Asterales; P450 enzymes often very specific to chemicals in diet (though generalist enzymes also exist); note: while unrelated families may share a single chemical compound, plants sharing multiple compounds are likely only in related families; dependence on combinations of chemicals thus increases likelihood that host shifts are constrained by plant phylogeny; Miller's study does not conclusively disprove coevolution in swallowtails (at other levels); some degree of 'sequential evolution' does not rule out possibility that "papilionids did not also exploit new plant taxa as they became available in time"

citation:
Scriber, J.M., Tsubaki, Y. and Lederhouse, R.C. 1995. Swallowtail butterflies: their ecology and evolutionary biology. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville.


author:
Mallarino, R.; Bermingham, E.; Willmott, K.R.; Whinnett, A.; Jiggins, C.D.

title:
Molecular systematics of the butterfly genus Ithomia; (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae): a composite phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes

abstract:
Butterflies in the nymphalid subfamily Ithomiinae are brightly colored and involved in mimicry. Here we present a phylogenetic; hypothesis for 23 of the 24 species in the genus Ithomia, based on seven diVerent gene regions, representing 5 linkage groups and; 4469 bp. We sequenced varying length regions of the following genes: (1) elongation factor 1 (Ef1; 1028 bp); (2) tektin (tektin;; 715 bp); (3) wingless (wg; 405 bp); (4) ribosomal protein L5 (RpL5; 722 bp, exons 1, 2, 3, and introns 1 and 2); and (5) mitochondrial; cytochrome oxidase I, II (Co1 and Co2 and intervening leucine tRNA; 1599 bp). The results show incongruence between some; genetic loci, although when alternate topologies are compared statistically it was generally true that one topology was supported by; a majority of loci sampled. This highlights the need to sample widely across the genome in order to obtain a well-supported phylogenetic; hypothesis. A combined evidence topology is presented based on a Bayesian analysis of all the gene regions, except the fastevolving; RpL5. The resulting hypothesis is concordant with the most probable relationships determined from our topological comparisons,; although in some parts of the tree relationships remain weakly supported. The tree suggests diversiWcation has largely; occurred within biogeographic regions such as Central America, the Amazon, the southern and northern Andes, with only occasional; dispersal (or vicariance) between such regions. This phylogenetic hypothesis can now be used to investigate patterns of diversiWcation; across the genus, such as the potential role of color pattern changes in speciation.

citation:
Mallarina, R., Bermingham, E., Willmott, K.R., Whinnett, A. and Jiggins, C.D. 2005. Molecular systematics of the butterfly genus Ithomia (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae): a composite phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34: 625-644.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Jolivet, P.; Vogler, A.P.

title:
Molecular systematics of Eumolpinae and the relationships with Spilopyrinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
The 3400 species of Eumolpinae constitute one of the largest subfamilies of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). Their systematics is still largely based on late 19th century monographs and remains highly unsatisfactory. Only recently, some plesiomorphic lineages have been split out as separate subfamilies, including the southern hemisphere Spilopyrinae and the ambiguously placed Synetinae. Here we provide insight into the internal systematics of the Eumolpinae based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal genes, including partial mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 28S and complete nuclear 18S rRNA gene sequences. Sixteen morphological characters considered important in the higher-level systematics of Eumolpinae were also included in a combined analysis with the molecular characters. All phylogenetic analyses were performed using parsimony by optimizing length variation directly on the tree, as implemented in the POY software. The data support the monophyly of the Spilopyrinae outside the clade including all sampled Eumolpinae, corroborating their treatment as a separate subfamily within the Chrysomelidae. The systematic placement of the Synetinae remains ambiguous but consistent with considering it a different subfamily as well, since the phylogenetic analyses using all the available evidence show the representative sequence of the subfamily also unrelated to the Eumolpinae. The Megascelini, traditionally considered a separate subfamily, falls within the Eumolpinae. Several recognized taxonomic groupings within Eumolpinae, including the tribes Adoxini or Typophorini, are not confirmed by molecular data; others like Eumolpini seem well supported. Among the morphological characters analyzed, the presence of a characteristic groove on the pygidium (a synapomorphy of the Eumolpini) and the shape of tarsal claws (simple, appendiculate or bifid) stand out as potentially useful characters for taxonomic classification in the Eumolpinae.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Jolivet, P. and Vogler, A.P. 2005. Molecular systematics of Eumolpinae and the relationships with Spilopyrinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  34: 584-600.


title:
Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine Subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

abstract:
The Euptychiina is one of the more diverse lineages of satyrine butterflies, represented by over 300 species. The first phylogenetic; analyses of the subtribe is presented based on 2506 aligned nucleotide sequences obtained from 69 individuals spanning 28 ingroup; genera and nine outgroup genera. Two genes were used, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1 (1268 bp) and the nuclear; gene elongation factor-1a (1238 bp). The subtribe is never recovered as monophyletic in analyses using parsimony, maximum likelihood,; or Bayesian inference. Several euptychiine genera are placed basal to the ingroup, but support is found only for Euptychia; and Oressinoma. Three main lineages within the ingroup were clearly defined and many taxonomic groupings within the clades; strongly supported. The majority of genera tested were paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Based on results presented here and novel host; use, a close relationship of Euptychia to the Indo-Australian tribe Ragadiini is hypothesized. Origins of the group remain unclear,; but the basal position of most of the Nearctic genera is discussed.

citation:
Murray, D. and Prowell, D.P. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine Subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34: 67-80.


title:
Systematics of the yucca moth genus Parategeticula (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), with description of three Mexican species

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Balcazar-Lara, M. 2000. Systematics of the yucca moth genus Parategeticula (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae), with description of three Mexican species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 432-439.


title:
Revision and cladistic analysis of the holarctic genus Atractotomus Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)

abstract:
The Holarctic genus Atractotomus Fieber is revised. Lepidopsallus Knoght and Microhylidea Knight are relegated to synonymy with Atractotomus. Thirty-sevenspecies are recognized, including 17 new species from the Nearctic region... An analysis of host plant associations suggests that Atractotomus was primitively associated with conifers, but shifted to legume feeding early in the evolution of the genus. In the Nearctic region, this was followed by separate shifts to feeding on Quercus, Salix, and Rhamnaceae+Rosaceae. Species diversity and endemism are greatest in parts of east-central and south-central Mexico...

citation:
Stonedahl, G.M. 1990. Revision and cladistic analysis of the holarctic genus Atractotomus Fieber (Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 198: 1-88.


title:
Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology

citation:
Ackery, P.R. and Vane-Wright, R.I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.


title:
Systematics and host plant affiliations of hummingbird flower mites of the genera Tropicoseius Baker and Yunker and Rhinoseius Baker and Yunker (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae)

series:
Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs

citation:
Naskrecki, P. and Colwell, R.K. 1998. Systematics and host plant affiliations of hummingbird flower mites of the genera Tropicoseius Baker and Yunker and Rhinoseius Baker and Yunker (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland.


author:
Braby, M.F.; Trueman, J.W.H.; Eastwood, R.

title:
When and where did troidine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papiliondiae) evolve? Phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence suggests an origin in remnant Gondwana in the Late Cretaceous

abstract:
The age, geographic origin and time of major radiation of the butterflies (Hesperioidea + Papilionoidea + Hedyloidea) are largely unknown. The general modern view is that butterflies arose during the Late Jurassic/Cretaceous in the southern hemisphere (southern Pangea/Gondwana before continental breakup), but this is not universally accepted, and is a best guess based largely on circumstantial evidence. The extreme paucity of fossils and lack of modern, higher-level phylogenies of extant monophyletic groups have been major impediments towards determining reliable estimates of either their age or geographic origin. Here we present a phylogenetic and historical biogeographic analysis of a higher butterfly taxon, the swallowtail tribe Troidini. We analysed molecular data for three protein-encoding genes, mitochondrial ND5 and COI-COII, and nuclear EF-1a, both separately and in combination using maximum parsimony (with and without character weighting and transition/transversion weighting), maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our sample included representatives of all 10 genera of Troidini and distant ingroup taxa (Baroniinae, Parnassiinae, Graphiini, Papilionini), with Pieridae as outgroup. Analysis of the combined dataset (4326 bp; 1012 parsimony informative characters) recovered the Troidini as a well supported monophyletic group and the monophyly of its two subtribes, Battina and Troidina. The most parsimonious biogeographic hypothesis suggests a southern origin of the tribe in remnant Gondwana (Madagascar-Greater India-Australia-Antarctica-South America) sometime after the rifting and final separation of Africa in the Late Cretaceous (<90 Mya). Although an ancient vicariance pattern is proposed, at least four relatively recent dispersal/ extinction events are needed to reconcile anomalies in distribution, most of which can be explained by geological and climatic events in South-east Asia and Australia during the late Tertiary. Application of a molecular clock based on a rate smoothing programme to estimate various divergence times based on vicariance events, revealed two peculiarities in our biogeographic vicariance model that do not strictly accord with current understanding of the temporal breakup of Gondwana: (1) the troidine fauna of Greater India did not become isolated from Gondwana (Antarctica) until the end of the Cretaceous (c. 65 Mya), well after Madagascar separated from Greater India (84 Mya); and (2) the faunas of Greater India, Australia and South America diverged simultaneously, also at the K/T boundary. A recent published estimate of the time (31 Mya) of divergence between Cressida Swainson (Australia) and Euryades Felder & Felder (South America) is shown to be in error.; ;

citation:
Braby, M.F., Trueman, J.W.H. and Eastwood, R. 2005. When and where did troidine butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papiliondiae) evolve? Phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence suggests an origin in remnantGondwana in the Late Cretaceous.  : .


author:
Machado, C.A.; Robbins, N.; Gilbert, M.T.P.; Herre, E.A.

title:
Critical review of host specificity and its  coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism

abstract:
Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) constitute perhaps the most tightly integrated pollination mutualism that is known. Figs are characterized by extraordinarily high global and local species diversity. It has been proposed that the diversification of this mutualism has occurred through strict-sense coadaptation and cospeciation between pairs of fig and wasp species that are associated in highly specific one-to-one relationships. However, existing studies cast doubt on the generality of this proposition. Here, we review our current knowledge of the evolutionary history of the fig/fig-wasp mutualism. We critically examine the idea that codivergence between figs and their pollinators has been dominated by strict-sense cospeciation. We present phylogenetic and population genetic data from neotropical fig and fig wasp species that suggest that a more accurate model for diversification in this mutualism is that of groups of genetically well defined wasp species coevolving with genetically less well defined (frequently hybridizing) groups of figs. Last, we use our results to assess previously proposed hypotheses on models of speciation in this mutualism.

citation:
Machado, C.A., Robbins, N., Gilbert, M.T.P. and Herre, E.A. 2005. Critical review of host specificity and its  coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 6558-6565.


title:
Systematic revision of the Ecdytolopha group of genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Grapholitini) in the New World

journal:
Insect Systematics and Evolution (Supplement)

abstract:
The New World genera Ecdytolopha Zeller, Gymnandrosoma Dyar, revised status, and Pseudogalleria Ragonot are revised...Members of these three genera included pests of Citrus, Robinia, Macadamia, Pithecellobium, Theobroma, and Psidium. We present a hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among these three New World genera and the Old World genera Cryptophlebia Walsingham and Thaumatotibia Zacher.

citation:
Adamski, D. and Brown, J.W. 2001. Systematic revision of the Ecdytolopha group of genera (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Grapholitini) in the New World. Insect Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 58: 1-.


author:
Termonia, A.; Pasteels, J.M.; Windsor, D.M.; Milinkovitch, M.C.

title:
Dual chemical sequestration: a key mechanism in transitions among ecological specialization

journal:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B

abstract:
Platyphora leaf beetles form a vast group of tropical species each feeding on a restricted set of host plants and exhibiting bright coloration warning predators against their chemical protection. These beetles offer an exceptional opportunity for understanding the evolution of phytochemical sequestration. Indeed, qualitative studies of defensive secretions indicate that Platyphora species acquire toxicity via sequestration of plant secondary metabolites. All produce pentacyclic triterpene saponins from sequestered plant amyrins, but our analyses also indicate that many Platyphora species produce a dual chemical defence, that is, they are additionally protected by lycopsamine-type pyrolyzidine alkaloids that they also sequester from their; host. This paper reports on the evolution of chemical defence and host affiliation in Platyphora leaf beetles as reconstructed on a molecular phylogeny of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. The analyses indicate that dual sequestration could be the key mechanistic means by which transitions among ecological specializations (i.e. restricted host-plant affiliations) are made possible.

citation:
Termonia, A., Pasteels, J.M., Windsor, D.M. and Milinkovitch, M.C. 2002. Dual chemical sequestration: a key mechanism in transitions among ecological specialization.. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 269: 1-6.


title:
Origin of Timarcha: Trophic relationships in the Old and New World

journal:
New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae

citation:
Poinar, G. and Jolivet, P. 2004. Origin of Timarcha: Trophic relationships in the Old and New World. New Developments in the Biology of Chrysomelidae : 281-290.


citation:
Jolivet, P. and Verma, K.K. 2002. Biology of Leaf Beetles.  : .


title:
The new world Agaoninae (pollinators of figs)

series:
Verhandelingen Afdeling Natuurkunde, Tweede Reeks

publisher:
Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen

abstract:
Revision of Tetrapus Mayr and Pegoscapus Cameron. New species: Pegoscapus groegeri (Venezuela, host Ficus molicula Pittier). New synonymy: Blastophaga augusta Grandi, 1938 = Pegoscapus assuetus (Grandi, 1938).

citation:
Wiebes, J.T. 1995. The new world Agaoninae (pollinators of figs). Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships of the Tropiduchidae-group (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) of planthoppers inferred through nucleotide sequences

citation:
Yeh, W.B., Yang, C.T. and Hui, C.F. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of the Tropiduchidae-group (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) of planthoppers inferred through nucleotide sequences. Zoological Studies 37: 45-55.


title:
Noctuid phylogeny revisited (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

citation:
Yela, J.L. and Kitching, I.J. 1999. Noctuid phylogeny revisited (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Boletin de la SEA 26: 485-520.


title:
Genetic differentiation and relationships in five taxa of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)

citation:
Yong, H.S. 1995. Genetic differentiation and relationships in five taxa of the Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 85: 431-435.


title:
Wood whites (Pieridae), the most primitive pierids?

citation:
Yoshimoto, H. 2000. Wood whites (Pieridae), the most primitive pierids?. Butterflies 26: 52-59.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among three paraneopteran clades (Psocodea, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera) were analysed based on the morphology of forewing base structure. Monophyly of Paraneoptera was supported by nine autapomorphies, monophyly of Condylognatha (= Thysanoptera + Hemiptera) by two autapomorphies, monophyly of Thysanoptera by five autapomorphies and monophyly of Hemiptera by one autapomorphy. Thus, (Psocodea + (Thysanoptera + Hemiptera)) were proposed to be the phylogenetic relationships within Paraneoptera. A homoplastic similarity of the third axillary sclerite was observed between Thysanoptera and Heteroptera, and a possible evolutionary factor providing this homoplasy was discussed. The present analysis also suggested a monophyletic Auchenorrhyncha, and reduction of the proximal median plate was considered as an autapomorphy of this clade.

citation:
Yoshizawa, K. and Saigusa, T. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1-13.


title:
Taksonomiya i ekologiya usachei. [Taxonomy and ecology of Cerambycidae.]

citation:
Zagajkevich, I.K. 1991. Taksonomiya i ekologiya usachei. [Taxonomy and ecology of Cerambycidae.]. Naukova Dumka, Kiev.


title:
Taxometric studies of five closely related genera of the tribe Carpocorini Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatominae) from the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent

citation:
Zaidi, R.H. and Shaukat, S.S. 1993. Taxometric studies of five closely related genera of the tribe Carpocorini Stal (Hemiptera: Pentatominae) from the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 21: 59-66.


title:
Taxometric study of three closely related genera of the tribe Carpocorini Stal (Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent

citation:
Zaidi, R.H. and Shaukat, S.S. 1991. Taxometric study of three closely related genera of the tribe Carpocorini Stal (Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 7: 67-75.


author:
Zakharov, E.V.; Caterino, M.S.; Sperling, F.A.H.

title:
Molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography, and divergence time estimates for swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

abstract:
Swallowtail butterflies are recognized as model organisms in ecology, evolutionary biology, genetics, and conservation biology but present numerous unresolved phylogenetic problems. We inferred phylogenetic relationships for 51 of about 205 species of the genus Papilio (sensu lato) from 3.3-Kilobase (kb) sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (2.3 kb of cytochrome oxidases I and II and 1.0 kb of elongation factor 1[alpha]). Congruent phylogenetic trees were recovered within Papilio from analyses of combined data using maximum likelihood, Bayesian analysis, and maximum parsimony bootstrap consensus. Several disagreements with the traditional classification of Papilio were found. Five major previously hypothesized subdivisions within Papilio were well supported: Heraclides, Pterourus, Chilasa, Papilio ( sensu stricto), and Eleppone. Further studies are required to clarify relationships within traditional Princeps, which was paraphyletic. Several biologically interesting characteristics of Papilio appear to have polyphyletic origins, including mimetic adults, larval host associations, and larval morphology. Early diversification within Papilio is estimated at 55 - 65 million years ago based on a combination of biogeographic time constraints rather than fossils. This divergence time suggests that Papilio has slower apparent substitution rates than do Drosophila and fig-pollinating wasps and/or divergences corrected using best-fit substitution models are still being consistently underestimated. The amount of sequence divergence between Papilio subdivisions is equivalent to divergences between genera in other tribes of the Papilionidae, and between genera of moths of the noctuid subfamily Heliothinae.

citation:
Zakharov, E.V., Caterino, M.S. and Sperling, F.A.H. 2004. Molecular phylogeny, historical biogeography, and divergence time estimates for swallowtail butterflies of the genus Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Systematic Biology 53: 193-215.


title:
Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian genera and species of tribe: Myodochinii [Myodochini] (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae)

journal:
Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology

citation:
Zalat, S.M. and Gadalla, S. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian genera and species of tribe: Myodochinii [Myodochini] (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae). Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology 26: 13-24.


title:
Problems of phylogeny and developmental trends in the family Eurytomidae

citation:
Zerova, M.D. 1992. Problems of phylogeny and developmental trends in the family Eurytomidae. Chalcid Forum 15: 1-6.


title:
Study on the phylogeny of Pemphigidae (Homoptera: Aphidinea)

citation:
Zhang, G. and Chen, X. 1999. Study on the phylogeny of Pemphigidae (Homoptera: Aphidinea). Acta Entomologica Sinica 42: 176-183.


title:
Studies on the phylogeny and host plant association of Lachnidae (Homoptera: Aphidinea)

citation:
Zhang, G. and Chen, X. 1999. Studies on the phylogeny and host plant association of Lachnidae (Homoptera: Aphidinea). Entomologia Sinica 6: 193-208.


title:
The phylogenetic analysis of Saltusaphidinae (Homoptera: Drepanosiphidae)

citation:
Zhang, G. and Qiao, G. 1998. The phylogenetic analysis of Saltusaphidinae (Homoptera: Drepanosiphidae). Entomologia Sinica 5: 301-309.


title:
A review of Diuraphis Aizenbrg with descriptions of two new species (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)

citation:
Zhang, G.x., Zhang, W.y. and Zhong, T.s. 1991. A review of Diuraphis Aizenbrg with descriptions of two new species (Homoptera: Aphidoidea). Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology 1: 121-133.


title:
Studies on the genus Tetraneura Hartig, 1841 from China (Homoptera: Pemphigidae) with descriptions of new species and subspecies

citation:
Zhang, G.X., Zhang, W. and Zhong, T. 1991. Studies on the genus Tetraneura Hartig, 1841 from China (Homoptera: Pemphigidae) with descriptions of new species and subspecies. Sinozoologia 8: 205-236.


title:
Phylogeny and cladistic analysis of the Tuberculatus Mordvilko, 1894 (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)

citation:
Zhang, W.y. and Zhang, G.x. 1991. Phylogeny and cladistic analysis of the Tuberculatus Mordvilko, 1894 (Homoptera: Aphidoidea). Scientific Treatise on Systematic and Evolutionary Zoology 1: 95-102.


title:
The phylogeny and evolution of the Lycaeninae (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

citation:
Zhdanko, A.B. 2000. The phylogeny and evolution of the Lycaeninae (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Tethys Entomological Research 2: 223-232.


title:
A study of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Chinese specis [species] of Cletus Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

citation:
Zheng, L.Y. and C, C. 1998. A study of phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Chinese specis [species] of Cletus Stal (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 23 S: 189-198.


author:
Zimmermann, M.; Aubert, J.; Descimon, H.

citation:
Zimmermann, M., Aubert, J. and Descimon, H. 1999. Systematique moleculaire des melitees. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie III Sciences de la Vie 322: 429-439.


author:
Zimmermann, M.; Wahlberg, N.; Descimon, H.

title:
Phylogeny of Euphydryas checkerspot butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data

citation:
Zimmermann, M., Wahlberg, N. and Descimon, H. 2000. Phylogeny of Euphydryas checkerspot butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 347-355.


title:
Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

journal:
Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg

abstract:
The phylogenetic relations between the genera of the Phasmatodea, suborder Areolatae, are discussed. In this study, priority for decisions on phylogenetic relationships is given to egg morphology. Timema SCUDDER, 1895 is widely accepted as representing the sister group to the remaining phasmids and is included in Phasmatodea in the rank of the suborder Timematodea. An examination of the eggs of Timematodea and Embioptera species indicates an intermediate position between Embioptera and Phasmatodea, so that it is accepted here of being of the same rank as Phasmatodea. The Embioptera has mostly been regarded as an outgroup, but a sister-group relationship to Plecoptera + (Timematodea + Embioptera) is also considered. Phasmatomorpha n. tax. is introduced, to comprise Phasmatodea and (Plecoptera + (Timematodea + Embioptera)). The order Phasmatodea consists of Verophasmatodea n. subord. (Areolatae and Anareolatae) and Agathemerodea n. stat., with the single genus Agathemera STAL, 1875; this occupies a special position within Phasmatodea because of the muscular system of the pregenital abdominal segments. The extinct [dagger]Archipseudophasmatidae were true Verophasmatodea. Within the Verophasmatodea, the Phyllioidea makes up the sister group to the other superfamilies included. The superfamily Aschiphasmatoidea, containing Aschiphasmatidae, Prisopodidae n. stat. and Damasippoididae n. fam., is the sister group to Pseudophasmatoidea (Pseudophasmatidae and Heteronemiidae) and Bacilloidea (Heteropterygidae, Anisacanthidae n. fam. and Bacillidae). The present arrangement is strongly supported by the geographical distribution: Pseudophasmatoidea are restricted to the New World, Phyllioidea to tropical Asia, the Northern Australis and some Oceanian islands, and Bacilloidea to Africa and the Mediterranean region (Bacillidae), Madagascar (Anisacanthidae) and tropical Asia (Heteropterygidae). Only the comparatively primitive Aschiphasmatoidea are distributed over all tropical areas of the world, Prisopodidae occur in Central and South America, Damasippoididae in Madagascar and Aschiphasmatidae in tropical Asia. The monophyly of Anareolatae repeatedly questioned by various authors is not supported in the present study. Several evolutionary trends are present in the families of Phasmatodea: the reduction of the area apicalis, the modification of the profemora from straight to basally curved and compressed, an increasingly long mesonotum, and wing reduction. Keys to adults and eggs of all genera of Areolatae are included, as is a list of all genera of the Phasmatodea, including their type species. Fourteen new genera are established, and thirteen species are described for the first time.

citation:
Zompro, O. 2004. Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 37: 1-327.


title:
Phylogeny of the New World Dysdercus (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) and evolution of their colour patterns

citation:
Zrzavy, J. and Nedved, O. 1997. Phylogeny of the New World Dysdercus (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae) and evolution of their colour patterns. Cladistics 13: 109-123.


title:
Evolution of mimicry in the New World Dysdercus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

citation:
Zrzavy, J. and Nedved, O. 1999. Evolution of mimicry in the New World Dysdercus (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12: 956-969.


title:
Präadaptation, Wirtskreiserweiterung und Parallel-Cladogenese in der Evolution von phytophagen Insekten

citation:
Zwölfer, H. and Herbst, J. 1988. Präadaptation, Wirtskreiserweiterung und Parallel-Cladogenese in der Evolution von phytophagen Insekten. Z. Zool. Syst. Evolut.-forsch. 26: 320-340.


author:
Scheffer, S.J.; Giblin-Davis, R.M.; Taylor, G.S.; Davies, K.A.; Purcell, M.; Lewis, M.L.; Goolsby, J

title:
Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae)

abstract:
Phylogenetic analysis of recently described gall-forming Fergusonina Malloch flies was performed using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. Fifty-three flies reared from nine species of Melaleuca L. were sequenced. Species boundaries delimited by mitochondrial data confirm recent morphological investigation with one exception. Fergusonina turneri Taylor, believed to feed on both Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake and Melaleuca fluviatilis Barlow, seems to be comprised of two cryptic species, each specialized on one of the two hosts. Because F. turneri is under consideration as a potential biological control agent for invasive M. quinquenervia in the Florida Everglades, understanding cryptic variation and the degree of dietary specialization of this species is critical.

citation:
Scheffer, S.J., Giblin-Davis, R.M., Taylor, G.S., Davies, K.A., Purcell, M., Lewis, M.L., Goolsby, J. and Center, T.D. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships, species limits, and host specificity of gall-forming Fergusonina flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) feeding on Melaleuca (Myrtaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 1216-1221.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships within Heliodinidae and systematics of moths formerly assigned to Heliodines Stanton

citation:
Hsu, Y.F. and Powell, J.A. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within Heliodinidae and systematics of moths formerly assigned to Heliodines Stanton. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.


author:
Brown, J.M.; Leebens-Mack, J.H.; Thompson, J.N.; Pellmyr, O.; Harrison, R.G.

title:
Phylogeography and host association; in a pollinating seed parasite Greya politella (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae)

citation:
Brown, J.M., Leebens-Mack, J.H., Thompson, J.N., Pellmyr, O. and Harrison, R.G. 1997. Phylogeography and host association in a pollinating seed parasite Greya politella (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae). Mol. Ecol. 6: 215-224.


title:
The origin and radiation of macaronesian beetles breeding in Euphorbia: The relative importance of multiple data partitions and population sampling

abstract:
Species-level phylogenies derived from many independent character sources and wide geographical sampling provide a powerful tool in assessing the importance of various factors associated with cladogenesis. In this study, we explore the relative importance of insular isolation and host plant switching in the diversification of a group of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) feeding and breeding in woody Euphorbiaspurges. All species in the genus Aphanarthrum are each associated with only one species group of Euphorbia (succulents or one of three different arborescent groups), and the majority of species are endemic to one or several of the Macaronesian Islands. Hence, putative mechanisms of speciation could be assessed by identifying pairs of sister species in a phylogenetic analysis. We used DNA sequences from two nuclear and two mitochondrial genes, and morphological characters, to reconstruct the genealogical relationships among 92 individuals of 25 species and subspecies of Aphanarthrumand related genera. A stable tree topology was highly dependent on multiple character sources, but much less so on wide population sampling. However, multiple samples per species demonstrated one case of species paraphyly, as well as deep coalescence among three putative subspecies pairs. The phylogenetic analyses consistently placed the arborescent breeding and West African-Lanzarote-distributed speciesA. armatumin the most basal position inAphanarthrum, rendering this genus paraphyletic with respect toColeobothrus. Two major radiations followed, one predominantly African lineage of succulent feeding species, and one island radiation associated with arborescent host plants. Sister comparisons showed that most recent divergences occurred in allopatry on closely related hosts, with subsequent expansions obscuring more ancient events. Only 6 out of 24 cladogenetic events were associated with host switching, rendering geographical factors more important in recent diversification. [Biogeography; data combinability;Euphorbia; host plant use; molecular systematics; Scolytinae; speciation; taxon sampling.] ; ;

citation:
Jordal, B. and Hewitt, G. 2004. The origin and radiation of macaronesian beetles breeding in Euphorbia: The relative importance of multiple data partitions and population sampling. Systematic Biology 53: 711-734.


author:
Kawakita, A.; Takimura, A.; Terachi, T.; Sota, T.; Kato, M.

title:
Cospeciation analysis of an obligate pollination mutualism: Have Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and pollinating Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) diversified in parallel?

abstract:
Species-specific obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) involves a large number of interacting species and resembles the classically known fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth associations. To assess the extent of parallel cladogenesis in Glochidion-Epicephala association, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of 18 species of Glochidion using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (internal and external transcribed spacers) and those of the corresponding 18 Epicephala species using mitochondrial (the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene) and nuclear DNA sequences (the arginine kinase and elongation factor-1a genes). Based on the obtained phylogenies, we determine whether Glochidion and Epicephala have undergone parallel diversification using several different methods for investigating the level of cospeciation between phylogenies. These tests indicate that there is generally a greater degree of correlation between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies than expected in a random association, but the results are sensitive to selection of different phylogenetic hypotheses and analytical methods for evaluating cospeciation. Perfect congruence between phylogenies is not found in this association, which likely resulted from host shift by the moths. The observed significant discrepancy between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies implies that the one-to-one specificity between the plants and moths has been maintained through a complex speciation process or that there is an underestimated diversity of association between Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths.

citation:
Kawakita, A., Takimura, A., Terachi, T., Sota, T. and Kato, M. 2004. Cospeciation analysis of an obligate pollination mutualism: Have Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and pollinating Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) diversified in parallel? Evolution 58: 2201-2214.


title:
Molecular systematics and the macroevolution of host plant use in the endophagous moth genus Papaipema Smith

journal:
Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs.

abstract:
DNA sequence data from nuclear and mitochondrial genes are used to construct a, phylogenetic hypothesis for the extant species of Papaipema (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Apameini), an endophagous moth genus whose members have specialized in a taxonomically diverse array of angiosperm host plants. The expanded analysis, designed in part to test the monophyly of the genus, includes members of ten other endophagous apameine genera: Hydraecia (in which Papaipema was originally described as a subgenus); Gortyna; Parapamea; Amphipoea; Apamea; Meropleon; Macronoctua; Iodopepla; Franclemontia; and Bellura. Parsimony-based analyses reveal a monophyletic Papaipema, Hydraecia, and Apamea, and a polyphyletic Amphipoea. Most parsimonious optimizations of host plant family associations within Papaipema indicate a "pattern" of host shifts that are drastic with respect to host plant taxonomic affinity. None of the major "groups" of Papaipema associated with a single plant family are monophyletic; and there exists no plant family associated with two or more Papaipema species for which that association evolved but a single time. To the extent host plant associations are conserved phylogenetically, reversals appear in every case. Although this system is limited with respect to its ability to test Berenbaum's (1981, 1983) coevolutionary hypotheses regarding the role of coumarin compounds as mediators of plant-herbivore evolution, one aspect of that hypothesis withstands testing, namely that association with plants defended by hydroxycoumarins preceded that with plants defended by furanocoumarins. When mapped onto the "pruned" cladogram summarizing the relationships among the apameine genera studied, a transformation series in the stage at diapause is evident, with mature larval overwintering preceding young larval overwintering preceding overwintering as eggs. That last coincides with the clade [[Hydraecia + Amphipoea] + [[Gortyna + Macronoctua] + [Parapamea + Papaipema]]. The members of this clade, including Papaipema, are also primarily associated with dicotyledonous plants, an association that can have evolved once or three times depending on parsimony optimization. It is proposed that endophagous feeding arose following the evolution of monocot feeding in this group, and was in turn followed by sequential diapause shifts that ultimately led to the colonization of a wide host plant spectrum.

citation:
Goldstein, P.Z. 1999. Molecular systematics and the macroevolution of host plant use in the endophagous moth genus Papaipema Smith. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs.


author:
Windsor, D.M.; Riley, E.G.; Stockwell, H.P.

title:
An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian tortoise beetles

journal:
Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected studies

citation:
Windsor, D.M., Riley, E.G. and Stockwell, H.P. 1992. An introduction to the biology and systematics of Panamanian tortoise beetles. Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica: Selected studies : 372-391.


author:
Herre, E.A.; Machado, C.A.; Bermingham, E.; Nason, J.D.; Windsor, M.; McCafferty, S.S.; Van Houten,

title:
Molecular phylogenetics of figs and their pollinator; wasps

citation:
Herre, E.A., Machado, C.A., Bermingham, E., Nason, J.D., Windsor, M., McCafferty, S.S., Van Houten, W. and Bachmann, K. 1996. Molecular phylogenetics of figs and their pollinator wasps. Journal of Biogeography 23: 521-530.


author:
Machado, C.A.; Herre, E.A.; McCafferty, S.; Bermingham, E.

title:
Molecular phylogenies of fig pollinating and nonpollinating wasps and the implications for the origin and evolution of the fig-fig wasp mutualism

citation:
Machado, C.A., Herre, E.A., McCafferty, S. and Bermingham, E. 1996. Molecular phylogenies of fig pollinating and nonpollinating wasps and the implications for the origin and evolution of the fig-fig wasp mutualism. Journal of Biogeography 23: 531-542.


title:
The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships

abstract:
The gall-forming psylloid fauna associated with the temperate Neotropical plant genus Schinus (Anacardiaceae) is revised, and keys are provided for adults, larvae and galls. Fourteen species are recognized in the genus Calophya (Calophyidae), 10 of which are described as new; C. gallifex and C. schini are reinstated from former synonymy with C. rubra. An additional closely related new species, C. clavuligera sp. n., is described from L ithrea spp. In the genus Tainarys (Psyllidae, Rhinocolinae), six species are recognized and, for five of these, Schinus species are confirmed hosts. Two of them are described as new and one is recombined from L eurolophus. A new Leurolophus species is described from Lithrea molleoides. Based on a cladistic analysis Pelmatobrachia, Microceropsylla and Neocalophya are synonymized with Calophya, producing five new and one revised species combinations as well as one nomen nov. A list of the 59 currently recognized species is provided with information on synonymy, distribution and host plants. The cladistic analyses suggest that the Schinus inhabiting calophyids form two monophyletic groups, the C. rubra and C. hermicitae groups, respectively. A discriminant analysis of 15 variables for both males and females provides morphometric characters for separating the morphologically very homogenous adults of the C. rubra group. The phylogenetic relationships of the Rhinocolinae are re-evaluated, and the genera Tainarys and Leurolophus are redefined. Notophyllura is transferred from the Euphyllurinae to the Rhinocolinae. Tainarys forms the sister group of Leurolophus+ Notophyllura. Based on mapped distributions four areas of endemism (distribution) are defined: A ( Eastern temperate South America), B (Central and Southern Chile, including adjacent parts of Argentina), C (Central Argentina) and D (Peru, Far Northern Chile, and Eastern Bolivia). Cladistic biogeographical analyses with TAS, COMPONENT and an algorithm by Enghoff yielded the general area cladogram (A +(C+(B+D))) ; the one calculated with BPA differed in the position of D: (D +(A +(B+C))). The reconstructionof vicariant events using a protocol by Hovenkamp, corroborates; the former general area cladogram, which is compared to competing hypotheses.  The history of dispersal and vicariance events is reconstructed with the programme DIVA. Evidence for cospeciation of Schinus with its associated psylloids is evaluated with COMPONENT and TREE MAP. The likelihood for cospeciation is high in the Calophya hermicitae group, but low in the Calophya rubra group and in Tainarys. The gall shape depends partly from the psylloid, partly from the Schinus phylogeny.

citation:
Burckhardt, D. and Basset, Y. 2000. The jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with Schinus (Anacardiaceae): systematics, biogeography and host plant relationships. Journal of Natural History 34: 57-155.


title:
Evolution of oviposition strategies and speciation in the globeflower flies Chiastocheta species (Anthomyiidae)

abstract:
Trollius europaeus (Ranunculaceae) is involved in an intimate interaction with several species of Chiastocheta flies (Anthomyiidae) that are both seed predators and pollinators.  In this paper, we analyse the oviposition strategy of the six Chiastocheta species found to coexist on T. europaeus in 19 populations from the French Alps.  We show that the species are not equivalent in their oviposition behaviour: C. rotundiventris usually deposits no more than one agg per flower in first-day flowers whereas C. dentifera aggregates its eggs on fruits and thus does not contribute to pollination at all; the four remaining species deposit eggs sequentially during the flowering period from the 2nd to the 7th day.  Hence, the outcomes of the interaction in terms of net seed production for the plant greatly depend on the Chiastocheta species visiting it, ranging from a mutualistic to a purely parasitic interaction.  We assessed mitochondrial divergence between Chiastocheta spp. by sequencing a 1320-bp mitochondrial DNA fragment.  The low divergence observed between species (0-4.15%) suggests that genus diversification took place recently.  Unlike in other plant-insect systems where diversification is usually thought to be driven by cospeciation or host shifts, we propose that Chiastocheta speciation took place within the host plant.  Basal separation of a particularly mutualistic species provided favourable conditions for plant specialization on this seed-parasite as a pollinator early in the evolution of the association.  The parasitic species ovipositing on fruits derived from a species ovipositing on flowers.  Diversification of the intermediate strategies probably occurred in relation with the Pleistocene climatic events, reproductive isolation between species being reinforced by niche partitioning for oviposition and/or sexual selection.

citation:
Despres, L. and Jaeger, N. 1999.  Evolution of oviposition strategies and speciation in the globeflower flies Chiastocheta species (Anthomyiidae). J. Evol. Biol. 12: 822-831.


author:
Al-Barrak, M.; Loxdale, H.D.; Brookes, C.P.; Dawah, H.A.; Biron, D.G.; Alsagair, O.

title:
Molecular evidence using enzyme and RAPD markers for sympatric evolution in British species of Tetramesa (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)

abstract:
Some species of the insect genus Tetramesa (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), which has a world-wide distribution, are morphologically very similar, both in the adult and larval stages.  In the British Isles, there are 37 recorded species, all of which feed on grasses as larvae and are largely host specific.  Some form galls on their hosts; others do not.  We used a range of enzyme and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to investigate a complex of five cryptic species occuring sympatrically in the UK, collected from seven sites in mainland England and Wales: T. calamagrostidis (von Schlechtendal), T. longicornis (Walker) and T. petiolata (Walker) infesting different grass hosts, and T. hyalipennis (Walker) s.l. comprising two-host adapted forms (Labelled 1 and 2) reared from the grasses Elymus repens and E. farctus, respectively.  Nine soluble enzyme systems (some known to be polymorphic in other insects) and 37 RAPD primers allowed taxonomic separation of the species.  However, whilst RAPD markers were able to discriminate between the two host-adapted forms of T. hyalipennis, enzyme markers (producing phyenotypic profiles in the absence of genetic crosses) could not.  Upon calculating genetic distances for the RAPD data from which a cladogram of Euclidean distances (relatedness) was produced along with multivariate analysis of the data, T. longicornis was shown to be the most 'basal' species, and most related to  T. hyalipennis s.l.; T. calamagrostidids and T. petiolata were found to be more distantly related to these species but most closely related to each other.  The two forms of T. hyalipennis s.l. appear to be the most closely related of any of the species investigated, probably diverging the most recently.  From this data, and since the populations examined were all sympatric without obvious physical barriers to reproductions, itt can be concluded that some degree of sympatric evoution has occurred, most obviously in the case of the host-adapted forms of T. hyalipennis.  If so, this complex of species could be another rare example of sympatric speciation in insects.  Further research using more sophisticated molecular markers such as microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphic markers 9AFLPs) and DNA sequencing (e.g. of mtDNA and ribosomal DNA regions in conjuction with behavioural studies, are required to further elucidate this interesting species group.

citation:
Al-Barrak, M., Loxdale, H.D., Brookes, C.P., Dawah, H.A., Biron, D.G. and Alsagair, O. 2004. Molecular evidence using enzyme and RAPD markers for sympatric evolution in British species of Tetramesa (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 509-525.


title:
The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)

citation:
Cook, L.G. and Gullan, P.J. 2004. The gall-inducing habit has evolved multiple times among the eriococcid scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 441-452.


title:
Classification, reconstructed phylogeny, and geographic history of the new world members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae: Donaciinae)

citation:
Askevold, I.S. 1991. Classification, reconstructed phylogeny, and geographic history of the new world members of Plateumaris Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae: Donaciinae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 157: .


title:
Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Genus Procalus (Clark) (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)

journal:
Special Topics in Leaf Beetle Biology: Proc. 5th Int. Sym. on the Chrysomelidae

citation:
Jerez, V. 2003. Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Genus Procalus (Clark) (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae). Pp. 337 in: Furth, D.G. [ed.], Special Topics in Leaf Beetle Biology: Proc. 5th Int. Sym. on the Chrysomelidae. Pensoft, Sofia, Moscow.


title:
Evolution of host plant breadth in Diabroticites (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

abstract:
The association of Diabroticites with bitter Cucurbitaceae was interpreted as an example for cheemically mediated plant-insect coevolution. This hypothesis is based on experiments with a limited number of species distributed in the USA, where they were apparently introduced from Mexico and Mesoamerica together with corn and squash.  We recovered a maximum parsimony phylogeny of 19 Mexican Diabroticite species from six different genera based on 472 bp of COI and 43 external morphological characters.  Our preliminary results corroborate the monophyly of the genera Diabrotica and Acalymma.  Nonetheless, other currently recognized groups (e.g., fucata group) were not recovered as natural lineages.  The evolutionary scenario depicted from this phylogeny allows us to conclude that the genus Acaylmma diverged after the specialization of ancestral Diabroticites on Cucurbitaceae.  An ancestor which was specialized on Cucurbitaceae gave rise to the polyphagous genus Diabrotica.  Within this genus, the basal species have a host range from polyphagous to narrow, feeding on Poaceae, Fabaceae or a few other families.  The species in the vigifera group have a larval host plant range restricted to Poaceae.  Nevertheless, all species feed as adults on bitter cucurbits in the wild.  Our data corroborate the hypothesis that the kairomonal response to secondary compounds in the Cucurbitaceae is a relic of the ancestral host plant association.  Furthermore, the data suggest that specialization is not a dead end in the evolution of Diabroticites.  Instead, host plant range apparently became restricted and broadened several times within the evolution of the section.

citation:
Eben, A. and Espinosa de los Monteros, A. 2003. Evolution of host plant breadth in Diabroticites (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Pp. 175-182 in: Furth, D.G. [ed.], Special Topics in Leaf Beetle Biology: Proc. 5th Int. Sym. on the Chrysomelidae. Pensoft, Sofia, Moscow.


title:
Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 1994. Phylogeny of Heliconius butterflies inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3: 159-174.


author:
Fang, Q.Q.; Cho, S.; Regier, J.C.; Mitter, C.; Matthews, M.; Poole, R.W.; Friedlander, T.P.; Zhao, S

title:
A new nuclear gene for insect phylogenetics: Dopa decarboxylase is informative of relationships within heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

abstract:
The lack of a readily accessible roster of nuclear genes informative at various taxonomic levels is a bottleneck for molecular systematics. In this report, we describe the first phylogenetic application of the sequence that encodes the enzyme dopa decarboxylase (DDC). For 14 test species within the noctuid moth subfamily Heliothinae that represent the previously best-supported groupings, a 690-bp fragment of DDC resolved relationships that are largely concordant with prior evidence from elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1 alpha), morphology, and allozymes. Although both synonymous and nonsynonymous changes occur in DDC substantially more rapidly than they do in EF-1 alpha, DDC divergences within Heliothinae are below saturation at all codon positions. Analysis of DDC and EF-1 alpha in combination resulted in increased bootstrap support for several groupings. As a first estimate of previously unresolved relationships, DDC sequences were analyzed from 16 additional heliothines, for a total of 30 heliothine species plus outgroups. Previous relationships based on DDC were generally stable with increased taxon sampling, although a two- to eightfold downweighting of codon position 3 was required for complete concordance with the 14-species result. The weighted strict consensus trees were largely resolved and were congruent with most although not all previous hypotheses based on either morphology or EF-1 alpha. The proposed phylogeny suggests that the major agricultural pest heliothines belong to a single clade, characterized by polyphagy and associated life history traits, within this largely host-specific moth subfamily. DDC holds much promise for phylogenetic analysis of Tertiary-age animal groups.

citation:
Fang, Q.Q., Cho, S., Regier, J.C., Mitter, C., Matthews, M., Poole, R.W., Friedlander, T.P. and Zhao, S.W. 1997. A new nuclear gene for insect phylogenetics: Dopa decarboxylase is informative of relationships within heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Systematic Biology 46: 269-283.


author:
Plantard, O.; Shorthouse, J.D.; Rasplus, J.Y.

title:
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Diplolepis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

publisher:
USDA, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experim

citation:
Plantard, O., Shorthouse, J.D. and Rasplus, J.Y. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Diplolepis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Pp. 247-260 in: Csoka, G., Mattson, W.J., Stone, G.N. and Price, P.W. [eds.], Biology of Gall Inducing Arthropods. Forest Service, USDA.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among fruit flies, Bactrocera (Diptera, Tephritidae), based on the; mitochondrial rDNA sequences

abstract:
Nucleotide sequences of a 1.6 kb long portion of the mitochondrial DNA containing the majority of the 16S rRNA gene, the tRNA val gene, and the 5' half-region of the 12S rRNA gene were determined for forty-eight individuals of nineteen Bactrocera species and one other tephritid taxon, Anastrepha ludens . Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the consistently aligned 1.5 kb long sequences, excluding seventeen portions that could not be aligned unambiguously and; were aligned inconsistently among analyses using different programs and parameters. Results of phylogenetic analyses were highly congruent among distance, unweighted parsimony, and weighted parsimony methods in terms of topology of resulting trees. Bootstrap analyses supported many of the phylogenetic relationships resolved by these analyses. Although aligned sequences showed apparent biases in nucleotide content and substitutions that differed among sites within the stem/loop structure of rRNA molecules, compensation for such factors did not greatly affect the topology. The results are discussed in relation to the taxonomic positions of species used in this study and in relation to the phylogenetic and diagnostic utility of the mitochondrial rDNA fragment.

citation:
Muraji, M. and Nakahara, S. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among fruit flies, Bactrocera (Diptera, Tephritidae), based on the mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Biol. 10: 549-559.


title:
Adaptive radiation in the Afrotropical region of the Paleotropical genus Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) on the pantropical genus Ficus (Moraceae)

citation:
Harry, M., Solignac, M. and Lachaise, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation in the Afrotropical region of the Paleotropical genus Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) on the pantropical genus Ficus (Moraceae). Journal of Biogeography 23: 543-552.


title:
Molecular evidence for parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae)

abstract:
Afrotropical Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) breed strictly in syconia (figs) of Ficus (Moraceae) and have accordingly evolved specific features including modified female and eggshell morphologies, ovipositing, larval foraging, and mating behaviors. These various traits may exist as two or three alternative states. Each species displays a specific suite of traits so closely coordinated with one another that alternative states of the overall suites of traits can be seen as "adaptive syndromes." Three clear-cut adaptive syndromes can be recognized while two taxonomic lineages (juncta and sanu species groups) are traditionally accepted on the basis of male terminalia. A crucial evolutionary question results from the consideration that ecological clusters and taxonomic groups have conflicting compositions: the three syndromes are found in the juncta group while two of them occur in the sanu group. To resolve this conflict, we present molecular data which provide a robust phylogeny: mitochondrial DNA (12S + 16S ribosomal DNA and cytochrome b) sequence data are in agreement with one another regardless of the algorithm used. All molecular data consistently support male terminalia dichotomy. Such a level of consistency unambiguously indicates that parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes occurred. Thus, homoplasy may affect morphological and behavioral traits concomitantly when these are involved in a network of functional relationships.

citation:
Harry, M., Solignac, M. and Lachaise, D. 1998. Molecular evidence for parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 542-551.


title:
Divergence of sex comb phenotypes in the Drosophila fima species group and radiation on Afrotropical Ficus, including five new species from East Africa and Madagascar (Diptera : Drosophilidae)

journal:
ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE

abstract:
The Afrotropical Drosophila fima species group is unique with regard to male terminalia morphology and functioning, tarsal structure, sex comb diversity, and to ecology. Five new species, all belonging to the dyula complex on the basis of male terminalia, are described here. Four of them from East Africa provide the usual, albeit remarkable tarsal pattern of the so-called 'tarsus-modified' species, namely D. longicrinis, D. pilacrinis, D. stenotrichala and D. trichala. But the fifth new species from Madagascar and the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania, D. inopinata, provides a new combination of traits unexpected in the fima group, that is male terminalia typical of the dyula complex but lacking both tarsal modification and sex combs which were previously thought to characterize also the complex. The co-occurrence of such contrasted tarsal patterns within a 'clade' of closely related species may help understanding how rapidly the sex comb phenotype of males may change. It is argued that the diversity of sex comb phenotypes is related to the adaptive radiation of the fima group species on Ficus; and that having different sex comb features may be a way for species packing to occur.

citation:
Lachaise, D. and Chassagnare, M.T. 2002. Divergence of sex comb phenotypes in the Drosophila fima species group and radiation on Afrotropical Ficus, including five new species from East Africa and Madagascar (Diptera : Drosophilidae). ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ENTOMOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE 38: 79-99.


title:
Phylogeny of subtribe Carpomyina (Trypetinae), emphasizing relationships of the genus Rhagoletis

journal:
Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior

citation:
Smith, J.J. and Bush, G.L. 2001. Phylogeny of subtribe Carpomyina (Trypetinae), emphasizing relationships of the genus Rhagoletis. Pp. 187-217 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton.


title:
Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior

abstract:
see summaries for individual chapters, but other host info as follows:; Ch. 4 (p. 77): Several ecological characters used in analysis (108-112) (i.e. phytophagous/not and Asteraceae/not) for family-wide phylogeny; Ch. 7 (p. 157): Blepharoneura behavior: including host & tissue used, adult feeding and mating behavior; also lists all 'species' found to date & hosts; Ch. 28 (p. 758): lek-mating species mainly polyphagous (don't mate on host); resource-guarding only in mono(oligo)phagous; Ch. 30 (p. 815): overview of host use in the subfamilies; one sp. of Rivelliomimini (Trypetinae) reared from Cycas (White & Elson-Harris 1992);   (p. 818) phytophagy arose multiple times in Tephritoidea from saprophagy on plant tissues (key innovation: ovipositor); Ch. 21 (p. 540): in Dacini, "closely related fly species usually utilize closely related plant taxa that have evolved across adjacent geographical areas (Allwood et al., in press)"

citation:
Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds.). 2001. Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.


title:
Phylogeny and behavior of flies in the tribe Trypetini (Trypetinae)

citation:
Han, H.-Y. 2001. Phylogeny and behavior of flies in the tribe Trypetini (Trypetinae). Pp. 253-297 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.


author:
Norrbom, A.L.; Zucchi, R.A.; Hernandez-Ortiz, V.

title:
Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology

citation:
Norrbom, A.L., Zucchi, R.A. and Hernandez-Ortiz, V. 2001. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based on morphology. Pp. 299-342 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.


title:
Phylogeny of the genus Ceratitis (Dacinae: Ceratitidini)

citation:
De Meyer, M. 2001. Phylogeny of the genus Ceratitis (Dacinae: Ceratitidini). Pp. 409-428 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, etc..


title:
Phylogeny of the tribe Dacini (Dacinae) based on morphological, distributional, and biological data

citation:
Drew, R.A.I. and Hancock, D.L. 2001. Phylogeny of the tribe Dacini (Dacinae) based on morphological, distributional, and biological data. Pp. 491-504 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, etc..


author:
Makita, H.; Shinkawa, T.; Kondo, K.; Xing, L.; Nakazawa, T.

title:
Phylogeny of the Graphium butterflies inferred from nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences.

citation:
Makita, H., Shinkawa, T., Kondo, K., Xing, L. and Nakazawa, T. 2003. Phylogeny of the Graphium butterflies inferred from nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences.  . Trans. Lepid. Soc. Jpn. 54: 91-110.


title:
Phylogenetic relationships among the Nymphalidae; (Lepidoptera), inferred from partial sequences of the; wingless gene

citation:
Brower, A.V.Z. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera), inferred from partial sequences of the wingless gene. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267: 1201-1211.


title:
Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera: Tephritidae, Ceratinini)

citation:
DeMeyer, M. 1996. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera: Tephritidae, Ceratinini). Systematic Entomology 21: 15-26.


title:
Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) Hancock (Diptera, Tephritidae, Ceratinini)

citation:
DeMeyer, M. 1998. Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Ceratalaspis) Hancock (Diptera, Tephritidae, Ceratinini). Bulletin of Entomological Research 88: 257-290.


title:
Primitive Orthoptera and primitive plants

journal:
Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects

abstract:
Evidence that many species of the primitive orthopteran families Eumastacidae, Tridactylidae, and Tetrigidae are associated with primitive plants, at least at some stage of the life cycle, is now clear.  The Eumastacidae are associated with ferns, algae, Lycopodiales, and Gymnosperms [Gnetum]; the Tetrigidae with algae; and the Tridactylidae with algae and possibly fungi [mud-feeders]. A link between these protein-poor foods and the exceptionally large transfer of ejaculate from male to female i the Eumastacidae and Tetrigidae is suggested.  The plants concerned would have been among those available to insects evolving during the late Palaeozoic or early Mesozoic eras.

citation:
Blackith, R.E. 1987. Primitive Orthoptera and primitive plants. Pp. 124-126 in: Baccetti, B.M. [ed.], Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects. Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester.

host taxa:
Pteridophyta; Gnetales; Gnetum; Selaginella; Lycopodiales; algae


title:
Phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae: Relationships of the tribes and subtribes

citation:
Korneyev, V.A. 2001. Phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae: Relationships of the tribes and subtribes. Pp. 549-580 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, etc..


title:
A generic reclassification and phylogeny of the tribe Myopitini (Tephritidae)

citation:
Freidberg, A. and Norrbom, A.L. 2001. A generic reclassification and phylogeny of the tribe Myopitini (Tephritidae). Pp. 581-627 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, etc..


title:
The evolution of interactions and diversity in plant-insect systems: the Urophora-Eurytoma food web in galls on Palearctic Cardueae

citation:
Zwolfer, H. and Arnold-Rinehart, J. 1993. The evolution of interactions and diversity in plant-insect systems: the Urophora-Eurytoma food web in galls on Palearctic Cardueae. Pp. 211-233 in: Schulze, E.D. and Mooney, H.A. [eds.], Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.


title:
Phylogeny of the Palearctic and Afrotropical genera of the Tephritis Group (Tephritinae: Tephritini)

citation:
Merz, B. 2001. Phylogeny of the Palearctic and Afrotropical genera of the Tephritis Group (Tephritinae: Tephritini). Pp. 629-669 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, etc..


title:
Revision of the Oedaspidini of the Afrotropical region (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae)

citation:
Freidberg, A. and Kaplan, F. 1992. Revision of the Oedaspidini of the Afrotropical region (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). Ann. Natal Mus. 33: 51-94.


title:
A study of Afreutreta Bezzi and related genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae).

citation:
Freidberg, A. and Kaplan, F. 1993. A study of Afreutreta Bezzi and related genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). . Afr. Entomol. 1: 207-228.


title:
A revision of the neotropical species of Dasiops Rondani (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) attacking Passiflora (Passifloraceae)

citation:
Norrbom, A.L. and McAlpine, J.F. 1997. A revision of the neotropical species of Dasiops Rondani (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) attacking Passiflora (Passifloraceae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 18: 189-211.


title:
Revision of the tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-east Asia. II. Dacus Fabricius

citation:
Drew, R.A.I. and Hancock, D.L. 1998. Revision of the tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-east Asia. II. Dacus Fabricius. Invertebr. Taxon.  12: 567-654.


title:
Bamboo-shoot flies of Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae)

citation:
Hancock, D.L. and Drew, R.A.I. 1999. Bamboo-shoot flies of Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History 33: 633-775.


citation:
Wood, T.K. 1993. Diversity in the New World Membracidae. Annual Review of Entomology 38: 409-435.


title:
Biosystematics of the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

citation:
Mitter, C.M., Poole, R.W. and Matthews, M. 1993. Biosystematics of the Heliothinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annual Review of Entomology 38: 207-225.


author:
Despres, L.; Pettex, E.; Plaisance, V.; Pompanon, F.

title:
Speciation in the Globeflower fly Chiastocheta spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in relation to host plant species, biogeography, and morphology

abstract:
Phylogenetic relationships among the Chiastocheta species (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) were investigated using a 1320-bp mitochondrial DNA fragment including parts of cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II. Larvae of the Chiastocheta genus feed exclusively on Trollius (Ranunculaceae) seeds. Six Chiastocheta species (and two vicariant taxa) coexist on Trollius europaeus in Europe, where they were shown to be the sole pollinator of their host plant. In Asia, several Trollius species are parasitized by Chiastocheta spp., and several other Trollius species are free of Chiastocheta. The plant- insect association is thus obligate in Europe but facultative in Asia. This system therefore provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of an obligate mutualism between a plant and its seed parasite pollinators and its consequences on insect diversification. Most parsimonious, distance, and maximum likelihood analyses of 16 haplotypes from Europe and 14 from Asia show that European species do not form a monophyletic group. The species relationship indicated by egg morphology is only partly supported by molecular data. Moreover, a strong discrepancy between nucleotide variation and male genitalia morphology variation was found, particularly within and among European species coexisting on a single host plant. Molecular divergence across species ranges from 0 to 4.6%, suggesting a recent origin of the genus and several events of diversification, involving both host shifts and within-host-plant radiation. We discuss alternative evolutionary scenarios that are consistent with molecular data.

citation:
Despres, L., Pettex, E., Plaisance, V. and Pompanon, F. 2002. Speciation in the Globeflower fly Chiastocheta spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in relation to host plant species, biogeography, and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22: 258-268.


title:
Exploring Data Interaction and Nucleotide Alignment in a Multiple Gene Analysis of Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytinae)

abstract:
The possibility of gene tree incongruence in a species-level phylogenetic analysis of the genus Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was investigated based on mitochondrial 16S rRNA (16S) and nuclear elongation factor-1a (EF-1a) sequences, and existing cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nonmolecular data sets. Separate cladistic analyses of the data partitions resulted in partially discordant most-parsimonious trees but revealed only low conflict of the phylogenetic signal. Interactions among data partitions, which differed in the extent of sequence divergence (COI > 16S > EF-1a), base composition, and homoplasy, revealed that much of the branch support emerges only in the simultaneous analysis, particularly for deeper nodes in the tree, which are almost entirely supported through "hidden support" (sensu Gatesy et al., Cladistics 15:271-313, 1999). Apparent incongruence between data partitions is in part due to suboptimal alignments and bias of character transformations, but little evidence supports invoking incongruent phylogenetic histories of genetic loci. There is also no justification for eliminating or downweighting gene partitions on the basis of their apparent homoplasy or incongruence with other partitions, because the signal emerges only in the interaction of all data. In comparison with traditional taxonomy, the pini, plastographus, and perturbatus groups are polyphyletic, whereas the grandicollis group is monophyletic except for inclusion of the (monophyletic) calligraphus group. The latidens group and some European species are distantly related and closer to other genera within Ipini. Our robust cladogram was used to revise the classification of Ips. We provide new diagnoses for Ips and four subgeneric taxa.;

citation:
Cognata, A. .I. and Vogler, A.P. 2001. Exploring Data Interaction and Nucleotide Alignment in a Multiple Gene Analysis of Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). Systematic Biology 50: 758-780.


author:
Jordal, B.H.; Normark, B.B.; Farrell, B.D.; Kirkendall, L.R.

title:
Extraordinary haplotype diversity in haplodiploid inbreeders: Phylogenetics and evolution of the sib-mating bark beetle genus Coccotrypes

abstract:
Regular inbreeding by sib-mating is one of the most successful ecological strategies in the bark beetle family Scolytinae. Within this family, the many species (119) in Coccotrypes are found breeding in an exceptional variety of untraditional woody tissues different from bark and phloem. Species delineation by morphological criteria is extremely difficult, however, as in most other inbreeding groups of beetles, perhaps due to the unusual evolutionary dynamics characterizing sib-mating organisms. Hence, we here performed a phylogenetic analysis using molecular data in conjunction with morphological data to better understand morphological and ecological evolution in this sib-mating group. We used partial DNA sequences from the nuclear gene EF-a and the mitochondrial genes 12S and CO1 to elucidate patterns of morphological evolution, haplotype variation, and evolutionary pathways in resource use. Sequence variation was high among species and far above that expected at the species level (e.g., 19% for CO1 within Coccotrypes advena). The tendency for exhaustive sequence variation at deeper nodes resulted in ambiguous reconstructions of the; deepest splits. However, all results suggested that species with the broadest diets were clustered in a single derived position - another piece of evidence against specialization as a derived evolutionary feature.

citation:
Jordal, B.H., Normark, B.B., Farrell, B.D. and Kirkendall, L.R. 2002. Extraordinary haplotype diversity in haplodiploid inbreeders: Phylogenetics and evolution of the sib-mating bark beetle genus Coccotrypes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 171-188.


title:
Grass-breeding fruit flies and their allies of Africa and Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae)

citation:
Hancock, D.L. 1999. Grass-breeding fruit flies and their allies of Africa and Asia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae). Journal of Natural History 33: 911-948.

host taxa:
Poaceae; Panicum; Sorghum; Zea; Saccharum


title:
Phylogeny of the riodinid butterfly subtribe Theopeina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini)

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. 2002. Phylogeny of the riodinid butterfly subtribe Theopeina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini) . Systematic Entomology, 27: 139-167.


title:
Toward a better understanding of host use and biodiversity in riodinid butterflies (Lepidoptera)

citation:
DeVries, P.J., Chacon, I.A. and Murray, D. 1994. Toward a better understanding of host use and biodiversity in riodinid butterflies (Lepidoptera). J. Res. Lepid. 31: 103-126.


title:
Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

citation:
Harvey, D.J. and Hall, J.P.W. 2002. Phylogenetic revision of the Charis cleonus complex (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Syst. Ent. 27: 263-300.


title:
A phylogenetic revision of the Charis gynaea group (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) with comments on historical relationships among Neotropical areas of endemism

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. and Harvey, D.J. 2001. A phylogenetic revision of the Charis gynaea group (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) with comments on historical relationships among Neotropical areas of endemism. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am.  94: 631-647.


title:
A phylogenetic revision of Calydna and relatives (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)

citation:
Hall, J.P.W. 2002. A phylogenetic revision of Calydna and relatives (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Insect Syst. Evol. 33: 185-237.


author:
Kergoat, G.J.; Delobel, A.; Silvain, J.-F.

title:
Phylogeny and host-specificity of European seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), new insights from molecular and ecological data

abstract:
We used partial sequences of three mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) to; reconstruct the phylogeny of European seed beetles (Bruchidae) belonging to the genera Bruchus Linnaeus and Bruchidius Schilsky.; Adult beetles examined in this study were obtained from larvae bred from seeds directly collected in the field. Parsimony, maximum; likelihood, and Bayesian inference were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among species. Both genera, Bruchidius and Bruchus,; formed monophyletic groups in all analyses. Our results were partially in discrepancy with existing taxonomic groups; (Borowiec, 1987). Critical analysis of relationships among taxa, and exhaustive review of host-plants data highlight the very high; level of specialization of these seed beetles. Phylogenetically related insects were associated with host-plants belonging to the same; botanical tribes.

citation:
Kergoat, G.J., Delobel, A. and Silvain, J.-F. 2004. Phylogeny and host-specificity of European seed beetles (Coleoptera, Bruchidae), new insights from molecular and ecological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32: 855-865.


title:
Phylogeny of west African Caryedon (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): congruence between molecular and morphological data

abstract:
Seed beetles belonging to the Old World genus Caryedon feed in the seeds of various Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Combretaceae. In an attempt to resolve broad phylogenetic relationships within the genus, we obtained 332 base pair sequences of mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA and morphological data for the 16 West African Caryedon species. Morphological characters were analyzed under maximum parsimony and sequences were compared under maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. Using a partition homogeneity test, we determined that morphological and molecular data sets were combinable. Combined data were analyzed under maximum parsimony. Morphological and molecular; trees were congruent at the species group level and total evidence analyses yielded the same topologies as molecular data with each of the three outgroups used. Four main terminal clades are recognized, each corresponding with a group of species generally feeding on the same host plant family, subfamily, genus, or species. The monophyly of legume feeding Caryedon is supported by both data sets, and Combretaceae feeders; split in two monophyletic assemblages.

citation:
Silvain, J.-.F. and Delobel, A. 1998. Phylogeny of west African Caryedon (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): congruence between molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9: 533-541.


author:
Pellmyr, O.; Leebens-Mack, J.; Thompson, J.N.

title:
Herbivores and molecular clocks as tools in plant biogeography

citation:
Pellmyr, O., Leebens-Mack, J. and Thompson, J.N. 1998. Herbivores and molecular clocks as tools in plant biogeography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63: 367-378.


author:
Crespi, B.J.; Morris, D.C.; Mound, L.A.; Maslin, B.A. (Acacia part).

title:
Evolution of ecological and behavioral diversity: Australian Acacia thrips as model organisms; With Botanical Annexe Classification and phylogeny of Acacia

citation:
Crespi, B.J., Morris, D.C., Mound, L.A. and Maslin, B.A. (Acacia part). 2004. Evolution of ecological and behavioral diversity: Australian Acacia thrips as model organisms With Botanical Annexe Classification and phylogeny of Acacia.  CSIRO, Canberra, Australia.


title:
Atlas of the Drepanosphine aphids of the wold. Part II: Panaphidini Oestlumd, 1923 - Panaphinina Oestlund, 1923 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Calaphidinae)

journal:
Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute

citation:
Quednau, F.W. 2003. Atlas of the Drepanosphine aphids of the wold. Part II: Panaphidini Oestlumd, 1923 - Panaphinina Oestlund, 1923 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Calaphidinae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 72: 1-300.


title:
Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) A redifinition, generic classification and annotated word catalog of species

citation:
Grissell, E.E. . Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) A redifinition, generic classification and annotated word catalog of species. Memoirs on Entomology International : .


title:
Preliminary study on the phylogeny of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)

citation:
Wei, M. and Nie, H. 1997. Preliminary study on the phylogeny of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Journ. Centr. South For. Univ. 17: 36-41.


title:
Patterns of speciation in the genus Lopidea (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae)

abstract:
Speciation in four monophyletic species groups of the mirid genus Lopidea is examined. An analysis of twelve speciation events suggests that vicariance can account for at least 50% of speciation in Lopidea, and the frequency of sympatric host plant speciation may be as high as 25%.; In examples attributable to peripheral isolate speciation, the daughter taxa typically occur in recognized areas of endemism, suggesting a common cause (vicariance) for their origins. In addition, seven zones of disjunction between subspecies and allopatric sister species were identified for Lopidea, which correspond with similar disjunctions between sister taxa in other groups of organisms.

citation:
Asquith, A. 1993. Patterns of speciation in the genus Lopidea (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae). Systematic Entomology 18: 169-180.


title:
A new genus and two new species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Chile with comments on zoogeographical affinities between the eriococcid faunas of southern South America and New Zealand

citation:
Hodgson, C.J. and Miller, D.R. 2002. A new genus and two new species of felt scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) from Chile with comments on zoogeographical affinities between the eriococcid faunas of southern South America and New Zealand. Systematic Entomology 27: 191-209.


author:
Willmott, K.R.; Constantino, L.M.; Hall, J.P.W.

title:
A Review of Colobura (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with Comments on Larval and Adult Ecology and Description of a Sibling Species

abstract:
The taxonomy of the genus Colobura Billberg, 1820, one of the most common members of the Neotropical lowland forest butterfly fauna, is critically reviewed in light of available information on the morphology of both the immature stages and adults. Although regarded by almost all authors to date as monotypic, Colobura contains two species, one of which is described here as Colobura annulata sp. n. The immature stages of both the new species and Colobura dirce (Linnaeus, 1758) are described, compared, and figured. Both larval and adult phenotypes of the two species may be readily separated, and a key to identification is provided. A review of published and unpublished information on the immature stages, hostplants, and adult behavior of both species reveals a possible case of ecological niche partitioning; larvae of C. dirce are solitary or occur in small groups on predominantly young trees or saplings, whereas those of C. annulata are highly gregarious on mature canopy trees. There is some evidence to suggest that adult flight height may, in part, be correlated with the height of preferred hostplants.;

citation:
Willmott, K.R., Constantino, L.M. and Hall, J.P.W. 2001. A Review of Colobura (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with Comments on Larval and Adult Ecology and Description of a Sibling Species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94: 185-196.


title:
Systematics of Hypanartia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), with a test for geographical speciation mechanisms in the Andes

citation:
Willmott, K.R., Hall, J.P.W. and Lamas, G. 2001. Systematics of Hypanartia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), with a test for geographical speciation mechanisms in the Andes. Systematic Entomology 26: 369-399.


title:
Host-associated allozyme variation in tree cambium miners, Phytobia spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

abstract:
The larvae of the agromyzid flies that belong to the genus Phytobia Lioy feed by mining in the differentiating xylem just below the cambium of growing forest trees. The genus, which is apparently one of the most primitive groups in the Agromyzidae, comprises over 50 currently recognized species. Most of the species are mono- or oligophagous, and the host plants belong to numerous genera in about 60 families. Thus, Phytobia is an attractive candidate for studies on the evolution of insect-plant relationships. In spite of this, the taxonomy of Phytobia is currently poorly understood, mainly because the morphological differences between species are small. We used allozyme electrophoresis to investigate whether molecular markers could be used to separate and identify species in Phytobia, and to study the patterns of host use in the group. For this, we collected Phytobia larvae from eight host tree species occurring in southern Finland. An analysis of 10 variable allozyme loci showed that there are probably five species of Phytobia that feed on the hosts included in our study: one occurs on birches (Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and alders (Alnus incana (L.) Moench and A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), one on rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.), and three species with overlapping feeding ranges on aspen (Populus tremula L.) and two willow species (Salix phylicifolia L. and S. caprea L.). Because birches and alders belong to the plant family Betulaceae, rowan to Rosaceae, and aspen and willows to Salicaceae, the host associations of the individual fly species can be explained by the taxonomic affinities of the hosts. However, our results also show that on a larger scale the evolution of host-plant associations in Phytobia cannot be explained by strict parallel cladogenesis (cospeciation) between the flies and their hosts.

citation:
Nyman, T., Ylioja, T. and Roininen, H. 2002. Host-associated allozyme variation in tree cambium miners, Phytobia spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Heredity 89: 394-400.


author:
Quiroz, A.; Fuentes-Contreras, E.; Ramirez, C.C.; Russell, G.B.; Niemeyer, H.M.

title:
Host-plant chemicals and distribution of Neuquenaphis on Nothofagus

citation:
Quiroz, A., Fuentes-Contreras, E., Ramirez, C.C., Russell, G.B. and Niemeyer, H.M. 1999. Host-plant chemicals and distribution of Neuquenaphis on Nothofagus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25: 1043-1053.


title:
Ecological and reproductive shifts in the diversification of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila

journal:
Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation

citation:
Kambysellis, M.P. and Craddock, E.M. 1997. Ecological and reproductive shifts in the diversification of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophila. Pp. 475-509 in: Givnish, T.J. and Systma, K.J. [eds.], Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K..


author:
McPheron, B.A.; Han, H.-Y.; Silva, J.G.; Norrbom, A.L.

title:
Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based upon 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA sequences

citation:
McPheron, B.A., Han, H.-Y., Silva, J.G. and Norrbom, A.L. 2001. Phylogeny of the genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana (Trypetinae: Toxotrypanini) based upon 16S rRNA Mitochondrial DNA sequences. Pp. 343-361 in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. [eds.], Fruit Flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.


title:
Phylogenetic patterns in larval host plant and ant; association of Indo-Australian Arhopalini butterflies; (Lycaenidae: Theclinae)

abstract:
The Oriental butterfly genus Arhopala is by far the most species-rich genus within the subfamily Theclinae. We investigated whether biotic interactions with larval host plants or ants are phylogenetically constrained in the evolutionary history of Arhopala  by collating available information on the ecology of Arhopala from the literature as well as from personal observations, and analysing and interpreting these data rigorously in a phylogenetic context.; Larvae of all species in the sister-group of Arhopala and Flos feed on Fabaceae. However, the predominant feeding preference of Arhopala s.l., with the exception of a particular monophyletic and species-rich group, called 'Group A', appears to be centred on Fagaceae, with additional records of Dipterocarpaceae feeding. The preference for Fagaceae has strong phylogenetic inertia, as indicated by T-PTP tests designed to test for phylogenetic signal. Adding all available life-history data, using the phylogeny presented before as scaffolding, further increased the phylogenetic signal in host plant data. Feeding on Fabaceae (mainly in the outgroup) and Euphorbiaceae also showed significant phylogenetic signal, but feeding on Dipterocarpaceae did not and was found scattered across the phylogeny. Except for the Dipterocarpaceae, phylogenetic signal in feeding preferences was very clear, even despite uneven taxon sampling and apparent lability in host plant use. Ant association also demonstrated historical constraint, but based on the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here it was not clear whether increased ant association intimacy emerged independently various times in Group A, as well as in several basal groups. Our finding of distinct phylogenetic patterns in the host plant and to a lesser degree in ant association data contradicts the hypothesis that life-history traits are very labile in the Lycaenidae.

citation:
Megens, H.-J., de Jong, R. and Fiedler, K. 2005. Phylogenetic patterns in larval host plant and ant; association of Indo-Australian Arhopalini butterflies (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 84: 225-241.


author:
Clarke, A.R.; Armstrong, K.; Carmichael, A.; Milne, J.; Raghu, S.; Roderick, G.K.; Yeates, D.K.

title:
Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies

abstract:
The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) contains 75 described species, largely endemic to Southeast Asia. Within the complex are a small number of polyphagous pests of international significance, including B. dorsalis sensu stricto, B. papayae, B. carambolae, and B. philippinensis. Most species within the complex were described in 1994 and since then substantial research has been undertaken in developing morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for their recognition. Such techniques can now resolve most taxa adequately. Genetic evidence suggests that the complex has evolved in only the last few million years, and development of a phylogeny of the group is considered a high priority to provide a framework for future evolutionary and ecological studies. As model systems, mating studies on B. dorsalis s.s. and B. cacuminata have substantially advanced our understanding of insect use of plant-derived chemicals for mating, but such studies have not been applied to help resolve the limits of biological species within the complex. Although they are commonly regarded as major pests, there is little published evidence documenting economic losses caused by flies of the B. dorsalis complex. Quantification of economic losses caused by B. dorsalis complex species is urgently needed to prioritize research for quarantine and management. Although they have been documented as invaders, relatively little work has been done on the invasion biology of the complex and this is an area warranting further work.

citation:
Clarke, A.R., Armstrong, K., Carmichael, A., Milne, J., Raghu, S., Roderick, G.K. and Yeates, D.K. 2005. Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies.  Annual Review of Entomology 50: 293-319.


title:
Butterfly Molecular Systematics: From Species Definitions to Higher-Level Phylogenies

journal:
Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight

citation:
Sperling, F.A.H. 2003. Butterfly Molecular Systematics: From Species Definitions to Higher-Level Phylogenies. Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight : 431-458.


author:
Kergoat, G.J.; Delobel, A.; Fédière, G.; Le Rü, B.; Silvain, J.-F.

title:
Both host-plant phylogeny and chemistry have shaped the African seed-beetle radiation

abstract:
For the last 40 years, many authors have attempted to characterize the main patterns of plant-insect evolutionary interactions and understand their causes. In the present work on African seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), we have performed a 10-year field work to sample seeds of more than 300 species of potential host-plants (from the family Fabaceae), to obtain bruchids by rearing. This seed sampling in the Weld was followed by the monitoring of adult emergences which gave us the opportunity to identify hostplant use accurately. Then, by using molecular phylogenetics (on a combined data set of four genes), we have investigated the relationships between host-plant preferences and insect phylogeny. Our objectives were to investigate the level of taxonomic conservatism in host-plant Wdelity and host-plant chemistry. Our results indicate that phylogenetically related insects are associated with phylogenetically related host-plants but the phylogeny of the latter cannot alone explain the observed patterns. Major host shifts from Papilionoideae to Mimosoideae subfamilies have happened twice independently suggesting that feeding specialization on a given host-plant group is not always a dead end in seed-beetles. If host-plant taxonomy and chemistry in legumes generally provide consistent data, it appears that the nature of the seed secondary compounds may be the major factor driving the diversiWcation of a large clade specializing on the subfamily  Mimosoideae in which host-plant taxonomy is not consistent with chemical similarity.

citation:
Kergoat, G.J., Delobel, A., Fediere, G., Le Ru, B. and Silvain, J.-F. 2005. Both host-plant phylogeny and chemistry have shaped the African seed-beetle radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  35: 602-611.


author:
Yotoko, K.S.C.; Prado, P.I.; Russo, C.A.M.; Solferini, V.N.

title:
Testing the trend towards specialization in herbivore-host plant associations using a molecular phylogeny of Tomoplagia (Diptera: Tephritidae)

abstract:
Herbivorous insects are abundant and diverse and insect-host plant associations tend to be specialized and evolutionarily conserved.; Some authors suggested that generalist insect lineages tend to become specialists, with host specialization leading to an evolutionary; dead-end for the parasite species. In this paper, we have examined this tendency using a phylogenetic tree of Tomoplagia; (Diptera: Tephritidae), a parasite of asteracean plants. We have tested the trend towards specialization in different hierarchical; degrees of host specialization. The topology of the tree, the inference of ancestral hosts, and the lack of directional evolution indicated; that specialization does not correspond to a phylogenetic dead-end. Although most Tomoplagia species are restricted to a single; host genus, specialization does not seem to limit further host range evolution. This work emphasizes the advantages of the use of; different levels of specialization and the inclusion of occasional hosts to establish a more detailed scenario for the evolution of this; kind of ecological association.

citation:
Yotoko, K.S.C., Prado, P.I., Russo, C.A.M. and Solferini, V.N. 2005. Testing the trend towards specialization in herbivore-host plant associations using a molecular phylogeny of Tomoplagia (Diptera: Tephritidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution  35: 701-711.


author:
Brown, J.M.; Todd-Thompson, M.; McCord, A.; O'Brien, A.; O'Fallon, B.

title:
Phylogeny, host association, and wing pattern variation in the endemic Hawaiian tephritids (Tephritidae: Tephritini)

citation:
Brown, J.M., Todd-Thompson, M., McCord, A., O'Brien, A. and O'Fallon, B. . Phylogeny, host association, and wing pattern variation in the endemic Hawaiian tephritids (Tephritidae: Tephritini). Instrumentas Biodiversitatis (accepted pending revision).


abstract:
Published literature on thrips has been dominated by descriptive taxonomy, pest control work, and generalized synecology. The lack of studies examining the detailed biology or autecology of any species limits our understanding of how thrips live and the processes underlying their diversification. Similarly, the phylogenetic inadequacy of thrips classification limits our ability to examine the evolution of biological traits. The extent to which our knowledge of the biology of thrips has increased in recent years is reviewed, such as the behavior of particular species and their interactions with other organisms, including host plant associations, pollination, predation, and natural enemies--factors involved in driving diversification within this order of opportunistic insects.

citation:
Mound, L.A. 2005. Thysanoptera: Diversity and interactions. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 247-269.


author:
Gomez-Zurita, J.; Pons, J.; Petitpierre, E.

title:
The evolutionary origin of a novel karyotype in Timarcha (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and general trends of chromosome evolution in the genus

abstract:
In this work, we have analysed the karyotypes of six species of Timarcha for the first time and updated the cytological information for two additional taxa, for one of them confirming previous results (Timarcha erosa vermiculata), but not for the other (T. scabripennis). We describe the remarkable karyotype of T. aurichalcea, the lowest chromosome number in the genus (2n ¼ 18), distinctive as well for the presence of an unusual chiasmatic sexual bivalent hitherto unreported for Timarcha. This study increases the number of species studied cytologically in this genus to forty. Additional cytogenetic analyses are performed on several species, including Ag-NOR staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies with ribosomal DNA probes. Karyotype evolution is analysed by tracing different karyotype coding strategies on a published independent phylogenetic hypothesis for Timarcha based on the study of three genetic markers. The implementation of a likelihood model of character change optimized onto the phylogeny is tentatively used to detect possible drifts in chromosome changes. These analyses show that karyotype is conservative in the evolution of the genus and that there is an apparent trend to reducing chromosome number. Cytological and phylogenetic data are used to explain the evolutionary origin of the karyotype of T. aurichalcea by two centric fusions involving one pair of acrocentric autosomes and the sexual chromosomes.

citation:
Gomez-Zurita, J., Pons, J. and Petitpierre, E. 2004. The evolutionary origin of a novel karyotype in Timarcha (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) and general trends of chromosome evolution in the genus. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 42: 332-341.


title:
The evolution of habitat use and diet in the Scarabaeoidea: a phylogenetic approach

journal:
Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson

citation:
Scholtz, C.H. and Chown, S.L. 1995. The evolution of habitat use and diet in the Scarabaeoidea: a phylogenetic approach. Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson : 355-374.


title:
Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Taractrocera Butler, 1870 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), an example of Southeast Asian-Australian interchange

citation:
de Jong, R. 2004. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Taractrocera Butler, 1870 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), an example of Southeast Asian-Australian interchange. Zoologische Mededelingen 78: 383-416.


author:
Silva-Brandao, K.L.; Freitas, A.V.L.; Brower, A.V.Z.; Solferini, V.N.

title:
Phylogenetic relationships of the New World Troidini swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on COI, COII, and EF-1a genes

abstract:
A phylogeny of the Neotropical members of the Tribe Troidini (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was obtained with sequences of three protein-coding genes: two mitochondrial (COI and COII), and one nuclear (EF-1a). Parsimony and Bayesian analyses of 33 taxa resulted in very similar trees regardless of method used with the 27 troidines always forming a monophyletic clade. Within Troidini, the genus Battus is sister group to the remaining troidines, followed by a clade formed by the Paleotropical taxa (here represented by three exemplars). The genus Euryades is the next branch, and sister group of Parides. The genus Parides is monophyletic, and is divided into four main groups by Maximum Parsimony analysis, with the most basal group composed of tailed species restricted to SE Brazil. Character optimization of ecological and morphological traits over the phylogeny proposed for troidines indicated that the use of several species of Aristolochia is ancestral over the use of few or a single host-plant. For the other three characters, the ancestral states were the absence of long tails, forest as the primary habitat and oviposition solitary or in loose group of several eggs.

citation:
Silva-Brandao, K.L., Freitas, A.V.L., Brower, A.V.Z. and Solferini, V.N. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of the New World Troidini swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) based on COI, COII, and EF-1a genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (in press).


title:
Interspecific phylogeography of the Stator limbatus species complex: The geographic context of speciation and specialization

abstract:
Diversification in phytophagous insects is often attributed to a propensity toward specialization and to a tendency for speciation to be associated with host-shifts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a sister relationship between the generalist Stator limbatus and the specialist host-shifted Stator beali, providing a system to examine the genealogical and geographic origins of the main processes involved in this diversification: host-shifts, specialization, and reproductive isolation. We examine the interspecific phylogeographic relationships between these species using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. S. beali is derived within S. limbatus, rendering the latter paraphyletic and suggesting a budding process of speciation. The inherent polarity in this genealogical pattern indicates that the specialist habit, clumping oviposition behavior, and distinct genitalia of S. beali are all derived from the ancestral S. limbatus. The phylogeography of S. limbatus also shows strong geographic structure with divergences corresponding to known biogeographic boundaries, indicating that this evolutionary signal has not been erased by the vagaries of history. However, the derivation of S. beali and the evolution of reproductive isolation between the two species does not correspond to these known biogeographic boundaries, as S. beali and its sister clade of S. limbatus are restricted to the same geographic province. The geographic proximity of diversification combined with a divergence time estimated at the beginning of the Pleistocene indicates that speciation likely occurred very rapidly, although further genetic and ecological work is necessary to examine the mode of speciation. This study provides the historical context for ongoing evolutionary, ecological, and quantitative genetic research on the divergence in diet breadth between these species.

citation:
Morse, G.E. and Farrell, B.D. 2005. Interspecific phylogeography of the Stator limbatus species complex: The geographic context of speciation and specialization. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 201-213.


author:
Schneider, D.; Wink, M.; Sporer, F.; Lounibos, P.

title:
Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators

citation:
Schneider, D., Wink, M., Sporer, F. and Lounibos, P. 2002. Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Naturwissenschaften  89: 281-294.


title:
Ecological and evolutionary diversification of the seed beetle genus Stator (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

abstract:
Ehrlich and Raven's (1964) hypothesis on coevolution has stimulated numerous phylogenetic studies that focus on the effects of plant defensive chemistry as the main ecological axis of phytophagous insect diversification. However, other ecological features affect host use and diet breadth and they may have very different consequences for insect evolution. In this paper, we present a phylogenetic study based on DNA sequences from mitochondrial and protein-coding genes of species in the seed beetle genus Stator, which collectively show considerable interspecific variation in host affiliation, diet breadth, and the dispersal stage of the seeds that they attack. We used comparative analyses to examine transitions in these three axes of resource use. We argue that these analyses show that diet breadth evolution is dependent upon colonizing novel hosts that are closely or distantly related to the ancestral host, and that oviposition substrate affects the evolution of host-plant affiliation, the evolution of dietary specialization, and the; degree to which host plants are shared between species. The results of this study show that diversification is structured by interactions between different selective pressures and along multiple ecological axes.

citation:
Morse, G.E. and Farrell, B.D. 2005. Ecological and evolutionary diversification of the seed beetle genus Stator (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Evolution 59: 1315-1333.


title:
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf "hispine" beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

abstract:
Here, we report the results of a species level phylogenetic study of Cephaloleia beetles designed to clarify relationships and patterns of host plant taxon and tissue use among species. Our study is based on up to 2088 bp of mtDNA sequence data. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference consistently recover a monophyletic Cephaloleia outside of a basal clade of primarily palm feeding species (the 'Arecaceae-feeding clade'), and C. irregularis. In all three analyses, the 'Arecaceae-feeding clade' includes Cephaloleia spp. with unusual morphological features, and a few species currently placed in other cassidine genera and tribes. All three analyses also recover a clade that includes all Zingiberales feeding Cephaloleia and most Cephaloleia species (the 'Zingiberales-feeding clade'). Two notable clades are found within the 'Zingiberales-feeding clade.' One is comprised of beetles that normally feed only on the young rolled leaves of plants in the families Heliconiaceae and Marantaceae (the 'Heliconiaceae & Marantaceae-feeding clade'). The other is comprised of relative host tissue generalist, primarily Zingiberales feeding; species (the 'generalist-feeding clade'). A few species in the 'generalist-feeding clade' utilize Cyperaceae or Poaceae as hosts. Overall, relatively basal Cephaloleia (e.g., the 'Arecaceae clade') feed on relatively basal monocots (e.g., Cyclanthaceae and Arecaceae), and relatively derived Cephaloleia (e.g., the 'Zingiberales-feeding clade') feed on relatively derived monocots (mostly in the order Zingiberales). Zingiberales feeding and specialization on young rolled Zingiberales leaves have each apparently evolved just once in Cephaloleia.

citation:
McKenna, D.D. and Farrell, B.D. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of host plant use in the Neotropical rolled leaf "hispine" beetle genus Cephaloleia (Chevrolat) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution : (in Press).


title:
Multiple host shifts between distantly related plants, Juglandaceae and Ericaceae, in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops leucophaea complex (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

abstract:
Insect herbivores such as gall formers and leaf miners are often highly specialized and adapted to their respective natal host; plants. Due to the specialization and adaptation, it is presumed that host shifts readily occur among closely related plant species.; Leaf-mining moths, the Acrocercops leucophaea complex, consist of three species, A. leucophaea, A. deWgurata, and A. transecta. Larvae; of all the species of the complex feed on Juglandaceae plants, but A. leucophaea and A. transecta are also associated with an Ericaceae; plant, which is quite distantly related to Juglandaceae. Such a host utilization as in this species complex is very rare among; phytophagous insects. In the present study, we estimate the history of host shifts by reconstructing the phylogeny of the A. leucophaea; complex using molecular data (partial sequence of mitochondrial COI, 12S rDNA, and ND5). Parsimony and maximum likelihood; analyses indicated that the common ancestor of the A. leucophaea complex used Juglandaceae only, and that the association; with Ericaceae has evolved in A. leucophaea and A. transecta independently. Parametric bootstrap analysis also supported multiple; origins of the association with Ericaceae in this complex. These results imply that there are ecological and biochemical factors that; promote host shifting between Juglandaceae and Ericaceae despite the two families being not closely related.

citation:
Ohshima, I. and Yoshizawa, K. 2005. Multiple host shifts between distantly related plants, Juglandaceae and Ericaceae, in the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops leucophaea complex (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution : (in press).


author:
Miller, G.L.; Stoetzel, M.B.; Kane, E.C.

title:
A systematic reappraisal of the genus Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

citation:
Miller, G.L., Stoetzel, M.B. and Kane, E.C. 2005. A systematic reappraisal of the genus Diuraphis Aizenberg (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 107: 700-728.


title:
Bisystematique et ecologie evolutive des Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) double radiation sur Ficus (Moraceae) et sur Fagales

citation:
Perrin, H. 1992. Bisystematique et ecologie evolutive des Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) double radiation sur Ficus (Moraceae) et sur Fagales. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 117: 105-108.

review:
no phylogeny; no hosts; some host evol. comm.


title:
Double radiation sur Fagales et sur Ficus (Moraceae) du genre Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculiondiae)

citation:
Perrin, H. 1992. Double radiation sur Fagales et sur Ficus (Moraceae) du genre Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculiondiae). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 314: 127-132.


author:
Kambysellis, M.P.; Ho, K.F.; Craddock, E.M.; Piano, F.; Parisi, M.; Cohen, J.

title:
Pattern of ecological shifts in the diversification of Hawaiian Drosophila inferred from a molecular phylogeny

abstract:
Background: The endemic Hawaiian drosophilids, a unique group that are remarkable for their diversity and rapid proliferation, provide a model for analysis of the process of insular speciation. Founder events and accompanying random drift, together with shifts in sexual selection, appear to explain the dramatic divergence in male morphology and mating behaviour among these flies, but these forces do not account for their spectacular ecological diversification into a wide array of breeding niches. Although recognized as contributing to the success of this group, the precise role of adaptive shifts has not been well defined. ; Results: To delineate the pattern of ecological diversification in the evolution of Hawaiian Drosophila, we generated a molecular phylogeny, using nucleotide sequences from the yolk protein gene Yp1, of 42 endemic Hawaiian and 5 continental species. By mapping ecological characters onto this phylogeny, we demonstrate that monophagy is the primitive condition, and that decaying leaves were the initial substrate for oviposition and larval development. Shifts to decaying stems, bark and tree fluxes followed in more derived species. By plotting female reproductive strategies, as reflected in ovarian developmental type, on the molecular tree, we also demonstrate a phylogenetic trend toward increasing fecundity. We find some statistical support for correlations between ecological shifts and shifts in female reproductive strategies.; Conclusions: Because of the short branches at the base of the phylogram, which lead to ecologically diverse lineages, we conclude that much of the adaptive radiation into alternate breeding substrates occurred rapidly, early in the group's evolution in Hawaii. Furthermore, we conclude that this ecological divergence and the correlated changes in ovarian patterns that adapt species to their ecological habitats were contributing factors in the major phyletic branching within the Hawaiian drosophilid fauna.;

citation:
Kambysellis, M.P., Ho, K.F., Craddock, E.M., Piano, F., Parisi, M. and Cohen, J. 1995. Pattern of ecological shifts in the diversification of Hawaiian Drosophila inferred from a molecular phylogeny. Current Biology 5: 1129-1139.


title:
Phylogenetic congruence of mealybugs and their primary endosymbionts

abstract:
Tight interactions between unrelated organisms such as is seen in plant-insect, host-parasite, or host-symbiont associations may lead to speciation of the smaller partners when their hosts speciate. Totally congruent phylogenies of interacting taxa have not been observed often but a number of studies have provided evidence that various hemipteran insect taxa and their primary bacterial endosymbionts share phylogenetic histories. Like other hemipterans, mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) harbour multiple intracellular bacterial symbionts, which are thought to be strictly vertically inherited, implying codivergence of hosts and symbionts. Here, robust estimates of phylogeny were generated from four fragments of three nuclear genes for mealybugs of the subfamily Pseudococcinae, and a substantial fragment of the 16S-23S rDNA of their P-endosymbionts. Phylogenetic congruence was highly significant, with 75% of nodes on the two trees identical, and significant correlation of branch lengths indicated coincident timing of cladogenesis. It is suggested that the low level of observed incongruence was influenced by uncertainty in phylogenetic estimation, but evolutionary outcomes other than congruence, including host shifts, could not be rejected.

citation:
Downie, D.A. and Gullan, P.J. 2005. Phylogenetic congruence of mealybugs and their primary endosymbionts. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 315-324.


title:
The biology of Heliconius and related genera

citation:
Brown, K.S. 1981. The biology of Heliconius and related genera. Annual Review of Entomology 26: 427-456.


title:
Phylogeny of raspberry beetles and other Byturidae (Coleoptera)

abstract:
Nuclear ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase DNA sequences were analysed from the Byturidae (Coleoptera), which includes the raspberry beetles. The secondary structure of ITS2 was plotted and interspecific changes analysed. Evidence for selection on simple sequence repeats within the ITS2 was found. Phylogenetic trees based on the mitochondrial and ribosomal sequences were compared. They were in parity, indicating they reflect the true evolutionary histories of these insects. There was no evidence for hybridization in the populations surveyed, but there was evidence that the American raspberry beetle, Byturus unicolor, is divided into at least three distinct groupings. Despite sharing a related host, the raspberry pests from America were not the most related to the European raspberry beetle. Instead, links between Byturus affinis from Japan and the American raspberry beetle suggest that this lineage originated in Asia and colonized the Western USA.;

citation:
Malloch, G., Fenton, B. and Goodrich, M.A. 2001. Phylogeny of raspberry beetles and other Byturidae (Coleoptera). Insect Molecular Biology 10: 281-21.


title:
Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths

abstract:
Species interactions are a major source of adaptive radiation. In mutualisms, such diversification can take the form of evolution of parasites that exploit the resources needed for maintenance of the mutualism. Mutualistic associations often have associated parasitic species, and in some cases, parasitic species have indeed evolved from the mutualists. For example, obligate mutualisms, such as those involving seed-eating pollinators, have on a few occasions given rise to nonmutualist species. These systems are relatively simple and provide models for identifying factors that facilitate the stable reversal of a mutualistic interaction. We used ecological data in a phylogenetic framework to analyze the origins of two nonmutualist cheater yucca moths. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the evolution of cheating may be preceded by a change in oviposition behavior. Two different modes of oviposition among moth species cause density-dependent moth egg mortality through flower abscission in one case (locule-ovipositing species) but density-independent mortality in the other (superficially ovipositing species). A mtDNA-based phylogeny indicated that cheating and superficial oviposition have evolved twice each and that the cheater clades are sisters to the superficially ovipositing species clades. Consideration of the fitness consequences of two trait changes-loss of pollination and phenological delay in oviposition-in which cheaters have diverged from ancestral pollinators suggest that the shift to oviposition into fruit may have occurred first and that loss of pollination behavior was a secondary event. We suggest that secondary coexistence of two pollinator species of opposite oviposition modes may facilitate the shift to fruit oviposition and cheating and that this is applicable in the best documented of the cheater yucca moths. Superficially ovipositing species suffer dual sources of egg mortality when in coexistence with locule-ovipositing species. Shift to fruit oviposition under this circumstance can be facilitated by access to a seed resource not available to the copollinator, preadaptations in ovipositor morphology, and pollinator phenology late relative to the copollinator. Thus the adaptive radiation of nonmutualists from mutualists may have taken place in specific ecological contexts through few trait changes, and the reversal of mutualism would be a by-product of a shift to reliance on a previously inaccessible seed resource.

citation:
Pellmyr, O. and Leebens-Mack, J. 2000. Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths. American Naturalist 156: S62-S76.


title:
Patterns of genetic structure among populations of an oligophagous pollinating yucca moth (Tegeticula yuccasella)

abstract:
Plant-insect associations have served as models for investigations of coevolution and the influence of biotic interactions on diversification. The pollination association between yuccas and yucca moths is a classic example of an obligate mutualism often suggested to have been affected by coevolution. Recent work has shown high host specificity in pollinating yucca moths, and here we use Tegeticula yuccasella, the species with the widest diet breadth, to ask how host specificity and isolation by distance contribute to specialization. Isolation by distance at a regional scale was observed in nucleotide variation within the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI) (r ¼ .294; P ¼ .003). Host-related genetic structure (Fct ¼ 0.08) was found to be slightly lower than the level of structure observed between eastern and western moth populations (Fct ¼ 0.096). However, 56% of the COI haplotypes sampled from moths on Yucca filamentosa mapped to a host-specific clade in the haplotype network. Taken together, these results suggest that differentiation among T. yuccasella populations on alternative hosts is slight, but gene flow is influenced by both host association and geographic distance.

citation:
Leebens-Mack, J. and Pellmyr, O. 2004. Patterns of genetic structureamong populations of an oligophagous pollinating yucca moth (Tegeticula yuccasella). Journal of Heredity 95: 127-135.


title:
Adaptive radiation on an isolated oceanic island: the Cryptorhynchinae (Curculionidae) of Rapa revisited

abstract:
Rapa Island in SE Polynesia hosts a remarkable adaptive radiation of small, flightless weevils in the genus Miocalles. Sixty-seven species are known at present, of which 226 are described as new. One new name, two new combinations, and two new synonyms are established. The paradoxical ocurrence of a large adaptive radiation on a small (40 km2), isolated, oceanic island is analysed in its evolutionary and ecological aspects: how did so many species of weevils evolve, and how is such a diversity of weevils maintained? Most of the speciation has taken place on Rapa itself. Two principal methods of intra-island isolation of weevil populations have led to speciation: between high mountain ranges, and between Rapa and its satellite islets. Glacial sea level fluctuations aided in speciation by connecting the satellite islets to Rapa at times, and by the downward extension, and connection on high-altitude cloud forests. Some speciational events may have taken place in 15,000-150,000 years. Close relatives of Rapan weevils are known from nearby Marotiri, an almost sunken island, and from the neighbouring Australarchipelago, with which some inter-island speciation has taken place. The weevil species are almost all host-specific. There are often several species occupying the same host plant, inwhich case they may inhabit different parts of it. Some plants wth a longer history on Rapa host more weevil species than newer arrivals.

citation:
Paulay, G. 1985. Adaptive radiation on an isolated oceanic island: the Cryptorhynchinae (Curculionidae) of Rapa revisited. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 26: 95-187.


title:
Systematic revision of the yucca moths in the Tegeticula yuccasella complex (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) north of Mexico

citation:
Pellmyr, O. 1999. Systematic revision of the yucca moths in the Tegeticula yuccasella complex (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) north of Mexico. Systematic Entomology 24: 243-271.


author:
Pellmyr, O.; Balczar-Lara, M.; Segraves, K.A.; Althoff, D.M.; Leebens-Mack, J.

title:
Phylogeny and life history evolution of Prodoxus yucca moths (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae)

abstract:
Yucca moths (Lep., Prodoxidae) are well-known for their obligate pollination mutualism with yuccas. In addition to the pollinators, yuccas also host many non-pollinating yucca moths. Here the genus Prodoxus, the nonpollinating sister group of the pollinators, is revised using morphological and; molecular data, their phylogenetic relationships are analysed, and the evolution of host tissue specialization explored. Twenty-two species are recognized, including nine new species: Prodoxus gypsicolor sp.n., P. sonorensis sp.n., P. carnerosanellus sp.n., P. tamaulipellus sp.n., P. weethumpi sp.n., P. tehuacanensis sp.n., P. californicus sp.n., P. mapimiensis sp.n. and P. atascosanellus sp.n. Prodoxus y-inversus Riley, P. coloradensis Riley and P. sordidus Riley are redescribed. The genus Agavenema is synonymized with Prodoxus. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that stalk-feeding is basal within the group, that there are three separate origins of fruit-feeding, and one origin of leaf-mining from a stalk-feeding ancestor. Although species with different feeding habits often coexist within hosts, the analyses suggest that ecological specialization and diversification within a host; only may have occurred within one or possibly two hosts.

citation:
Pellmyr, O., Balczar-Lara, M., Segraves, K.A., Althoff, D.M. and Leebens-Mack, J. 2005. Phylogeny and life history evolution of Prodoxus yucca moths (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae). Systematic Entomology (in press).


title:
Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes

abstract:
A broad molecular systematic survey of Noctuidae was undertaken to test recent hypotheses on the problematic definitions and relationships of the subfamilies, with special emphasis on the 'trifines.' An initial hypothesis of noctuid classification to the subtribal level was synthesized from recent reviews, and then sampled as broadly as possible. Concatenated sequences for the nuclear genes elongation factor-1 (EF-1; 1200 bp) and dopa decarboxylase (DDC; 7001100 bp) were analysed for a total of 146 exemplar species, twice that of a previous study. Trees were estimated using likelihood, distance, and both equally weighted and 'six-parameter' parsimony. Of the 144 possible nodes, bootstrap support (BP) was  50% for 80, and  80% for 60. There was very strong support (BP  90%) for an 'L.A.Q.' clade encompassing nearly all quadrifine noctuids plus Arctiidae and Lymantriidae, decisively rendering Noctuidae paraphyletic. We present a new classification for Noctuoidea in which Noctuidae sensu stricto is restricted to trifines; most quadrifine subfamilies are raised to full families. Within the 'L.A.Q.' clade, Aganainae and Herminiinae were strongly grouped, but other relationships were weakly supported, probably due to limited taxon sampling. Nolidae and Euteliinae + Stictopterinae are generally grouped with the 'L.A.Q.' clade, but with weak support. All analyses favour the broadest definitions proposed for the trifine clade (our Noctuidae sensu stricto) although support is not strong, except that the exemplar of Eustrotiinae: Eublemmini is placed securely in the 'L.A.Q.' clade. Numerous recent proposals for dismantling and recombining the 'Hampsonian' traditional trifine subfamilies are strongly supported, most notably a broadly defined 'true cutworm' clade (Noctuinae s.l.), encompassing the greater part of the traditional subfamilies Amphipyrinae, Cuculliinae, Hadeninae and Noctuinae s.s. (BP  95%). Within this clade there is strong support for Apameini s.s.+ Xylenini s.l. and for Noctuinae s.s. and divisions thereof, but little support for monophyly or subdivision of Hadeninae. Noctuinae s.l. invariably are allied with Heliothinae, scattered remnants of the traditional Amphipyrinae, and several smaller groups in a broader 'pest clade', albeit with weak support. Relationships among the remaining 'lower' trifines are not strongly resolved. Mapping of a preliminary synopsis of species diversities, host use patterns and latitudinal distributions on the phylogeny suggests that the diversification of trifines may have been promoted, to a degree unique among Macrolepidoptera, by the Tertiary expansion of seasonal, open habitats and their associated herbaceous floras.

citation:
Mitchell, A., Mitter, C. and Regier, J.C. 2005. Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes . Systematic Entomology (in press).


title:
Boloria phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): tentatively reconstructed on the basis of male and female genitalic morphology

abstract:
The phylogeny of Boloria s.l. is reconstructed on the basis of sixty three characters from the genital morphology of both sexes of twenty-nine taxa. Three unique and several homoplasious autapomorphies support the monophyly of Boloria. The genus is divided into two well-supported clades, one comprising the subgenera Boloria s.str. and Proclossiana and one comprising the subgenus Clossiana. Although the phylogeny of Clossiana remains largely uncertain, perhaps due to a rapid and recent speciation in some groups, it can be divided into two groups. A more subordinate group (the polaris group) appears well supported by a highly specialized phallus. Morphological evidence supports a clade comprising B.(C.) chariclea and both Palaearctic and North American B.(C.) titania populations. Possibly these taxa form a superspecies complex where B.(C.) chariclea is paraphyletic with regard to the different B.(C.) titania populations: molecular studies will be needed to test this hypothesis.

citation:
Simonsen, T.J. 2005. Boloria phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): tentatively reconstructed on the basis of male and female genitalic morphology. Systematic Entomology (in press).


author:
Watson, G.W.; Voegtlin, D.J.; Murphy, S.T.; Foottit, R.G.

title:
Biogeography of the Cinara cupressi complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cupressaceae, with description of a pest species introduced into Africa

citation:
Watson, G.W., Voegtlin, D.J., Murphy, S.T. and Foottit, R.G. 1999. Biogeography of the Cinara cupressi complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cupressaceae, with description of a pest species introduced into Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. 89: 271-283.


title:
Ganglionus, a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae)

abstract:
Ganglionus, gen. nov.,is described for _ve species: G. mitigatus, sp. nov.,from Costa Rica; G. catenatus, sp. nov.,from Costa Rica and Panama; G. undulatus, sp. nov.,from Costa Rica and Panama; G. constrictus, sp. nov.,from Ecuador; and G. spatulatus, sp. nov.,from Colombia. Ganglionus is placed in Derelomini and presents the following putative synapomorphies: male with (1) dorsally tumescent rostrum,(2) posteriorly setose sternum VIII,and (3) apically O-shaped tegmen. Ganglionus is associated with Carludovica Ruo'z & Pavo'n (Cyclanthaceae). Observations on the biology of G. undulatus at La Selva,Costa Rica,indicate that the adults are pollinators. The females oviposit into the staminate ßowers of the host inßorescences,and the larvae complete their development in the leaf litter.Acladistic analysisÑusing Notolomus basalis LeConte, Staminodeus vectoris Franz,and Perelleschus carludovicae (Gu" nther) as outgroups - proposes the relationships (G. mitigatus, ((G. catenatus, G. undulatus),( G. constrictus, G. spatulatus)))

citation:
Franz, N.M. and O'Brien, C.W. 2001. Ganglionus, a new genus of Derelomini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America  74: 835-850.


title:
Genus Flexamia: new species, phylogeny, and ecology

abstract:
Eight new species of Flexamia DeLong are described, and two Mexican species previously synonymized are reinstated. Species are assigned to 13 species groups; keys are presented for the groups and for the 44 recognized species.  Host data, in many cases with oligophagy coefficients, are presented for 37 of the species.  Many species specialize on native, dominant, perennial, choridoid or panicoid grasses; some are monophagous. Seven sister species pairs specialize on the same (or a closely related) grass species; in addition, four closely related species appear to be restricted to Bouteloua curtipendula. Few if any specialists colonize their host throughout its entire range. Ecological factors such as phenology and/or host patchiness strongly influence geographic distribution. An intuitive phylogeny is proposed and is used as a basis for constructing 18 character transformations. The genus Flexamia probably originated in Mexico by division of an ancestral lineage from which the modern genus Spartopyge also diverged.

citation:
Whitcomb, R.F. and Hicks, A.L. 1988. Genus Flexamia: new species, phylogeny, and ecology. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 12: 224-323.


title:
Systenotelus, a remarkable new genus of weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae) in Costa Rica and Panama

citation:
Anderson, R.S. and Gomez-P., L.D. 1997. Systenotelus, a remarkable new genus of weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Carludovica (Cyclanthaceae) in Costa Rica and Panama. Revista de Biologia Tropical  45: 197-232.


title:
Classification of the subgenus Athysanella, genus Athysanella Baker (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae)

abstract:
The subgenus Athysanella Baker is reviewed and a possible phylogeny of the group is discussed. A total of 35 species is recognized. Descriptions, illustrations, and a key to males are presented. Twelved new species are described: aphoda, cursa, deserta, furnaca, hemijona, krameri, pastora, strobila, stylosa, vativala, and whitcombi are from the western United States, and marthae is from Mexico.

citation:
Blocker, H.D. and Johnson, J.W. 1988. Classification of the subgenus Athysanella, genus Athysanella Baker (Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 12: 18-42.


title:
Some aspects of the biology, morphology, and evolution of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea and Membracoidea)

citation:
Evans, J.W. 1988. Some aspects of the biology, morphology, and evolution of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea and Membracoidea). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 12: 61-66.


title:
Revision of the aphid genus Nasonovia Mordvilko, including Kakimia Hottes & Frison, with keys and descriptions of the species of the world (Homoptera: Aphididae)

citation:
Heie, O.E. 1979. Revision of the aphid genus Nasonovia Mordvilko, including Kakimia Hottes & Frison, with keys and descriptions of the species of the world (Homoptera: Aphididae). Entomologica Scandinavica (Supplement) 9: 1-104.


author:
Li, H.-M.; Deng, R.-Q.; Wang, J.-W.; Chen, Z.-Y.; Jia, F.-L.; Wang, X.-Z.

title:
A preliminary phylogeny of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on nuclear 18S DNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences

abstract:
Pentatomomorpha is the second suborder in size only to Cimicomorpha in Heteroptera. However, the phylogenetic relationships; among members of the suborder are not well established. Sequences from partial nuclear ribosomal 18S gene and mitochondrial; COX1 gene were analyzed separately and in combination to generate a preliminary molecular phylogeny of Pentatomomorpha; based on 40 species representing 17 putative families. Analyses of the combined sequence data provided a better-resolved and more; robust hypothesis of Pentatomomorpha phylogeny than did separate analyses of the individual genes. The phylogenies were mostly; congruent with morphological studies. Results strongly supported the monophyly of the infraorder Pentatomomorpha, and the; placement of Aradoidea as sister to Trichophora. The monophyletic Trichophora was grouped into two major lineages, one being; the superfamily Pentatomoidea, and the other comprising Lygaeoidea, Coreoidea, and Pyrrhocoroidea. The analysis of the ML and; ME trees of combined dataset supported the monophyletic Pentatomoidea. In all analysis the Pyrrhocoroidea was polyphyletic; the; monophyletic Lygaeoidea was supported only in the analysis of ME tree, and Coreoidea was polyphyletic except in the MP tree of; combined dataset. The molecular and morphylogical data both indicated that the family Coreoidae should be revised subsequently.; Our phylogenetic results suggested that the COX1 segment alone might not be an optimal molecular marker for the phylogeny of; Pentatomomorpha.

citation:
Li, H.-M., Deng, R.-Q., Wang, J.-W., Chen, Z.-Y., Jia, F.-L. and Wang, X.-Z. 2005. A preliminary phylogeny of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on nuclear 18S DNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (in press): (in press).


